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Module 5 Combinatorics

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21 views

Module 5 Combinatorics

Uploaded by

Andrei Morales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 5

MS. LOQUE
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

•Define permutation and combination.

•Explain and evaluate the use of permutation and combinations in our daily lives.

•Examine and formulate different scenarios where permutation and combinations exists.
Introduction:
In study of statistics, we deal with two kinds of problems.

1.The problem of listing everything that can happen in a given situation and the other is that of
determining how many different things can happen without actually making a complete list.

2.The problem in which we do not need a complete list and hence we can save ourselves a great
deal of work.
Examples:

1. In a class of 20, the number of ways of selecting a president, vice-president, secretary and
treasurer is

2. A burger machine offers a serving of soup, sandwich and beverage. There are two kind of soups
(corn or asparagus), 4 sandwiches (chicken, ham, mushroom, and tuna) and 5 beverages (coffee,
tea, milk, coke and orange) to choose from. Then the number of possible combination is
Principles of Counting
If a choice consists of two steps, of which the first can be made in n1 ways and the
second can be made in n2 ways, then the whole choice can be made in n1n2 ways.

Examples:

1. If in climbing a certain mountain, there are 5 trails that could be followed in going to the top and
4 trails in going down, in how many ways can the trip be done?

2.Certain government employees are classified into two categories according to sex and four
categories according to marital status. List the different ways of classifying one of the employees.
GENERALIZATION OF PRINCIPLE OF
COUNTING
If a choice of k steps, of which the first can be made in n1 ways, of each of these the second can
be made in n2 ways,…, and for each of these the kth can be made nk ways, then the whole
choice can be made in n1n2...nk ways.
Example:
How many dinners consisting of a soup, viand, dessert and a drink are possible if we can select
from 4 soups, 10 viands, 5 desserts and 4 kinds of drinks?
Example:
A test is composed of 10 multiple-choice question, with each having four possible answers. In how
many ways can a student answer all the questions?
Example:
A college freshman must take a Mathematics, English and Social Science course. If he may select
any of 3 Mathematics courses and of 4 English courses and any of 5 Social Sciences courses, in how
many ways can he arrange his program?
Example:
How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from the four digits 0,1,2,3 if

a. no two digits are to be the same?

b. the numbers are odd?

c. the numbers are even?

d. repetition of digits are allowed?


Permutations
Permutation is an arrangement of a group of things in a definite order, that is, there is a first
element, a second, a third, etc. In other words, the order or arrangement of the elements is
important.

1. The letters a, b, and c have the following possible arrangements or permutations:

2. The number of ways of arranging the digits 1, 2 and 3 where two are taken at a time is 6. The 6
arrangements are
In general, n distinct objects can be arranged in

The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken n at a time is n!


Example:
In how many ways can four books (Math, English, History and Science) be arranged on a shelf?
Example:
In how many ways can 3 students be seated in a row?
Arrangement of 𝒏 objects taken 𝒓
at a time
The number of permutations of the letters a,b,c is 3!=6. Let us now consider the number of
permutations that are possible by considering three letters taken two at a time.
In general:
n distinct objects taken r at a time can be arranged in

The number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is


Example:
In how many ways can 5 starting positions on a PBA team be filled with 12 men who can play any
of the positions?
How many permutations can be made from the letters in the word “SUNDAY” if

a. 4 letters are used at a time

b. all letters are used

c. all letters are used but the first is a vowel


Example:
A company advertises two job opening, one for an announcer and the other for a new writer. If 8
people who are qualified for either positions applied for the job, in how many ways can the
opening be filled?
Permutations of Objects (Some are
Alike) and Circular Permutation
Permutation of n Objects Some are Alike

The number of distinct permutations of n things of which n1 is one of a kind, n2 of a second kind, …,
nk of a kth kind is
Example:
The number of ways arranging the word PHILIPPINES.
Example:
How many signals can be made by arranging 9 flags in a line, if 4 are red, 3 are blue and 2 are
violet?
Example:
How many number of permutations of letters in the word “STATISTICS”?
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS

Permutations that occur by arranging objects in a circle are called circular


permutations.
Example:
In how many ways can 6 different trees be planted in a circle?
In how many ways can 7 people be seated at a round if

a. they can sit anywhere?

b. 2 particular people must not sit next to each other


COMBINATIONS
A combination also concerns arrangements, but without regard to the order. This means that
the order or arrangement in which the elements are taken is not important.

Examples:

1. AB will be the same with as BA, ABC is the same arrangement as ACB or BAC.

2. The number of ways in combination of the letters A,B and C taken 2 at a time is 3, and these are
AB,AC and BC. Note: AB=BA, AC=CA and BC=CB.

Combinatorial Formula

The number of ways selecting r objects taken from n at a time is C(n,r) where
Example:
In a deck of 52 cards, how many ways can we select 5 hearts?
Example:
In a lotto of 42 numbers, how many ways can we select 6 numbers?
Example:
Given 5 non-collinear points in a plane,

•How many lines can be drawn?

•How many triangles can be drawn?


Example:
How many words can be formed consisting of 2 consonants and 2 vowels from 4 consonants and 3
vowels?
Example:
A box contains 4 red, 3 blue, and 2 violet balls. In how many ways can we select 3 balls such that

a. they are of different colors

b. they are all red

c. two are blue and one is violet

d. exactly 2 are blue

e. none is violet

f. at least one violet


Module 5 COMBINATORICS
Principles of Counting
Permutations
Permutations of Objects (Some are Alike) and Circular Permutation
Combinations

End of
Discussion!

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