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 OCTOBER 2024 AMIGOS

Chief Editor Dear Readers,

SOWMIKA

As we move into October, Amigos IAS magazine brings you

Associate Editor an edition focused on some of the most transformative developments
Kalyan shaping India's future. Our cover story this month highlights the
growing importance of semiconductors in global technology and how
Sub Editors India is positioning itself to become a key player in this vital sector.
Manjunath
Sai Kishore
Semiconductors, often referred to as the backbone of modern
Lokesh
electronics, power everything from smartphones to advanced defense
systems. As global supply chain disruptions have underscored the
Dtp & Design need for self-reliance, India is making significant strides through
Sandeep Veligeti initiatives such as the Semicon India Programme and the Production
Chakravarthy Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme. The government is also fostering
collaboration with key international partners like Taiwan, Japan,

Printed By Singapore, and the United States, while working to establish

Sri Srinivasa Printers semiconductor manufacturing hubs in Dholera, Sanand, and Morigaon.

Our cover article provides a comprehensive analysis of India's

website :
steps toward self-reliance in semiconductor manufacturing. From major
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policy measures like the PLI and DLI schemes to the development of
specialized manufacturing hubs, the article explores the government's
concerted efforts alongside private sector initiatives. Additionally, the
Address :
article addresses challenges like high capital requirements, advanced
Beside Subregistrar Office,
technological expertise, and the need for robust infrastructure, while
Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad
highlighting the opportunities for job creation, innovation, and strategic
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In addition to our in-depth coverage of semiconductors, this

edition offers a wide range of insightful articles on critical issues such
as climate change, legal reforms, and geopolitical tensions. Our goal is
Please write us your suggetions / Feedback to provide our readers with a holistic understanding of the complex
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AMIGOS IAS 1
 As you engage with this edition, we hope it inspires thoughtful reflection on India's path toward
becoming a global technological powerhouse, while also addressing the broader challenges and opportunities
the country faces. Together, let us explore these developments and contribute to building a resilient and self-
reliant future for India.

Warm regards,
AMIGOS IAS Editorial Team
Jai Hind!

Disclaimer : The views and opinions in this magazine belong to the authors and don't necessarily reflect
those of CURRENT AFFAIRS Magazine or AMIGOS IAS. They are the personal opinions of the author/
authors. AMIGOS IAS doesn't take responsibility for these views and opinions, nor does it endorse any
claims made in the advertisements in the Magazine.

AMIGOS IAS has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the data in this book. However, if any
inaccuracies or printing errors occur, AMIGOS IAS is not responsible. We'd appreciate your help in
pointing out any such errors. Your suggestions are welcome. © All rights reserved by AMIGOS IAS. No
part of this book may be used or reproduced without written permission from the publisher.

While painstaking effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and authenticity of the information published
in the Magazine, neither the Publisher, Editor, nor any of its employees does not accept any claim for
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misplaced, or erroneously inserted.

AMIGOS IAS 2
 INDEX

 Expansion of Ayushman Bharat health

COVER STORY
cover for the Elderly 23
 Semiconductor Industry in India 7
 International Day of Democracy 24
 Supreme Court on UP Madrasa Law 25
1. POLITY & GOVERNANCE
 President unveils New Flag and Insignia
 Need of sanction for prosecution 14 of SC 26
 J.S. Verma Committee on death penalty  Government bans 156 Combination
for rape 15 drugs over efficacy issues 27
 The legal validity of Lie-detector tests 16  One Nation One Election 27
 SC orders retrospective application of  Supreme Court : CBI a 'Caged Parrot' 28
relaxed bail rules for first time offenders 16  Universal Basic Income (UBI) 29
 Creation of five new districts in Ladakh 17  Rajasthan approves 33% quota for women
 SC emphasizes accused rights in recent in Police Force 30
PMLA rulings 17  CVC Report on Corruption Complaints 31
 Himachal Pradesh : Raising women's  Supreme Court on Bulldozer Justice 32
minimum marriage age bill 18
2. ECONOMY
 Assam's bill mandating registration of

Muslim marriages passed 19  India plans $15 billion second push for

 The Harm Principle: Defining the extent of chipmaking 34

Liberty 19  An Overview of Gender Budget of

 Centre notifies the constitution of the 2024-25 34

23rd Law Commission 20  Unified Pension Scheme 35

 Commons and the critical role of  Cabinet approves 12 Industrial projects

community leadership in their governance 21 under NICDP 36

 The Law and the ground realities of  World Bank hikes India's economic growth

passive euthanasia in India 22 projection to 7% 37

 'Effective consultation': SC ruling on HC  A Change in India's Power Export Rules 38

Judge appointments 22  Portal for Online Monitoring of Projects -

 Shabd Portal 23 Thermal (PROMPT) 38

AMIGOS IAS 3
 INDEX

 Unified Lending Interface 39  NIAB: To decode genetic blueprint of

 Vadhvan Port 40 indigenous cattle 52

 Digital Agriculture Mission 40  Pragyan rover reveals signs of magma
 NITI Aayog report on edible oils 41 ocean on ancient moon 53
 PM E-Drive scheme for E-Mobility 42  Vigyan Dhara Scheme 53
expansion  Effects of Spaceflight on the human body 54
 CMFRI designated as Centre of Excellence  RT-PCR testing kits to detect Mpox in India 55
for seaweed cultivation 42  ISRO's humanoid skull for the Gaganyaan
 Guidelines for Seaplane Operations in 42 Mission 55
India  Chandrayaan 3: the first findings 56
 India's Technical Textiles: A Path to $10  National Space Day 57
Billion in exports by 2030 44  OpenAI's Project Strawberry 57
 BHASKAR Platform for India's Startup  Genome Mapping of Chandipura Virus 57
Ecosystem 45  The First global 'legally binding' pact on

use of AI 58
3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  Saturn's majestic rings to 'disappear'
briefly in March 2025 59
 The Grave threat from Antimicrobial
 Responsible use of AI in the Military
Resistance 46
Domain (REAIM) 59
 Discovery of liquid water on Mars for the
 The Significance of the first clear
first time 47
images of Mercury's South Pole 60
 Hayflick limit: Why immortality remains
 Polaris Dawn mission 60
out of humans' reach 48
 Enhancing Large Language Models with
 Vaccine-derived polio and vaccines

against poliovirus 48 Quantum Computing 61

 Mission Rhumi 2024 50  Micronutrient Malnutrition in India 62

 JNCASR and Hindustan Zinc Collaborate to

Advance Zn-Ion Battery Technology 51

4. ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY
 NASA's Tanager-1 satellite to track  Addressing microplastic contamination
methane emissions 51 in food 64
 BioE3 Policy for High-Performance  The Role of Methane in Climate Change 64
Biomanufacturing 52

AMIGOS IAS 4
 INDEX

 Accessing UNFCCC's Loss and Damage  On Suspension of 'X' by Brazil's Supreme

Fund 65 Court 79

 India emerges as the world's largest plastic  Turkey bids to join BRICS 80

polluter 66  U.S - India Strategic Clean Energy

 New study reveals airborne germs at Partnership 80

10,000 Feet 67  India-Philippines Joint Defence

Cooperation 81
5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
6. INTERNAL SECURITY
 India and Malaysia raise strategic

partnership 68  Global Cybersecurity Index 2024 83

 Two new US-India agreements: Expanding  Exercise AL NAJAH 83

Defence Relations 68  Exercise Yudh Abhyas 84

 PM Modi's Poland visit 69  HIM- DRONE-A-THON-2 & HIMTECH-202484

 Significance of PM Narendra Modi's visit to  Project NAMAN 84

Ukraine 71  INS Arighaat: Significance for India's

 Orangutan diplomacy 71 Nuclear Submarine Fleet 85

 China-Philippines clash: South China Sea  India's Military Diplomacy 86

Dispute 73  Doctrine for Amphibious operations

 On the unrest in the Balochistan region 74 released 86

 Canada's new policy to reduce low-wage  Two anti-submarine warfare vessels for

temporary workers 75 the Indian Navy launched 86

 WMCC on India-China Border Affairs 75  Strengthening cybersecurity: Key initiatives

 Pacific Islands Forum 76 launched by India's I4C 87

 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
7. SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
(FOCAC) summit 77
 PM Modi's visit to Singapore significant for  Justice Hema Committee 89
India's semiconductor push 78  Education Ministry defines 'Literacy' and
 India-Brunei: Bilateral Ties elevated to 'Full Literacy' 90
Enhanced Partnership 78  Rashtriya Poshan Maah 91
 India and UAE sign civil nuclear  Measures taken by Govt. for LGBTQI+
cooperation agreement 79 Community 91

AMIGOS IAS 5
 INDEX

8. GEOGRAPHY AND DISASTER 10. MISCELLANEOUS

MANAGEMENT
A) Defence :
 Mission Mausam 93  Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre 103
 NDMA to monitor 189 high-risk glacial B) Awards :
lakes to prevent disasters 93  Hayao Miyazaki wins Magsaysay Award 103
 Frequent Mass Wasting in Tibet raises  Paris Paralympics 2024 104
concerns for India 94 C) Others :
 Uncommon Cyclones in the Arabian Sea 95  Study: Chile's Atacama salt flat sinking due
 Study: Changes in level of Arctic Sea ice to lithium mining 104
influence monsoon pat-terns in India 96  RESET Programme 105
 Typhoon Yagi 96  SHe-Box portal 105
 Why Global weather models got La Niña  Latest ILO study links AI to dip in labour
predictions wrong 97 income 106
 India celebrates Teachers' Day on
9. CULTURE AND HISTORY
September 5 106
 Guru Padmasambhava 99  Controversy over Mumbai's salt pans 106
 The Munich Agreement and its role in the  GNSS-Based toll collection system 107
outbreak of WW-II 100  Port Blair renamed as Sri Vijaya Puram 107
 New Study validates dockyard at Lothal,  The Food vs. Cars dilemma 108
Gujarat, in Harappan Civilization 100  The Impact of Climate Change on flooding

 September 12 observed as Saragarhi Day 100 worldwide 109

 Great Stupa of Sanchi: The story from  Anti-Naxal Operation in Dantewada,

Ashokan times to now 101 Chhattisgarh 109

 Periyar: The Significance of the iconoclast

social reformer 102 11. PYQS (PRELIMS + MAINS)

 Thanjavur Veena 102 OCTOBER 2024 MAGAZINE

 Prelims PYQs 110

 Mains PYQs 112

AMIGOS IAS 6
 COVER STORY

Why is it in the news?

• The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi, has approved the
establishment of a new semiconductor
unit by Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd in
Sanand, Gujarat, with an investment of
3,300 crore and a production capacity
of 60 lakh chips per day.
• This unit adds to the growing
semiconductor presence in India,
following announcements for two
additional plants by Kaynes Semicon and
CG Power in Sanand, as well as units by Tata Electronics in Dholera, Gujarat, and Morigaon, Assam.
• The semiconductor industry is now a crucial element of the global technology ecosystem, driving
innovations in electronics, telecommunications, and automation.

Semiconductors and their significance

Semiconductors
• Semiconductors are materials that possess conductivity levels between those of conductors (which
efficiently conduct heat and electricity) and insulators (which poorly conduct them).
• They form the complex circuits that power our digital world and enable technological advancements.
• Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon (the second most abundant element in the Earth's
crust after oxygen) or germanium, as well as compounds like gallium arsenide and cadmium selenide.

Significance of Semiconductors
Core of Modern Technology:
• Semiconductor chips serve as the heart and brain of all contemporary electronic and communication
devices. They are integral to modern automobiles, household appliances like refrigerators, and critical
medical equipment such as ECG machines.
Driving Emerging Technologies:
• The advancement of emerging technologies-such as artificial intelligence, 5G, and autonomous vehicles-
hinges on a fast and cost effective semiconductor industry.
Major Global Trade Items:
• Semiconductors rank among the most traded products worldwide, second only to petroleum and
automobiles, with an annual turnover of approximately $500 billion.

AMIGOS IAS 7
Enhancing Electronic Devices: • Io n Impla ntat ion: A thin film coating and
• These chips enable electronic devices to impurities are introduced to improve conductivity.
become more compact, affordable, and powerful. • Metal Wiring: Paths for electrical flow are
For instance, semiconductor chips have created using materials like aluminium and
significantly improved smartphone capabilities, tungsten.
offering enhanced processing power and
• Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy: This step
features.
tests and sorts chips to ensure quality by
Transformative Impact: identifying defects.
• Semiconductors play a crucial role in driving
• Individual Chips: Finally, the wafers are cut
some of the world's most significant
into individual chips and mounted on a printed
breakthroughs and transformations across
circuit board (PCB).
various industries, including aerospace,
consumer electronics, energy, and healthcare. Factors Influencing the Location of
Semiconductor Firms Worldwide
Semiconductor Manufacturing Process
Proximity to Markets :
• The process of transforming a tiny silicon wafer • It is crucial as it reduces transportation costs and
into a powerful semiconductor chip involves delivery times. For example, NAURA Technology
hundreds of complex steps and can take up to Group in China benefits significantly from being
three months. close to Southeast Asian markets, allowing for
• Preparation of Silicon Wafers: Sand (silicon quicker access and improved logistics.
dioxide) is melted, crystallized into silicon rods, Skilled Workforce
and then sliced into thin wafers. • A well-trained labour pool fosters research and
• Polishing: The wafers are polished to eliminate development, innovation, and technological
defects and ensure a smooth surface. advancement.
• South Korea's tech hub exemplifies this, thriving
due to its abundance of skilled engineers who
drive the industry forward.
Government Support :
• It plays a vital role in creating a conducive
environment for the semiconductor industry.
Initiatives and investments from the government
promote innovation and competitiveness.
• Taiwan's Industrial Technology Research Institute
is a prime example, having propelled the country's
semiconductor sector to the forefront of the
industry.
Cost-Effectiveness
• Optimizing operational expenses can enhance
competitiveness and impact production costs

• Oxidation : Oxygen or water vapor is introduced considerably. China, with its cost effective

to create a protective oxide film that enhances manufacturing resources, exemplifies this

conductivity. advantage.

• Photolithography: Circuit designs are etched Infrastructure and Connectivity :

onto the wafers using precision laser light. • Reliable infrastructure supports manufacturing
processes, while strong connectivity to global
• Etching: Unwanted materials are removed
networks improves supply chain efficiency.
through wet or dry etching techniques.

AMIGOS IAS 8
 • Germany's robust infrastructure is a key asset for Impact of Geopolitical Conflicts:
its semiconductor firms. • Ongoing geopolitical tensions, such as the
Research and Innovation Ecosystem : Russia-Ukraine conflict, have resulted in
• A vibrant Research and Innovation Ecosystem shortages of essential raw materials for various
encourages continuous technological advance- industries.
ments. Collaboration between industry, • Ukraine, in particular, is a critical supplier of neon,
academia, and research institutions is crucial, which is vital for semiconductor manufacturing.
as seen in Israel's ecosystem, which effectively Risks of Future Shortages Amid Geopolitical Tensions:
supports its semiconductor industry. • The European Union and the United States have
Intellectual Property Protection : restricted the sale of advanced manufacturing
• Strong legal frameworks that safeguard equipment to China, prompting China to impose
intellectual property rights create a secure export controls on crucial materials like gallium
environment for businesses. For instance, and germanium.
Switzerland's stringent IP protection laws make it • This situation could lead to additional shortages,
an attractive location for semiconductor firms. as evidenced by U.S. restrictions on support for
Major Centres of Semiconductor Manufacturing Chinese production of chips smaller than 16
Worldwide nanometres.
• East Asian countries dominate the semiconductor Projected Growth of the Global Semiconductor
landscape, with Taiwan (home to TSMC), South Market
Korea (Samsung), and China (NAURA
• The global semiconductor market is expected to
Technology) collectively accounting for over 70%
reach USD 681.05 billion by 2024, as reported
of the global market share.
by Fortune Business Insights.
• In the United States, prominent tech giants like
• In contrast, the Indian semiconductor industry
Intel and Qualcomm lead in chip design and
was valued at USD 34.3 billion in 2023.
research and development.
• Top Producers: Taiwan, South Korea, United
• Europe, particularly Germany and the
States, and China.
Netherlands, specializes in the production of
• Top Consumers: China, United States, Taiwan,
niche chips and automotive applications,
and South Korea.
contributing to the continent's role in the
semiconductor industry.
Importance of developing an indigenous
Reasons Behind the Global Push to diversify Semiconductor Industry in India
Semiconductor Supply Chains Mitigating Supply Disruptions:
Concentration of Manufacturing Hubs: • The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent
• Semiconductor manufacturing is heavily lockdowns severely impacted the availability of
concentrated in a select few countries. For semiconductor chips in India.
instance, Taiwan produces over 60% of the • For example, automobile manufacturers like
world's semiconductors, and together with South Mahindra & Mahindra and Tata Group had to cut
Korea, it dominates the production of the most back production due to shortages.
advanced chips (those below 10 nanometres). • Establishing a domestic semiconductor industry
Pandemic-Related Supply Chain Disruptions: can help prevent similar disruptions in the future.
• The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant supply Satisfying Growing Demand :
shortages in the semiconductor industry, primarily • With an estimated 50 crore people expected to
due to production disruptions in China. come online in the next decade, the demand for
• This situation revealed the vulnerabilities smartphones and laptops is set to soar.
associated with relying on a limited number of • The shift towards remote work in the post-
manufacturing centres. pandemic era also necessitates increased server

AMIGOS IAS 9
 capacity, internet connectivity, and cloud Government efforts towards the development of the
services. Semiconductor Industry in India
• The Indian government has taken significant
• Developing an indigenous semiconductor
steps to foster the growth of the semiconductor
industry is crucial to meet this rising demand, with
industry, aiming to position the country as a global
projections indicating that the domestic market
hub for electronics.
could exceed $60 billion by 2026.
National Policy on Electronics, 2019:
Creating Job Opportunities:
• This policy envisions establishing India as a
• The establishment of local semiconductor
leading player in the Electronics System Design
manufacturing will enhance India's smartphone
and Manufacturing (ESDM) sector.
assembly industry and strengthen the electronics
supply chain. • It aims to promote the development of core
components, including chipsets, and create a
• This development is anticipated to generate
conducive environment for the industry to
numerous job opportunities, particularly
compete effectively on a global scale.
benefiting the youth.
Semicon India Programme:
Enhancing Revenue Generation:
• The government has launched the Semicon India
• Building domestic semiconductor capacity will
programme with an outlay of INR 76,000 crore.
not only attract local taxes but also boost export
potential. • This initiative is designed to develop the
semiconductor and display manufacturing
• Additionally, reducing dependence on imports
ecosystem in the country, providing substantial
will lower the import bill, as India currently imports
support to boost local production capabilities.
nearly all semiconductors to meet a projected
demand of around $100 billion by 2025. Modified Scheme for Setting up Semiconductor Fabs:
• This scheme focuses on attracting significant
Improving National Security:
investments to establish semiconductor wafer
• Chips produced locally can be classified as
fabrication facilities in India.
"trusted sources," making them suitable for use in
various applications, including CCTV cameras • It offers fiscal support of 50% of the project cost

and 5G equipment. on an equal footing basis for setting up Silicon

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
• This will enhance national cybersecurity and
(CMOS) fabrication in the country.
strengthen the country's overall security profile.
Modified Electronics Manufacturing Clusters
Strengthening Geopolitical Position:
(EMC 2.0) Scheme
• Nations with a reliable supply of semiconductors
• Under this scheme, the government provides
will be better equipped to shape geopolitical
assistance for the establishment of Electronics
landscapes driven by data and digital innovations.
Manufacturing Clusters (EMCs) and Common
• Achieving self sufficiency will also diminish
Facility Centres (CFCs).
reliance on Chinese imports, especially during
• This support aims to enhance the infrastructure
times of geopolitical tension, such as the recent
necessary for semiconductor manufacturing.
Galwan Valley border clash.
Boosting Global Competitiveness :
• A robust domestic semiconductor industry will
enable Indian manufacturers to compete on a
global scale, attracting investments in key areas
of expertise and advanced technology.
• This competitiveness is essential for positioning
India as a significant player in the global
semiconductor arena.

AMIGOS IAS 10
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): • Moreover, Indigenous semiconductor manu-
• The Government of India has permitted 100% FDI facturing relies on advanced technologies that
under the automatic route in the Electronics are costly to license from patent holders.
Systems Design and Manufacturing sector, Complex Manufacturing Process:
encouraging foreign investments to strengthen • The semiconductor manufacturing process is
the local semiconductor industry. intricate, involving between 500 and 1,500 steps.
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: It requires multiple inputs, including silicon
• The Ministry of Electronics and Information wafers, commodity chemicals, specialty
Technology (MeitY) has implemented the chemicals, and essential infrastructure such as
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme as part a reliable water supply and uninterrupted power.
of the National Policy on Electronics (NPE) 2019. Talent Shortage:
• This scheme offers domestic production-linked • While India has a robust pool of design engineers
incentives ranging from 4% to 6% to electronics for leading chip companies, there is a significant
companies manufacturing mobile phones and shortage of skilled workers who can operate
specific components, including assembly, testing, effectively on the factory floors of fabrication plants.
marking, and packaging units. Insufficient R&D:
• The incentives are tied to incremental sales to • India currently lacks significant original research
encourage domestic manufacturing and attract in semiconductor design, which is crucial for
significant investments in the sector. determining the future direction of chip technology.

• In the 2024 Union Budget, the allocation for the Concerns among Major Players:
semiconductor and display manufacturing • Key players in the semiconductor industry
scheme was increased by 130%. express concerns regarding policy stability in
India's semiconductor sector.
Challenges associated with the manufacturing
• Moreover, establishing semiconductor facilities
of semiconductors in India
requires approvals from multiple government
Capital-Intensive Industry: departments, often leading to delays that
• The semiconductor sector is highly capital- discourage investment.
intensive, requiring substantial investment in both
The two major policy concerns shared by
research and development (22% of annual
Taiwanese players
semiconductor sales) and capital expenditures
(26%). • The Ministry of Electronics and Information
• This creates high entry barriers and makes Technology (MeITY), which oversees the chip
semiconductor fabrication an expensive initiative, is not responsible for skills development,
business. which falls under a different ministry.

• Further, setting up a chip fabrication unit in India • Additionally, India's unpredictable trade policy-
is estimated to cost between $5 billion and $7 characterized by sudden duties and new
billion, posing a significant financial barrier. licensing regulations-adds to their apprehension,
especially as tariffs are generally on the rise.
Limited Access to Technology:
• The global semiconductor market is dominated Limited Availability of Raw Materials:
by a few countries and companies, with Taiwan • Key materials such as silicon, germanium, gallium
and South Korea accounting for about 80% of arsenide, and silicon carbide are essential for
the global foundry base. semiconductor production but are not sourced
• Additionally, the Netherlands-based ASML is the domestically in India, necessitating imports.
sole producer of EUV (extreme ultraviolet Hazardous Waste Management:
lithography) devices, which are essential for • The semiconductor fabrication process utilizes
manufacturing advanced chips. This creates a toxic substances like arsenic, antimony, and
nearly closed ecosystem with significant barriers phosphorus, raising significant environmental
to entry. concerns related to waste disposal.

AMIGOS IAS 11
 Role of International collaboration in the India-EU Semiconductor Pact:
development of the Semiconductor industry in • India and the European Union have also signed
India an MoU to foster cooperation within the
India-US Partnership: semiconductor ecosystem.
• On September 9, 2024, the US announced a "new • This agreement will facilitate investments, joint
partnership" with India aimed at exploring ventures, and technology partnerships, including
semiconductor supply chain opportunities. the establishment of manufacturing facilities.
• This partnership will include a comprehensive India-Japan Chip Supply Chain Partnership:
assessment of India's existing semiconductor • Last year, the Indian Union Cabinet approved a
ecosystem, regulatory framework, workforce, and Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) with Japan
infrastructure needs. to develop a semiconductor supply chain
• Earlier, during the Commercial Dialogue in 2023, partnership.
India and the US signed a memorandum of • This collaboration will focus on research and
understanding (MoU) focused on semiconductor development, manufacturing, design, and talent
supply chain and innovation partnership. development in the semiconductor industry.
India-Taiwan Collaboration:
India-US Initiative on Critical and Emerging
• In a significant development, Tata is constructing
Technologies (iCET)
India's first commercial fabrication plant in
• In 2022, India signed the India-US iCET deal to
partnership with Taiwan's Powerchip
elevate and expand Indo-US. strategic
Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation
technology partnership and defence industrial
(PSMC), with an estimated investment of over Rs
cooperation between the countries'
91,000 crore.
governments, businesses, and academic
institutions. • This initiative represents a critical step forward in
establishing a robust semiconductor
• Six focus areas: Strengthening innovation
manufacturing base in India.
ecosystems, Defence innovation and technology
cooperation, Resilient semiconductor supply Focus Areas for the Indian Semiconductor Industry
chains, Space, STEM (science, technology, Emphasis on R&D Activities:
engineering, and math) talent and Next- • The Indian semiconductor industry should
generation telecom. prioritize research and development in areas
such as electronic design automation (EDA),
India-Singapore Semiconductor Ecosystem
core intellectual property (IP), and chip design.
Partnership :
• Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and • By supporting local chip-design experts and

Singaporean Prime Minister Lawrence Wong funding technology innovation centres in

exchanged a Memorandum of Understanding collaboration with top engineering colleges, India

(MoU) to establish the India-Singapore can capture a share of this lucrative market, which

Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership. is currently dominated by the U.S.

• Singapore hosts nine of the world's top 15 Establishment of Advanced Fabrication Facilities:
semiconductor firms, playing a crucial role in the • India must focus on developing semiconductor

semiconductor value chain, including integrated fabrication (FAB) facilities specifically for the

circuit design and wafer fabrication. production of advanced chips. This investment
will enhance the country's manufacturing
• From India's perspective, this partnership offers
capabilities in cutting-edge technologies.
opportunities for collaboration in talent
development and sharing best practices for Focus on Medium and Low-End Chips:
managing semiconductor industrial parks. India • Given the potential oversupply of high-end fabs

also seeks to engage with Singaporean equipment due to global supply chain shifts, India should

and material manufacturers to strengthen its concentrate on manufacturing medium and

semiconductor ecosystem. lowend chips.

AMIGOS IAS 12
 • This strategy aligns with current market demands
and positions India as a competitive player in
these segments.
Strengthening the Assembly, Testing, and Packaging
(ATP) Sector:
• The ATP segment, which accounts for about 10%
of the semiconductor value chain, presents a
significant opportunity for India.
• With its pool of low-cost skilled labour, India is
well-positioned to capture a portion of this market,
currently led by China.

Way Forward :
• India must enhance funding for research and
development at technical institutes, fostering
innovation in the semiconductor sector. A notable
example is IIT Madras, which developed the
microprocessor 'Moushik' with support from the
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
• Additionally, establishing the Sovereign Patent
Fund (SPF) should be expedited to bolster
domestic businesses through technology
acquisition and licensing.
• It's essential to provide manufacturers with
guarantees of minimum domestic procurement,
encouraging the production of economically
viable options like 28nm chips.
• Supporting companies in acquiring
semiconductor manufacturing units abroad can
ensure a steady supply of chips, while backing
startups led by entrepreneurial engineers can
yield significant returns.
• Moreover, focusing initially on backend
processes, such as assembly, packaging, and
testing, can help mitigate investment risks before
moving to front-end manufacturing.
• Finally, cooperation from state governments is
crucial; they should create a conducive
environment by ensuring stable power supply,
clean water, and suitable land for semiconductor
projects.
Conclusion :
• To thrive in the digital age, India must prioritize
the indigenous development of semiconductors.
This will ensure a robust supply of chips to support
the increasing reliance on technology and
solidify its position as a global power.

AMIGOS IAS 13
 1

Need of sanction for prosecution Role of Sanction in Preventing Unjust Prosecution :

• These provisions exist to protect public servants
Why is it in the news? from vexatious or malicious prosecution. The goal
• The need for sanction for prosecuting public
is to ensure that legal proceedings are grounded
servants has come to the fore again, following
in fact, and that public servants are not hindered
Karnataka Governor Thawar Chand Gehlot's
in performing their duties due to the threat of
approval to investigate and potentially prosecute
frivolous lawsuits.
Chief Minister Siddaramaiah. This is related to
• This safeguard also maintains the integrity of the
alleged irregularities in compensatory land
decision-making process within public offices by
allotments for his wife.
requiring a higher threshold of scrutiny before
• The case has raised significant legal and
initiating legal action.
constitutional questions, prompting the Karnataka
Governor's Role in Sanctioning Prosecution of High-
High Court to delay consideration of private Ranking Officials :
complaints against Siddaramaiah. • In cases involving high-ranking officials, such as
Legal Provisions Governing the Need for Sanction : a Chief Minister, the Governor plays a critical role
• Section 197 of the CrPC: This section protects in granting prosecution sanctions.
public servants from unwarranted legal action by
• While sanctions for other public servants are
requiring prior sanction from a competent
typically provided by the State or Central gov-
authority before any legal proceedings can be
ernment, the Governor is considered the appropriate
initiated against them. The provision applies to
authority for sanctioning a Chief Minister. The
both current and former public servants.
rationale behind this lies in the Governor's
• Section 6 of the Prevention of Corruption constitutional power to dismiss a Chief Minister.
Act (PCA): It mandates prior sanction for
Judicial Precedents on Governor's Independence in
prosecution, specifically in cases of corruption.
Sanction Decisions
This requirement applies to acts committed while
• A.R.Antulay Case: The Supreme Court ruled that
the public servant was in office.
the Governor must act independently when
• Sect i on 21 8 of th e Bha ra tiya Na garik
considering the sanction for prosecuting a Chief
Suraksh a San hita (B NSS): This section,
Minister. The Governor cannot merely act based
replacing the CrPC, retains the need for sanction.
on the advice of the Council of Ministers in such
Additionally, the 2018 amendment to the PCA
cases.
requires governmental approval to initiate an
• Madhya Pradesh Spec ial P olice
investigation under Section 17A, and Section 19
Establishment vs. State of MP (2004): In this
requires sanction before a court can consider
case, the Supreme Court supported the Governor's
corruption-related charges.
independent decision to grant sanction for

AMIGOS IAS 14
 • In 2018, further amendments established the
prosecution, even though the Council of Ministers
death penalty for every participant in a gang rape
had found no evidence. The Court emphasized
involving victims under 12 years old (Section
that the Governor's discretion acts as a safeguard
376DB) and life imprisonment for victims under
against potentially biased or irrational decisions
16 years old (Section 376DA). The new Bharatiya
by the Council.
Nyaya Sanhita also stipulates the death penalty
Conclusion : for gang rape of women under 18 years old
• The requirement of sanction for prosecuting public (Sections 64, 65, and 70(2)).
servants is rooted in the need to protect them from Key Recommendations of the J.S. Verma Committee:
undue harassment and ensure that legal • The Verma Committee recommended enhanced
proceedings are based on substantial evidence. sentences for rape, increasing the minimum term
In cases involving high-ranking officials, such as from 7 years to up to 20 years or life imprisonment,
a Chief Minister, the Governor's role becomes but excluding the death penalty. It cited evidence
especially important, acting as a check on the suggesting that the death penalty's deterrent effect
possible bias of the Council of Ministers. Judicial on serious crimes is illusory.
precedents have consistently reinforced the • Further, the committee noted that the murder rate
independence of the Governor in making such in India had declined over 20 years despite fewer
decisions, underscoring the importance of executions since 1980.
impartiality and thorough scrutiny in the Marital Rape and Legal Reforms :
prosecution process. • Regarding marital rape, the Verma Committee
recommended removing the exception that
J.S. Verma Committee on death
exempts marital rape from criminalization.
penalty for rape
• The committee emphasized that marital or any
About the News : other relationship should not serve as a defense
• Following the brutal rape and murder of a doctor
against rape. It endorsed the European
in Kolkata on August 9, 2024, there has been
Commission of Human Rights' view that a rapist
renewed debate on the death penalty for rape.
remains a rapist regardless of his relationship with
• The Justice J.S. Verma Committee, established in the victim.
response to the 2012 Delhi gang rape, had
• However, the Union government did not accept
specifically advised against recommending the
this recommendation and chose not to criminalize
death penalty for rape, even in rare cases. The
marital rape. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,
committee argued that seeking the death penalty
Exception 2 of Section 63 states that sexual
would be a regressive step in the context of
intercourse by a man with his wife, if the wife is
sentencing and reformation.
over 18 years old, does not constitute rape.
• When the Union Cabinet approved an ordinance
Gender Rights and Societal Change :
on sexual assault in 2013, it did not adopt the
• On gender rights, the Verma Committee highlighted
committee's recommendation on the death
that women's empowerment extends beyond
penalty. The committee, led by retired Justice
political equality to include social, educational,
Verma, submitted its recommendations on January
23, 2013. It suggested that the death penalty does and economic equality.
not necessarily deter such crimes, a key point that • True empowerment, it argued, requires that law
was overlooked in subsequent legal amendments. and public policy engage substantively with
• Instead, the amendments introduced the death women's rights, opportunities, and equality.
penalty for rape that results in the victim's death or • The committee also stressed that correcting
leaves her in a persistent vegetative state (Section societal gender biases involves systemic changes
376A of the Indian Penal Code), and for repeat in education and societal behavior, led by societal
offenders (Section 376E). leaders.

AMIGOS IAS 15
 • The J.S. Verma Committee's recommendations • Critics argue that these tests can undermine
reflect a progressive stance on tackling sexual fundamental rights and influence court
violence, emphasizing rehabilitation over perceptions unfairly. Hence, the issues with
retributive justice, especially concerning the death consent and misuse in high-profile cases
penalty. Its holistic approach advocates for underscore the need for stringent ethical
systemic changes in society, law, and policy to guidelines and safeguards in administering these
address gender inequalities, while also urging the tests.
criminalization of marital rape.
SC orders retrospective
The legal validity of Lie-detector application of relaxed bail rules
tests for first time offenders
Why is it in the news? About the news :
• The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has • The Supreme Court of India has ruled that the
conducted a second round of polygraph tests on relaxed bail provisions under the new criminal law,
key suspects in the rape and murder case of a the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS),
resident doctor from R.G. Kar Medical College and will apply retrospectively.
Hospital, Kolkata.
• This means that even for offences committed
More about the news :
before the BNSS came into effect on July 1, 2024,
• Deception detection tests (DDTs) like polygraphs
first time offenders who are already detained can
aim to detect deceit by measuring physiological
benefit from the new bail provisions.
responses such as heart rate and blood pressure
• The ruling could significantly impact the large
during questioning. Other methods, such as narco-
analysis and brain mapping, use drug-induced number of undertrial prisoners in India, who

states or neural activity measurements to identify currently face overcrowded conditions in the

deception. nation's jails.

• However, their reliability is questioned due to flaws • As per the latest data from the National Crime
in the underlying principles and high false positive Records Bureau's 2022 report, India's prisons are
rates. Critics also note that individuals might train operating at 131.4% capacity, with undertrials
themselves to manipulate these tests. constituting about 75% of the total prison
• Indian courts historically supported DDTs, as seen population of 573,200.
in cases like Rojo George v. Deputy Superintendent • Under both the BNSS and the previous Criminal
of Police and Dinesh Dalmia v. State, considering Procedure Code of 1973, undertrial prisoners are
them essential for modern investigations and not entitled to bail if they have served up to half of the
violative of fundamental rights. maximum possible imprisonment period for their
• However, the 2010 Supreme Court ruling in Selvi offence, unless the offence is punishable by death
v. State of Karnataka changed this stance, ruling or life imprisonment.
that lie detector tests can only be administered • The BNSS introduces a more lenient provision
with the accused's consent, in line with the right specifically for first-time offenders, allowing them
against self incrimination and privacy under to be released on bail after serving up to one third
Articles 20(3) and 21 of the Constitution. of the maximum imprisonment period.
• The Court stressed that results should not be
• The Supreme Court has been addressing prison
considered confessions but could corroborate
conditions since 2013 through the case Re
other evidence.
Inhuman Conditions in 1382 Prisons, which was
• Despite this ruling, DDTs remain widely used in
initiated to tackle issues such as overcrowding
India, raising concerns about their invasive nature
and inadequate prison staff.
and the potential for coercion.

AMIGOS IAS 16
 Creation of five new districts in of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002

Ladakh (PMLA) concerning arrest and bail, balancing

stringent provisions with constitutional protections.
Why is it in the news?
• In Vijay Madanlal Choudhary v. Union of India
• Union Home Minister Amit Shah has announced
(2022), a three judge bench upheld the
the creation of five new districts in Ladakh: Zanskar,
challenged provisions of the PMLA, including its
Drass, Sham, Nubra, and Changthang. This
restrictive bail conditions and the extensive
decision aims to enhance governance and ensure
powers of investigation and arrest granted to the
that public services reach every part of Ladakh.
Enforcement Directorate (ED).
• Currently, the region is divided into two districts,
• However, these powers have been subject to
Leh and Kargil, each managed by autonomous
recent limitations through subsequent judicial
hill development councils.
interventions.
More about the news :
On grounds of arrest :
• Ladakh, known for its sparse population and
• Section 19 of the Prevention of Money Laundering
challenging geography, faces significant
Act (PMLA) allows the Enforcement Directorate
administrative difficulties in reaching its remote
(ED) to arrest individuals if it has evidence
areas. The creation of new districts is expected to
suggesting they are involved in money laundering.
streamline the delivery of public welfare schemes
The accused must be informed of the grounds for
and foster more balanced development across the
their arrest "as soon as may be."
region. In India, the power to create, alter, or abolish
• In Vijay Madanlal Choudhary, the court ruled that
districts rests with State governments. This process
the ED is not required to provide a copy of the
can be carried out either through an executive
Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR) but
order or by passing legislation in the State
must inform the accused of the grounds for arrest.
Assembly. Most states opt for the executive route,
issuing a notification in the official gazette to • In Pankaj Bansal v. Union of India (2023), the

implement these changes. Supreme Court clarified that grounds for arrest
must be provided in writing, as a fundamental right
• The Central government does not directly
under Article 20 of the Constitution. Failure to
influence the creation or alteration of districts; this
provide written grounds renders the arrest illegal
authority is reserved for State governments.
and invalid.
However, if a State wishes to change the name of
On bail for undertrials :
a district or railway station, it must submit a proposal
• Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
to the Home Ministry.
1973, mandates that a person detained for up to
• The Home Ministry then forwards the proposal to
half the maximum imprisonment for an offense
relevant departments such as the Ministry of Earth
must be released on bail if their trial or investigation
Sciences, Intelligence Bureau, Department of
is ongoing. This provision was applied to PMLA
Posts, Geographical Survey of India, and Railway
cases in the Vijay Madanlal Choudhary ruling.
Ministry for clearance.
• Further, the court upheld this principle in Ajay Ajit
• Following the review and receipt of no-objection
Peter Kerkar v. Directorate of En-forcement.
certificates from these departments, the district's
However, Section 436A has been replaced by
name can be officially changed.
Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha
SC emphasizes accused rights in Sanhita, which affects PMLA cases.
recent PMLA rulings • The new section specifies that if multiple offenses
or cases are pending against an individual, as
Why is it in the news?
• In a series of rulings, the Supreme Court has often occurs in money laundering cases, the bail

underscored the rights of individuals accused of provision may not apply.

money laundering, despite the stringent provisions

AMIGOS IAS 17
On 'need and necessity to arrest' : Himachal Pradesh : Raising women's
• The Supreme Court granted interim bail to Delhi
minimum marriage age bill
Chief Minister in the Delhi excise policy case
where he argued that his arrest under Section 19 Why is it in the news?
• The Himachal Pradesh Assembly passed the
of the PMLA was unlawful due to a lack of
Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh
"necessity" and claimed the ED had the relevant
Amendment) Bill, 2024, which raises the minimum
material since July 2023, but did not arrest him
marriageable age for women from 18 to 21 years.
until March 2024.
More about the news
• Further, Section 19(1) of the PMLA requires the
ED to have a "reason to believe" the accused is About:
"guilty," with these reasons needing to meet a high • This Bill, aimed at amending the Prohibition of Child

threshold of admissible evidence. Marriage Act, 2006, seeks to advance gender

equality and support higher education for women.
• The court also referred the issue of whether "need
and necessity to arrest" can challenge an arrest • It builds on previous recommendations from the

under the PMLA to a five-judge bench. 2008 Law Commission Report and the National

On relaxing 'twin conditions' : Human Rights Commission's 2018 proposal to set

• A bench comprising Justices B.R. Gavai and K.V. a uniform marriage age of 18 for both men and

Viswanathan granted bail to former Delhi Deputy women.

CM in the Delhi excise policy case. The Bill introduces several key changes:
1) It redefines a "child" as anyone under 21 years,
• While Section 45 of the PMLA imposes strict bail
removing the previous gender specific age
conditions requiring the accused to prove they
distinctions.
haven't committed an offense and won't commit
one while on bail, the bench noted these 2) It extends the time frame for annulment petitions

conditions can be "relaxed" after a lengthy from two years to five years after reaching the age

incarceration. of majority, aligning with the new marriageable age.

• Delhi Deputy CM had been detained for about 17 3) It includes a new provision, Section 18A, to ensure

months without the trial beginning. that its provisions take precedence over any

On bail exception for women : conflicting laws or cultural practices in Himachal

• The court granted bail to a BRS leader in the Delhi Pradesh.

excise policy case, noting that she qualified for • The Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule of
the exception in Section 45 of the PMLA, which the Constitution allows both central and state
allows for bail if directed by the Special Court. governments to legislate on marriage and divorce,

• The court overturned the Delhi High Court's including regulating child marriages.

decision, which had denied her bail based on her • Hence, the President's assent is required for the
education and perceived lack of vulnerability. The bill as it could potentially conflict with the central
bench found that the lower court had Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. Under
misinterpreted the exception's application. Article 254 of the Constitution, if a state law is
On confession to ED officer : inconsistent with a central law, it must be reserved
• Regarding confessions, the Court in Prem Prakash for the President's consideration to become
v. Union of India (2024) examined the admissibility effective.
of statements made to ED officers under Section • Thus, the Himachal Pradesh's Governor will likely
50 of the PMLA. reserve the Bill for President assent, given that the
• It reaffirmed that such confessions, if obtained Bill introduces a new minimum marriageable age
under coercion, violate the right against self- that may clash with central legislation.
incrimination, as per past judgments and Section • However, critics argue that such a change may
25 of the Evidence Act. reinforce patriarchal controls and further penalize

AMIGOS IAS 18
 young women, especially in cases of inter-caste marriages and arguing for greater government
or inter religious marriages. oversight to ensure accountability.
• Moreover, activists worry that increasing the • However, critics questioned the need for the
minimum age could lead to more criminal repeal, suggesting that amendments to the old Act
prosecutions of young women and limit their legal could have addressed child marriage issues.
protections, potentially exacerbating issues for
marginalized communities and increasing the The Harm Principle: Defining the
risks of harsh enforcement. extent of Liberty
About the news
Assam's bill mandating registration • John Stuart Mill's theory of liberty, articulated in
of Muslim marriages passed his seminal work On Liberty, posits that individual
freedoms can only be restricted to prevent harm
Why is it in the news?
to others. According to Mill, liberties should be
• The Assam Legislative Assembly passed the
protected unless actions cause direct harm. This
Assam Compulsory Registration of Muslim
principle becomes critical when evaluating
Marriages and Divorces Bill, 2024.
instances where free speech intersects with harm.
About the new law :
• The new law aims to prevent child marriages, An Analysis :
• Recently, controversy arose when Assam Chief
ensure consent in marriages, and address
Minister made derogatory remarks about the
polygamy. It replaces the 89 year old Assam
Muslim community in response to a horrific gang-
Muslim Marriage and Divorce Registration Act,
rape incident. Critics argue that the comments,
1935, which had been in effect under colonial-
which have been labelled as hate speech,
era provisions and allowed kazis to register such
contravene the principles of India's secular
marriages.
Constitution and exacerbate existing biases.
• The repeal of the 1935 Act, enacted through an
• While free speech is a fundamental right, it is
Ordinance in March, was driven by concerns that
subject to "reasonable restrictions" under Indian
the old law permitted the registration of child
law, though the definition of hate speech remains
marriages. Sections 8 and 10 of the Act allowed
ambiguous.
for such registrations if done through guardians,
which the government deemed inadequate. • Mill's harm principle provides a framework for

• The new legislation requires that marriages be assessing such situations. He argued that the only

registered by a government official rather than a justification for limiting freedom is to prevent harm

kazi. to others. For example, physical harm, such as

• Some of the key conditions include: the woman assault, justifies state intervention.

must be 18, the man must be 21; both parties must • Mill also differentiated between 'self-regarding'
consent; at least one must have lived in the district actions, which affect only the individual, and 'other-
for 30 days; and they must not be closely related. regarding' actions, which impact society. The state
• The process involves a 30 day notice period and should only interfere in the latter when legal rights
documentation for identity and residence. are violated, as supported by the Supreme Court
Objections can be raised during this period, with of India in cases like Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union
appeals available if registration is denied. The law of India.
also mandates reporting of underage marriages • However, the concept of harm is complex. Mill
to the Child Marriage Protection Officer and suggested that harm could be physical or
imposes penalties for non-compliance. psychological, and the definition is often debated.
• The Assam Chief Minister has defended the new For instance, misinformation or derogatory speech
law, citing issues with kazis facilitating child might not cause immediate physical harm but

AMIGOS IAS 19
 could lead to longterm psychological damage or current economic requirements and propose
societal unrest. necessary amendments.
• Mill believed that unrestricted freedom of 4 ) Examination of Laws : Like earlier commissions,
expression allows for the correction of errors and it will review laws in light of the Directive Principles
the advancement of truth, which can be stifled if of State Policy (DPSP) and suggest improvements
dissenting opinions are suppressed. or new legislation that align with the objectives
outlined in the Preamble of the Constitution. This
• Yet, Mill acknowledged that freedom of expression
includes addressing the Prime Minister's call for a
could be limited in specific scenarios. He noted
uniform civil code.
that while provocative opinions may be circulated
through the press, their public dissemination could About the Law Commission of India
be restricted if it incites violence or creates social • The Law Commission is a non-statutory body that
unrest. is periodically constituted by the Government of
• This nuanced approach raises questions about India and functions as an executive body.
how to handle statements that, while not • The first commission during British India was
immediately harmful, have the potential to incite established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833,
violence or discrimination, as seen in historical chaired by Lord Macaulay, focusing on the
contexts like the Rwandan genocide, where hate codification of laws such as the Penal Code and
speech contributed to extreme violence. Criminal Procedure Code.

• Mill's harm principle, although not universally • The first commission in independent India was set

applied in contemporary contexts, remains up in 1955, chaired by M. C. Setalvad, who was

the Attorney-General of India.
influential in discussions about the balance
between free speech and societal harm. • The Law Commission advises the Ministry of Law
and Justice on legal reforms and reviews existing
• It underscores the need for careful consideration
laws to suggest improvements and draft new
of how liberty is exercised and restricted to ensure
legislation. Importantly, its recommendations are
that freedoms do not undermine societal welfare
advisory and not binding on the government.
and justice.
• Th e Co mmission is h eaded by a
Centre notifies the constitution of Ch air perso n, t y pic ally a re tired Su pre me
the 23rd Law Commission Court judge or Chief Justice of a High Court.
It includes:
Why is it in the news?
1) Four full-time members (including a Member-
• The Union government has officially constituted
Secretary).
the 23rd Law Commission of India, effective
2) Ex-officio members such as the Secretaries
September 1.
of the Departments of Legal Affairs and the
Terms of Reference of the 23rd Law Commission
Legislative Department.
The 23rd Law Commission has been given
objectives similar to those of its predecessors. Its 3) Up to five part time members.

primary tasks include: • The tenure of the Law Commission is three years,

1 ) Identifying Outdated Laws: The Commission with provisions for reconstitution or extension as

will identify laws that are obsolete and recom- necessary.

mend their repeal. • Key Functions: conducting legal research,

2 ) Standard Operating Procedures: It will create reviewing existing laws for potential reforms,

procedures for the periodic review of existing laws. recommending the repeal of outdated laws,
suggesting amendments and drafting new
3 ) Ame n dmen ts f or Ec ono mic Need s: The
legislation, examining laws that impact the poor
Commission will assess laws that do not align with
and marginalized communities.

AMIGOS IAS 20
The 22nd Law Commission made several significant • Commons are crucial because they offer essential
recommendations, including: ecological and other services beneficial to the
• The introduction of a Uniform Civil Code. entire community. However, they face threats of
• Amendments to the sedition law. over-exploitation and damage due to their open
• The repeal of obsolete laws. access, and their management is often challenging

• Enhancements in gender equality within personal because no single entity owns them. Climate

laws. change has further stressed these resources.

• Improvements in judicial administration. • Governance mechanisms for Commons vary.

International agreements cover global Commons
Reports Submitted :
• The Commission has submitted over 277 reports such as the polar regions and outer space, while

addressing various legal issues, including the urban Commons are managed by local

implementation of international conventions and governments. In rural areas, however, governance

the compulsory registration of marriages. structures are often underdeveloped or non-

existent.
• The 22nd Law Commission is currently focusing
on critical issues, such as the Uniform Civil Code • Local communities are involved but typically lack

and amendments to the sedition law (Section the resources or legal authority to manage these

124A), along with other legislative reforms. areas effectively. The recent dialogue in Delhi
highlighted the need for better governance
structures for these rural Commons.
Commons and the critical role of • Historically, the management of Commons was
community leadership in their seen as problematic, with the "Tragedy of the
governance Commons" concept suggesting that shared
resources were doomed to over exploitation.
Why is it in the news?
• However, research by Elinor Ostrom challenged
• Delhi recently hosted a pioneering dialogue on
this notion. Her studies demonstrated that
the conservation, restoration, and governance of
community-led governance could effectively
"Commons"-shared resources like forests,
manage Commons sustainably.
community lands, and water bodies.
• Ostrom's work, culminating in her 2009 Nobel Prize
• Over 500 participants, predominantly from
in Economics, showed that local communities
grassroots organizations across India, attended
could develop successful management structures
this three-day event aimed at promoting more
without relying solely on government or market
inclusive and community led frameworks for
interventions.
managing these vital resources.
About Commons and their role : • In India, the 2006 Forest Rights Act (FRA) is a

• Commons refer to resources that are collectively prominent example of effective Commons

owned by the community rather than by individuals, management. The FRA grants forest dwellers both

groups, or the government. These include tangible individual and community rights over forest areas,

assets such as forests, ponds, grazing lands, rivers, marking a significant shift from government-

and urban parks, as well as intangible assets like controlled forest management.

language, folk art, and traditional knowledge. • This Act acknowledges the role of indigenous

• Globally, Commons encompass areas like the people in conserving and managing forest

polar regions, outer space, and the Moon, which resources, a model that could be applied to other

are protected from individual ownership but are Commons.

available for certain activities. In the digital realm, • With around one-fourth of India's landmass
Creative Commons licenses allow free use of comprising Commons, including community
open-source software and other digital resources. forests and water bodies, and nearly 350 million

AMIGOS IAS 21
 rural people depending on these resources, 'Effective consultation': SC ruling
effective governance is crucial. on HC Judge appointments
• The Commons generate substantial economic
Why is it in the News?
value annually. The schemes like NREGA and
• The Supreme Court recently directed the
green credits would be more effective if local rights
were recognized, and calls for a national Himachal Pradesh High Court (HC) collegium to

Commons Bill to guide state governments in reconsider the nominations of two judicial officers

managing these resources efficiently. for elevation to the Bench.

• The directive followed challenges from the
The Law and the ground realities affected judicial officers after the HC collegium
of passive euthanasia in India recommended other candidates earlier this year.
Why is it in the news? • Although the Supreme Court has historically been
• The recent rejection by the Delhi High Court and cautious about intervening in High Court
the Supreme Court of a plea for passive euthanasia appointments, this case was deemed an
in the case of 30-year-old Harish Rana has
exception.
reignited the debate on the ethics and legality of
Background of the Collegium System :
withdrawing life-supporting treatment to allow
• The collegium system for appointing High Court
natural death. Rana's case highlights the
complexities surrounding passive euthanasia, judges was established by the Supreme Court in

particularly when life support is not deemed the Second Judges Case (1993). Under this
necessary, as the courts found in this instance. system, the Supreme Court collegium's
More about the news : recommendations are binding on the Centre,
• The legal framework for passive euthanasia in giving the judiciary control over its appointments
India was first addressed by the Supreme Court in and transfers.
2011, in the landmark case of Aruna Ramchandra • The government may delay appointments but
Shanbaug v Union of India. cannot reject them outright.
• Shanbaug, who had been in a persistent • The Third Judges Case (1998) clarified that the
vegetative state since a 1973 assault, became the High Court collegium comprises the Chief Justice
focal point of a debate over the right to die.
of India (CJI) and the two senior most Supreme
• While the court did not grant passive euthanasia
Court judges.
in her case, it recognized the legality of the
High Court Appointment Procedure
practice, stipulating that it could only proceed with
• The High Court collegium must consult:
High Court approval.
* The Chief Justice and senior judges of the
• In 2018, the Supreme Court further clarified the
legality of passive euthanasia, affirming that the respective High Court.
"right to die with dignity" is part of the right to life * The senior-most Supreme Court judge from
under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. that High Court.
• Detailed guidelines were established, requiring * Any Supreme Court judges with relevant
an advance directive or living will to be signed in knowledge of the High Court.
the presence of two witnesses and a Judicial • Rec ommen dat ions ca n be ch allenged on
Magistrate, alongside approvals from multiple
two main grounds:
medical boards. For patients without a living will,
 Lack of "effective consultation".
family consent is necessary.
 Candidate ineligibility according to Articles
• Despite these guidelines, concerns over their
practicality led to modifications in 2023, including 217 (High Court) and 124 (Supreme Court) of

streamlined decision making processes and the Constitution.

reduced judicial involvement.

AMIGOS IAS 22
 • Th e 19 98 Mem orandum of Pro ce du re • Its key functions include:
(MOP) outlines that: 1 ) Term Development: Evolving, defining, and
 The HC Chief Justice, after consulting two standardizing scientific and technical terms.
senior judges, submits recommendations to 2 ) Pu blic a t ions: Producing textbooks,
the Chief Minister, Governor, and the CJI. monographs, and glossaries, as well as
 The Governor forwards the proposal to the Law quarterly journals like Vigyan Garima Sindhu
Minister, who then sends it to the CJI for and Gyan Garima Sindhu.
consideration by the Supreme Court 3 ) Glossaries: Creating over 450 glossaries
collegium. with more than 3 million standardized words
Himachal Pradesh Case : Timeline and Key Events in Indian languages.
• In December 2022, the Himachal Pradesh High
4 ) Admin i strative Sup port: Preparing
Court collegium recommended district judges
glossaries for government departments to
Chirag Bhanu Singh and Arvind Malhotra for
ensure consistent terminology in official
elevation. The Supreme Court collegium requested
documents.
a reconsideration of these recommendations on
January 4, 2024. About the Shabd Portal :
• The Shabd Portal serves as a central repository
• On April 23, 2024, the HC collegium
for technical terminology across Indian languages,
recommended two other candidates, leading
featuring glossaries from the CSTT and other
Singh and Malhotra to challenge the decision.
institutions.
They argued that their seniority was ignored and
that the HC collegium failed to properly reconsider • Currently hosts 450 dictionaries comprising 3

their cases. million words, making it a valuable resource for

users seeking scientific and technical terms.
Supreme Court's Ruling :
• The Supreme Court's review focused on whether • Users can easily search for equivalent terms by
there had been "effective consultation" as per its Language, Subject, Dictionary type, Language
January 4 resolution, not on the candidates' merits. pairs. Additionally, users can search within specific

• The Court found that the HC Chief Justice's glossaries or across the entire collection and

individual letter on March 6 did not meet the provide feedback on terms created by the CSTT.

requirement for "effective consultation". • This launch aligns with ongoing efforts to promote

• The ruling emphasized that collective consultation technical education in Indian languages,

among the Chief Justice and the two senior-most particularly in fields like medicine and

High Court judges is mandatory for proper decision- engineering.

making. • The portal plays a crucial role in enhancing the

accessibility of scientific and technical education
Shabd Portal in regional languages, supporting the vision of
Why is it in the news? multilingual education in India.
• The Commission for Scientific and Technical
Terminology (CSTT), under the Union Education
Expansion of Ayushman Bharat
Ministry, has launched a new website,
health cover for the Elderly
shabd.education.gov.in, which provides technical Why is it in the news?
terms in all 22 official Indian languages. • The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi, has approved an extension of
About the Commission for Scientific and Technical
Terminology (CSTT) health coverage under the Ayushman Bharat
Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to
• Established in December 1960, the CSTT aims to
include all senior citizens aged 70 and above,
develop scientific and technical terminology in
regardless of their income.
Hindi and other Indian languages.

AMIGOS IAS 23
• The AB PM-JAY, noted as the world's largest schemes such as the Central Government Health
publicly funded health assurance scheme, already Scheme (CGHS) and the Ex-Servicemen
provides Rs.5 lakh annual health cover per family Contributory Health Scheme. These individuals
for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to can choose between continuing with their existing
55 crore individuals, representing 12.34 crore coverage or opting for the Ayushman Bharat
families. scheme.
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya • Those covered under the Employees State
Yojana (AB PM-JAY) Insurance Corporation (ESIC) will be eligible to
About: hold both their current insurance and the new
• The scheme, which is already the world's largest Ayushman Bharat cover. Private insurance holders
public health insurance initiative, pro-vides free can also benefit from the Ayushman Bharat
coverage of up to Rs 5 lakh annually to members scheme.
of eligible families from the bottom 40% of the
Financial Implications:
economic spectrum. The expansion represents • The initial expenditure for the scheme's expansion
the first complete age cohort to benefit from the will amount to Rs 3,437 crore, covering the next
scheme. six months and the entire following year. States
Registration Process: will be responsible for contributing 40% of this
• Eligible individuals will be able to register and
cost. Notably, the scheme has not yet been
obtain an Ayushman Bharat card through an
implemented in Delhi, West Bengal, and Odisha,
updated module on the existing portal. though Odisha is in discussions with the Centre
• Registrations can be completed via the Ayushman about its rollout.
App or at Ayushman Bharat counters at Significance of the Scheme:
government health facilities. • The expansion of health cover to all Indians aged
• Eligibility is determined based on Aadhaar records, 70 and older is particularly significant given India's
and there will be no exclusions for pre-existing aging population.
conditions. • The proportion of individuals over 60 is expected
• The portal will also include face-authorisation to rise from 8.6% in 2011 to 19.5% by 2050, with
technology to accommodate elderly individuals the elderly population projected to increase from
with difficulty in fingerprint recognition. 103 million in 2011 to 319 million by 2050.
Coverage Details: • Elderly individuals are more likely to be
• Elderly individuals aged 70 and above will receive hospitalized and experience longer stays, with
an annual coverage of Rs 5 lakh, which will be those already covered under the scheme
shared among the beneficiaries in a household. exhibiting higher admission rates compared to
• For families already covered under the scheme younger beneficiaries.
based on their economic status, elderly members • Currently, just over 20% of the elderly population
will receive a topup cover of Rs 5 lakh specifically is covered by any form of insurance. This scheme
for their needs. will particularly benefit older women, who
• The scheme aims to cover around 6 crore constitute a larger share of the elderly population
individuals from 4.5 crore families, with 1.78 crore and may lack sufficient healthcare support,
already covered under the existing plan. including many who are widowed.
• Additional geriatric packages are being added to
the scheme to better address the needs of older
International Day of Democracy
beneficiaries. Why is it in the news?
Existing Coverage Options: • Since 2007, the United Nations has
• Approximately 80 lakh people are currently commemorated the International Day of
covered under various government health Democracy (IDD) on September 15 each year.

AMIGOS IAS 24
 • This day offers a valuable opportunity to assess • Redu cing Admin ist ra t ive Burd en s:
the global state of democracy and examine the Automating routine tasks to improve governmental
roles played by international organizations, efficiency.
national governments, civil society, and individuals AI's potential threats to Democracy
in promoting and sustaining democratic principles.
• Misinformation and Deepfakes: Generating
• This year's theme, "Ensuring Effective Governance
fake content that can manipulate public opinion
of Artificial Intelligence at All Levels," highlights
and undermine trust.
the dual focus of technology and innovation in
• Surveillance and Privacy: Facilitating mass
supporting good governance. The emphasis is on
surveillance and potential abuses of power.
harnessing AI's potential to enhance democratic
• Algor ith mic B ia s: Reinforcing social
processes while also addressing the risks
inequalities and affecting electoral outcomes
associated with its misuse.
unfairly.
Context :
• On the International Day of Democracy, it is crucial • Public Discou rse Manipula t io n: Micro-

to examine how Artificial Intelligence (AI) intersects targeting voters with tailored messages, potentially

with democratic principles. This year, over fifty leading to polarization.

countries are holding elections, and AI technology • Concentration of Power: Entities controlling AI
is advancing rapidly, enhancing its capabilities in could gain undue influence over political
understanding and generating human-like processes.
responses. Conclusion :
This raises a key question: Will AI benefit or • Responsible use of AI, with a focus on
harm democracy? transparency, fairness, and accountability, is
essential to maximizing its benefits while
AI's potential benefits to Democracy:
mitigating its risks. Effective governance of AI at
• Improving Transparency: Making government
all levels will be crucial in safeguarding
data more accessible and understandable,
democracy.
promoting accountability.
• Suppo rting Inf ormed De cision-Ma kin g: Supreme Court on UP Madrasa Law
Analyzing data to help governments make
Why is it in the news?
evidence-based policies.
• On April 5, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice
• Fa cili t atin g Civic Engageme nt: Using D.Y. Chandrachud, stayed the Allahabad High
chatbots and virtual assistants to improve Court's order that had declared the Uttar Pradesh
communication between citizens and their
Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004
representatives.
unconstitutional.
• In cre a sin g Ac c e ssibili ty: Personalizing
• The National Commission for Protection of Child
content delivery and simplifying information to
Rights (NCPCR) argued that madrasa education
include more people in the political process.
is not comprehensive and violates the Right to
• Ensuring Elec tion Int e grity: Monitoring
Education Act. The NCPCR also claimed that
elections for irregularities and ensuring fair
madrasa textbooks promote "the supremacy of
practices.
Islam."
• Boosting Crisis Management: Analyzing real-
• This submission was part of a series of appeals
time data during crises for efficient response and
against the High Court's March 22 ruling, which
resource allocation.
had criticized the Act for breaching secular
• Improvi ng Socia l Service s: Analyzing
principles and fundamental rights under Article 14
community needs to better target resource
of the Constitution.
allocation.

AMIGOS IAS 25
• The Supreme Court directed the state government • Charitable Madrasa Darse Nizami institutions
to integrate madrasa students into regular schools primarily use Arabic, Urdu, and Persian as the
recognized by the UP's Education boards. medium of instruction, while Madrasa Darse Aliya
An Overview of Madrasas : follow state curriculum or textbooks from the
• Historically, madrasas (an Arabic word) originated National Council of Educational Research and
from early Islamic mosques that served as Training (NCERT).
educational institutions. • Most madrasa boards now adhere to the NCERT
• By the 10 th
century, they had developed into curriculum, covering subjects like Mathematics,
distinct entities offering both religious and secular Science, Hindi, English, and Sociology, with
education, with early examples found in Khorasan optional papers including Sanskrit or Deeniyat
and Transoxania, corresponding to modern-day (religious studies).
eastern and northern Iran, central Asia, and • State governments primarily fund madrasas, with
Afghanistan. Larger madrasas often provided additional support from the central government
housing for students from disadvantaged through the Scheme for Providing Education to
backgrounds. Madrasas/Minorities (SPEMM).
• As of the 2018-19 academic year, India had 24,010 • This scheme, now under the Ministry of Education
madrasas, with 19,132 recognized and 4,878 since April 2021, includes two sub-schemes: the
unrecognized. Scheme for Providing Quality Education in
• Uttar Pradesh had the largest number, with 11,621 Madrasas (SPQEM) and Infrastructure
recognized and 2,907 unrecognized madrasas. Development of Minority Institutes (IDMI).
The second highest number was in Rajasthan,
which had 2,464 recognized and 29 unrecognized
President unveils New Flag and
madrasas. Several states and Union Territories,
Insignia of SC
including Delhi, Assam, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and About the news
Telangana, reported no recognized madrasas. • On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the
• India n madrasas are broadly cat egorized Supreme Court of India, President Droupadi
into two types: Madrasa Darse Nizami, which Murmu has unveiled a new flag and insignia for
operates as public charities and does not adhere the institution.
to state education curricula, and Madrasa Darse • The flag is a deep blue, featuring three prominent
Aliya, which are affiliated with state madrasa elements: the Ashoka Chakra, the Supreme Court
education boards like the Uttar Pradesh Board of building, and an open book representing the
Madarsa Education. Constitution of India. This new design symbolizes
• More than 20 states have their own madrasa the Court's commitment to upholding justice and
boards, which oversee the appointment of the rule of law.
teachers and other officials in recognized • The insignia of the Supreme Court includes the
madrasas. In 2023, approximately 1.69 lakh phrase "Yato Dharmastato Jayah" inscribed in
students took examinations equivalent to Class 10 Devanagari script. This Sanskrit maxim translates
and 12 through the UP Madrasa education board. to "Where there is Dharma, there is victory,"
Some states also have separate boards for Sanskrit emphasizing the Court's role in ensuring that
education. righteousness prevails in its judgments.
• Madrasas generally offer education akin to school • The Ashoka Chakra, a significant symbol derived
and higher education, with students pursuing from the 3rd-century BC Mauryan Emperor
qualifications such as Maulvi (equivalent to Class Ashoka's Lion Capital at Sarnath, represents the
10), Alim (equivalent to Class 12), Kamil "wheel of law" and reflects the Supreme Court's
(Bachelor's degree), and Fazil (Master's degree). dedication to justice and governance.

AMIGOS IAS 26
 Government bans 156 Combination One Nation One Election
drugs over efficacy issues Why is it in the news?
• The Union government, led by Prime Minister
Why is it in the news? Modi, plans to implement the 'One Nation One
• The Indian government has recently banned 156 Election' initiative during its current tenure.
fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs, including Background
well-known medicines like Cheston Cold and • Simultaneous Elections (One Nation One Election)
Foracet, which are used for treating cold, fever, refer to the proposal to conduct Lok Sabha and
and pain. State Legislative Assembly elections
• This move represents the most extensive simultaneously, aiming to reduce the frequency
crackdown on FDCs since 2018, when 328 such and costs associated with elections.
drugs were banned. Since 2014, a total of 499 • India previously held simultaneous elections in
FDCs have been prohibited. 1951-52, 1957, 1962, and 1967, but this schedule
More about the news : has not been maintained since.

• FDCs are medications that combine two or more • The issue was first highlighted by Prime Minister
active ingredients into a single dosage form, such Modi in 2014, leading to a committee headed by
as a pill or injection. former President Ram Nath Kovind to explore the
feasibility of this proposal.
• They are designed to simplify treatment regimens
for conditions like tuberculosis and diabetes,
where patients need to take multiple medications
regularly. By reducing the number of pills needed
each day, FDCs can improve patient adherence
to treatment.
• However, FDCs can sometimes include
unnecessary components. For example, Cheston
Cold contains paracetamol, cetirizine, and
phenylephrine. While effective for allergy-related
symptoms, it is not suitable for bacterial infections,
where such a combination might be ineffective or
unnecessary. Suggestions of the Ram Nath Kovind Panel
• The ban targets "irrational" combinations that either
• Stepwise Process: The panel recommended a
do not work well together or include unnecessary phased approach, beginning with simultaneous
ingredients. Lok Sabha and state assembly elections, followed
• A key concern is the presence of antibiotic FDCs, by local body elections (municipal and panchayat)
which contribute to antibiotic resistance-a within 100 days.
significant public health issue. Despite previous • Handling Hung Houses: In the event of a hung
bans, a 2023 study indicated an increase in the assembly or no-confidence motion, fresh elections
proportion of antibiotic FDCs sold in India, could be held only for the remainder of the
highlighting the problem's persistence. previous full term.
• Another reason for the ban is to address pricing • Co nstit utio nal Amen dm ent s: The panel
control issues; companies sometimes create FDCs proposed amendments to Articles 83 (duration of
to bypass government-imposed price ceilings on Houses of Parliament) and 172 (duration of State
essential medicines. legislatures) that would not require state
ratification.

AMIGOS IAS 27
• State Ratification: Amendments requiring state Supreme Court : CBI a 'Caged
ratification include: Parrot'
1) Article 324A to allow simultaneous elections Why is it in the news?
for panchayats and municipalities. • Recently, the Supreme Court of India referred to
2) Article 325 to enable the Election Commission the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) as a
of India (ECI), in consultation with state "Caged Parrot" in a case involving the alleged liquor
election authorities, to prepare a common policy scam in Delhi.
electoral roll and voter ID cards. More about the news :
• While granting bail to Delhi's Chief Minister in a
Arguments in favour of One Nation One Election: corruption case related to the excise policy, the
judges emphasized the need for the CBI to shed
• Cost Reduction: It would significantly cut the
its "caged" image. The term "Caged Parrot" was
expenses associated with conducting separate
first used by the Supreme Court in 2013 during the
elections every year.
coal block allocation scam, criticizing the CBI for
• Reduced Disruption: Frequent elections lead
its perceived lack of independence and
to prolonged periods of the Model Code of susceptibility to political influence.
Conduct, hindering normal governance.
• A bench led by Justice R. M. Lodha remarked that
Simultaneous elections could alleviate these
the CBI functioned like a "caged parrot speaking
disruptions. in the master's voice," raising concerns about its
• Resource Allocation: This initiative would free autonomy and tendency to operate under political
up crucial manpower currently tied up in election pressure.
duties for extended periods. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) :
• Increased Focus on Governance: It would • The CBI originated from the Special Police
shift the focus from constant electioneering to Establishment (SPE), created in 1941 to investigate
effective governance. bribery and corruption. In 1963, the CBI was
formally established following recommendations
Arguments against One Nation One Election :
from the Santhanam Committee.
• Lo gi st ical Ch allen ge s: Coordinating
• The CBI operates under the Delhi Special Police
schedules and resources for simultaneous
Establishment (DSPE) Act of 1946, which grants it
elections across all states and the central
the authority to investigate corruption and major
government presents substantial logistical hurdles.
criminal offenses. Notably, the term "CBI" does not
• Impact on Regional Parties: This approach explicitly appear in this Act, meaning it is not a
may favour dominant national parties, statutory body.
overshadowing regional issues and concerns. Functions :
Way Forward : • The CBI operates under the Ministry of Personnel,
• Synchronized elections for all three tiers of Public Grievances, and Pensions and is exempt

government could enhance governance from the Right to Information (RTI) Act.

architecture, promoting transparency, inclusivity, • It addresses cases related to bribery and

and voter confidence. economic offenses.

• The 22nd Law Commission, currently reviewing • The CBI investigates financial fraud, narcotics, and
smuggling.
the issue of simultaneous polls, is expected to
recommend the implementation of this system • It also handles serious offenses like terrorism and
kidnapping.
starting with the 2029 general election cycle.
• Additionally, the CBI serves as the nodal police
agency in India, coordinating investigations for
Interpol member countries.

AMIGOS IAS 28
Jurisdiction : • Furthermore, the CBI should invest in modern
• Section 6 of the DPSE Act allows the central technology, training, and infrastructure to improve
government to direct the CBI to probe cases in its capabilities in handling complex investigations,
any state based on recommendations from the including economic offenses and cybercrimes.
respective state government.
• Implementing court monitored investigations and
• Courts can also order CBI investigations and establishing mechanisms for suo-motu
monitor their progress. investigations could also help ensure its
• The CBI can initiate investigations only in Union independence in sensitive cases.
Territories.
• While the CBI is often termed an "autonomous
Universal Basic Income (UBI)
body," the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) Why is it in the news?
plays a key oversight role, ensuring no interference • In response to jobless growth-where output and
occurs during investigations. However, the CVC's labour productivity rise without a corresponding
oversight is limited to broader supervision, without increase in employment many countries are
influencing investigation methods. considering the idea of a universal basic income
(UBI).
Challenges and Criticisms
More about the news :
• Adminis trat ive Aut o n omy: Senior
• This concept has gained momentum, particularly
appointments within the CBI are often reliant on
following the International Labour Organization
deputation from state or central forces, potentially
(ILO)'s latest World Employment and Social
compromising its independence.
Outlook, which links declining job growth and rising
• Tenu re Ext en sio ns: A 2021 ordinance
inequality to increased automation and the
extending the tenure of CBI directors from two to
adoption of artificial intelligence (AI).
five years, with the possibility of annual extensions,
• Among various proposed solutions, UBI has
has been criticized for undermining institutional
emerged as a prominent option.
checks and balances.
Universal Basic Income :
• Financ ia l De pendence : The CBI lacks full
• Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a social and
financial autonomy, as its administrative and
economic policy in which the government provides
financial controls reside with the Ministry of
all citizens with a regular, unconditional sum of
Personnel.
money, regardless of their income, employment
• Resou r ce Limita ti o ns: Insufficient status, or other factors.
infrastructure, forensic labs, and technical
• The primary goal is to ensure a basic level of
expertise hinder the quality and efficiency of
financial security for everyone, thereby reducing
investigations.
poverty and income inequality.
• Co ordin ation Issu es: Gaps in intelligence
Key Aspects of UBI
sharing and collaboration with state police and
• Un con dit ion al: UBI is provided without
other agencies pose challenges for effective
requirements to demonstrate financial need or to
investigations.
work.
Way Forward :
• Regular: Payments are made on a consistent basis
• To move beyond being perceived as a mere
(e.g.,monthly) to ensure a steady income flow.
"parrot" echoing others' words, the CBI must seek
statutory status through dedicated legislation, • Un ive r sa l: It is available to all citizens,

moving away from reliance on the DSPE Act of irrespective of their income level or employment

1946 to enhance its clarity and independence. status.

• The Second Administrative Reforms Commission • Basic : The amount is typically intended to cover

(ARC) has suggested structural independence for essential living expenses, although the specific

the CBI to protect it from executive influence. amount can vary by country or region.

AMIGOS IAS 29
 Similar Programs in India • Reduction in Work Incentives: Critics argue
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): that guaranteed income might reduce the incentive
Launched in 2014, this initiative aimed to enhance for people to seek employment, especially in low-
financial inclusion by ensuring access to banking wage jobs.
services for all citizens. While not a UBI, PMJDY • Implementation Challenges: Managing a UBI
facilitates direct transfer of benefits to bank program in a diverse and complex country like
accounts, laying the groundwork for broader cash India could prove difficult.
transfer programs. • Equity Conce rns: Some believe resources
• Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): This system could be better allocated to those in greater need,
transfers subsidies for various government rather than distributing a basic income universally.
schemes directly to beneficiaries' bank accounts. • Social and Behavioural Effects: There are
Although more efficient and transparent, it remains worries about the long-term effects of UBI on
targeted rather than universal. societal values such as hard work and self-

Arguments in favour of Universal Basic Income in India: reliance, as well as potential impacts on social
cohesion.
• Poverty Alleviation: UBI could dramatically
reduce poverty by guaranteeing an income for all Conclusion :
citizens, providing financial security to vulnerable • While universal cash transfers could provide
populations. significant benefits, the associated budgetary
costs are high, necessitating additional taxation
• Simpl ifica tion of W elfa re Progra ms: UBI
to make such a scheme feasible.
could streamline the welfare system, replacing
multiple targeted schemes with a straightforward • A potential solution to these challenges could

universal payment system, reducing administrative involve focusing on accelerating inclusive

costs and inefficiencies. economic growth.

• Reduction of Bureaucracy and Corruption: Rajasthan approves 33% quota

Direct cash transfers would enhance transparency for women in Police Force
and minimize misuse compared to targeted
Why is it in the news?
subsidy programs.
• The Rajasthan government has approved a 33%
• Support for In forma l Secto r W orkers: UBI
reservation for women in the police force by
could offer social protection for informal workers,
amending the State Police Subordinate Service
who often lack job security and benefits.
Rules of 1989.
• Boost to Consumer Spending: Providing cash
directly to individuals could stimulate consumer • Over the years, the representation of women in

spending, a key driver of economic growth. Indian police has improved, albeit slowly. As of
January 1, 2022, women constituted 11.7% of the
• Improved Public Health and Education: A
total state police force.
basic income could empower families to afford
healthcare and education, improving health • Given that policing is a state subject, it is primarily

outcomes and educational attainment, ultimately the responsibility of state governments and Union

contributing to long-term economic development. Territory (UT) administrations to enhance female

representation and gender balance within their
Arguments against Universal Basic Income in India :
forces.
• High Cost: Implementing UBI would require
significant government expenditure, potentially
Importance of Women in the Police Force :
• Impro ved h andl in g of vi olen ce ag ain st
leading to budget deficits or increased taxes.
Women: Higher female representation in law
• Inflation Risks: Concerns exist that UBI could
enforcement correlates with increased reporting
lead to inflation and impulsive spending, adding
rates and more effective handling of domestic
to national debt.

AMIGOS IAS 30
 violence and sexual assault cases. Female officers • Women candidates benefit from relaxed standards
often improve the clearance rates for such cases. in Physical Standard Tests (PST) and Physical
• Enha n c ed polic e c ommun ity rela t io ns: Efficiency Tests (PET).
Women officers are generally trusted more by the • Committees have been established to address and
community, thanks to their strong interpersonal resolve complaints of sexual harassment at all
communication skills and a lower likelihood of levels.
using force. This fosters safer and more • The Supreme Court has emphasized the urgent
cooperative community relations. need for increased representation of women in
• Effe ct ive pro ble m so lvin g ski lls: Women the police due to the prevalence of crimes against
contribute valuable problem solving skills, and a women.
diverse workforce enhances creativity and Way Forward :
effectiveness in decision making and service • Create a supportive environment and adequate
delivery. infrastructure to attract more women into the police

Issues and Challenges : force.

• In frast ru ctu re Issue s: Many women in the • Develop a model policy to challenge the deep-
police force report dissatisfaction due to rooted patriarchy within police institutions.
inadequate infrastructure, including a lack of • Ensure deployment decisions avoid gender
separate toilets and facilities for reporting stereotyping, allowing women to take on key
workplace harassment. operational and investigative roles.
• Prejudiced Notions: There are still significant • Conduct gender sensitization training within police
biases regarding women's capabilities in policing, forces to address and change prejudiced notions
with a notable segment of the population believing about women's capabilities. Sensitization
that policing is predominantly a man's job. programs should complement efforts to increase
• Ho st il e W orkpla c e Enviro nme nt: Women women's representation in law enforcement.
often face sexism and gender bias within the police
force, which can hinder their advancement. CVC Report on Corruption
Steps Taken :
Complaints
• The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued advisories Why is it in the news?
to state governments and UT administrations to • The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has
aim for a 33% representation of women in police released a report detailing the corruption
forces. complaints against various government officials
• States are advised to ensure that each police for 2023.
station has at least three women Sub-Inspectors Major Highlights :
and ten women Constables to maintain a women's
• In 2023, the CVC received a total of 74,203 graft
help desk at all times.
complaints against government officers and
• Initiatives to enhance welfare measures for women employees. Of these, 66,373 complaints were
police personnel include improved housing,
resolved, while 7,830 remained pending.
medical facilities, and restrooms.
• The railway sector reported the highest number of
• Central assistance is provided for the construction
complaints, with 9,881 addressed and 566 still
of separate toilet facilities and crèches under the
pending.
"Assistance to States & UTs for Modernization of
• Additionally, complaints were prevalent among
Police" scheme.
employees in Delhi's local bodies and public
• Recruitment processes are widely publicized, with
sector banks.
female candidates exempt from application fees.

AMIGOS IAS 31
 About the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) • Right to Information Act (RTI) (2005): The

• Established in 1964 on the recommendation of RTI empowers citizens to request information from
the Santhanam Committee, the CVC operates public authorities, enhancing transparency and
under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Its primary goals accountability in governance.
are to promote integrity, transparency, and • Digital India Program: Launched to improve
accountability in the public sector. governance and transparency, this program
• The CVC is responsible for overseeing the focuses on digitizing public services to reduce
functioning of various government departments corruption opportunities.
and public sector enterprises, investigating • e-Governance: The implementation of online
allegations of corruption and malpractice against platforms for government services-such as
public servants. passport applications and income tax returns-aims
• The Central Vigilance Commissioner and the to minimize bureaucratic red tape and reduce
Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the corruption.
President of India based on a committee's • Whistleblower Protection: The Whistleblowers
recommendation, which includes the Prime
Protection Act (2014) safeguards individuals who
Minister, the Minister of Home Affairs, and the
report corruption and wrongdoing within
Leader of the Opposition in the House of the People.
government and public sector enterprises.
• The CVC operates independently of the
• Govern me nt e-Mark et pla ce (G eM): This
government to ensure impartiality in its
online platform enhances transparency in public
investigations and recommendations.
procurement by facilitating direct purchasing by
• The Central Vigilance Commissioner serves a
government departments and public sector
term of four years or until the age of sixty-five,
enterprises.
whichever comes first.
• Ant i-C orruption Un its : Various state
• The President has the authority to remove the
governments have established anti-corruption
Central Vigilance Commissioner or any vigilance
bureaus and vigilance commissions to manage
commissioner under specific conditions, such as
corruption cases at the state level.
insolvency, conviction of a morally turpitudinous
offense, holding an Office of Profit, or unfitness
due to mental or physical infirmity. Supreme Court on Bulldozer
Justice
Understanding Corruption :
Why is it in the news?
• Corruption refers to bribery or the misuse of public
• The Supreme Court has voiced strong disapproval
position or power for personal gain.
of the practice known as "bulldozer justice," which
• According to Transparency International's 2023
involves demolishing the homes of individuals
report, India ranks 93 out of 180 countries on the
accused of crimes.
corruption perceptions index, which assesses
• The Supreme Court emphasized that property
public sector corruption based on expert and
cannot be demolished solely based on an
business opinions. The index uses a scale of 0 to
100, where 0 indicates high corruption and 100 individual's involvement in a criminal offense. Even

signifies a very clean public sector. if someone is convicted, demolitions must follow
established legal procedures.
Government Initiatives for Combating Corruption
• The court highlighted the necessity for due
• Prevention of Co rru ption Act (1988): This
process and natural justice and called for the
act criminalizes bribery to prevent corruption in
creation of nationwide guidelines to regulate such
public life and has undergone amendments to
actions.
address emerging challenges.

AMIGOS IAS 32
 'Bulldozer Justice' • This approach contradicts the fundamental
• 'Bulldozer justice' or bulldozer politics refers to principles of justice and the rule of law, which the
the use of heavy machinery to demolish the founding fathers of India deemed essential for a
properties of alleged criminals, particularly in civilized democracy.
cases involving communal violence or • In a democratic society, justice should prioritize
accusations of wrongdoing. rehabilitation over retribution.

Retributive Justice
• Retributive justice is a theory that emphasizes
punishment as the primary response to
wrongdoing. It asserts that individuals who commit
crimes deserve penalties proportional to their
offenses.
• The underlying principle is that punishment should
align morally with the crime committed, balancing
• This practice has been observed across several the harm caused by the offender and the suffering
Indian states, including Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, they endure as a consequence.
Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Assam, and
Maharashtra, targeting houses, shops, and small
businesses.

Issues with Bulldozer Justice

• This practice disproportionately affects
marginalized and minority groups, reinforcing
existing inequalities and social divisions.
• Bulldozer justice bypasses established legal
protocols, eroding public trust in political
institutions and undermining the principles of rule
of law and due process.
• The demolition of properties often infringes on
basic human rights, such as the right to shelter
and protection from arbitrary state action. The
absence of resettlement or compensation for those
evicted raises significant ethical concerns.
• This approach conflates the roles of judge, jury,
and executioner, resulting in unjust outcomes.
Punishments should target the guilty, not innocent
family members.
• The abrupt and often violent nature of demolitions
can inflict serious psychological harm, affecting
not just those directly involved but entire
communities.
Way Forward :
• Bulldozer justice fosters a culture of fear and
retribution, punishing individuals without a fair trial.

AMIGOS IAS 33
 2
• The high entry barriers and technological
India plans $15 billion second
challenges in chip manufacturing are evident, as
push for chipmaking
seen in China's efforts with its Semiconductor
About the news Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC)
• India is planning to boost its semiconductor and the technological lead of companies like
industry with a $15 billion investment for the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
second phase of its chip manufacturing incentive Ltd (TSMC).
policy, up from the $10 billion committed
previously.
An Overview of Gender Budget of
2024-25
• This phase includes funding for key projects, such
as Tata's collaboration with Taiwan's Powerchip Why is it in the news?
Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation • The 2024-25 Budget highlights a strong focus on
women-led development, as emphasized by the
(PSMC) to build India's first commercial fabrication
Finance Minister's announcements.
plant at a cost exceeding 91,000 crore.
• The Gender Budget Statement (GBS) reflects this
• Additionally, the government has approved three
commitment with a notable increase in allocations
assembly and testing plants: one by Micron
for pro-women programs, reaching 1% of GDP
Technology in June 2023, Tata's assembly plant
estimates for the first time and exceeding ?3 lakh
in Assam, and another by C G Power in partnership
crore.
with Renesas Electronics.
More about the news
• The total investment for these four projects is Reasons for the Increase
estimated at over 1.48 lakh crore, with the central • Since its introduction in 2005-06, the GBS has
government contributing nearly 59,000 crore in typically reported an average share of 5% of total
capital expenditure subsidies. State governments budget allocations, with minor fluctuations. This
are also offering incentives such as discounted year, however, allocations for pro-women schemes
land and electricity. have surged to approximately 6.8% of the total
• This push aims to enhance India's semiconductor budget expenditure for 2024-25.
capabilities, an industry where the country This increase is attributed to two main factors.
currently has minimal presence compared to 1) Firstly, the addition of Part 'C' to the GBS now
dominant players like Taiwan and the US. includes pro women schemes with less than 30%
• While the initiative is significant, it is important to women specific allocation. For example, the PM
recognize that the Tata-PSMC fabrication plant will Kisan scheme in agriculture is reported in Part C
not produce cutting-edge chips due to with an outlay of 15,000 crore, representing 25%
technological limitations. of the program's total budget.

AMIGOS IAS 34
 • However, the GBS missed reporting pro-women
2) Secondly, the increment in Part A of the GBS,
allocations for schemes supporting women
which covers schemes with 100% allocation for
entrepreneurs, such as PM Vishwakarma,
women, has significantly boosted overall figures.
SVANidhi, and Stand-Up India. Additionally, the
• Previously, Part A accounted for 15-17% of total
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
allocations until BE 2022-23. Since BE 2023-24,
Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), which ranks third
Part A's share has risen to nearly 40% due to a
in allocations for women in the GBS, is reported
change in reporting practices.
under Part B with 28,888.67 crore, representing
• The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) - rural
only 33.6% of its total budget.
and urban - is now fully reflected in Part A, whereas
• Considering that women made up 59.3% of all
it was previously only partially reported in Part B.
person-days under MGNREGS as of December
This adjustment has increased allocations but may
2023, this reporting does not reflect their actual
not accurately represent the proportion of female
share.
beneficiaries.
Recommendations for Improvement :
• To address these reporting anomalies, the GBS
The allocations under part A and B the should incorporate detailed explanations for its
share in the total Budget
entries. Providing rationales for allocations will
Part A reports expenditures in schemes with 100% allocation enhance accounting accuracy, support gender
for women. since BE 2023-24, there has been a sudden
audits, and improve outcomes for gender-focused
increase in the allocations in part A.
programs.
Allocations to part A (in crore)
Share of part A in the total Gender Budget (%) • Although the introduction of Part 'C' represents
progress, the GBS still lacks a scientific and
1,20,000 45% systematic approach. Continued efforts to refine
39.44%
1,00,000
40% reporting practices are essential, not just to
35%
34.36%
80,000 30%
increase reported allocations but to ensure that
88, 044

20.02% 19.91%
15.66% 25% actual spending meets women's needs from the
60,000
20%
16.48% outset.
40,000 15%
1,12,396

10% • Gender-responsive budgeting is a crucial tool for

20,000
28, 569
27, 420

25, 261

26, 773

5%
addressing gender disparities and closing gaps
0 0
2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 in the economy.

Instances of Over-Reporting and Under-Reporting :

Unified Pension Scheme
• Several instances of over reporting and under- Why is it in the news?
reporting have been noted in the GBS. • The Centre has announced a new Unified Pension
• Over reporting is evident in cases such as the PM Scheme (UPS), set to take effect from April 1, 2025.
Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), • Former Finance Secretary T.V. Somanathan, who
which has an allocation of 920 crore reported as led the committee behind the UPS, stated that the
40% of the total, without clear justification. scheme combines the strengths of both the
• On the other hand, under-reporting can be seen National Pension Scheme (NPS) and the Old
in the treatment of the National Rural Livelihoods Pension Scheme (OPS).
Mission (NRLM), which for the first time is fully • This new scheme promises government
reflected in Part A, accurately showing that 100% employees an assured pension after retirement, a
of its outlay is dedicated to women and girls. This significant shift from the NPS.
is a significant improvement from previous years, More about the news :
where only 50% was reported. • The UPS is designed to address key criticisms of
the NPS. It guarantees retirees a fixed pension

AMIGOS IAS 35
 amounting to 50% of their average basic pay over adjusted accordingly. While employees can
the last 12 months before retirement, provided they choose to remain under the NPS, it is expected
have completed a minimum of 25 years of service. that the UPS will be more beneficial in nearly all
• For those with shorter service periods, the pension cases.
amount is proportionately reduced, down to a • Currently, the UPS is intended for central
minimum of 10 years. government employees, though states have the
• Additionally, the UPS ensures a minimum pension option to adopt it.
of Rs 10,000 per month for those retiring after at • Moreover, fiscal concerns that led to the shift from
least 10 years of service. The scheme also provides the OPS to the NPS are also addressed in the UPS.
a family pension of 60% of the retiree's last drawn Initial expenditure on arrears is projected at Rs
pension in case of death. 800 crore in the first year, with an estimated total
• Furthermore, the UPS includes dearness relief cost of Rs 6,250 crore.
based on the All-India Consumer Price Index and • The UPS maintains a funded contributory structure,
a lump sum payment upon retirement, calculated unlike the unfunded OPS, ensuring better fiscal
as 1/10th of the monthly emolument for every six management while providing assured pensions
months of completed service, in addition to similar to those under the OPS.
gratuity.
Cabinet approves 12 Industrial
• Specifically, it increases the government's
projects under NICDP
contribution to 18.5% of basic pay, up from 14%,
while maintaining the employee contribution at Why is it in the news?
10%. • The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has
approved 12 new projects under the National
• The NPS, introduced on January 1, 2004, replaced
Industrial Corridor Development Programme
the OPS as part of pension reforms aimed at
(NICDP).
addressing the unsustainable fiscal liabilities of
the OPS, which was unfunded and had led to More about the news :
• The new industrial projects will be established
ballooning pension bills.
across 10 states, including Khurpia in Uttarak-
• Under the OPS, pensions were fixed at 50% of the
hand, Rajpura-Patiala in Punjab, Dighi in
last drawn basic pay, similar to the proposed UPS,
Maharashtra, Palakkad in Kerala, Agra and
and included Dearness Relief.
Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, Gaya in Bihar,
• In contrast, the NPS eliminated guaranteed
Zaheerabad in Telangana, Orvakal and Kopparthy
pensions and required employee contributions
in Andhra Pradesh, and Jodhpur-Pali in Rajasthan.
alongside government matching contributions. It
• These projects are part of six major industrial
allowed employees to choose from various
corridors aimed at enhancing India's
pension schemes managed by nine different fund
manufacturing sector and economic growth.
managers, resulting in variable returns and
• The initiative aligns with the 'Viksit Bharat' and
employee risk exposure.
'Atmanirbhar Bharat' visions, aiming to position
• The opposition to the NPS stemmed from its lack
India as a significant player in global value chains
of guaranteed returns and the requirement for
(GVC).
employee contributions, which were not part of
• The industrial cities will be developed as
the OPS. To address these issues, Prime Minister
greenfield smart cities, incorporating 'plug-n-play'
Narendra Modi established a committee under T.V.
and 'walk to work' concepts with sustainable,
Somanathan in 2023, which after extensive
world-class infrastructure.
consultations, led to the development of the UPS.
• The programme integrates with the PM GatiShakti
• The UPS will apply to all employees who have
National Master Plan, ensuring multi-modal
retired under the NPS since 2004, with their arrears

AMIGOS IAS 36
 connectivity to improve the movement of people, • The updated forecast was outlined in the report
goods, and services. India Development Update: India's Trade
• The NICDP is projected to create approximately 1 Opportunities in a Changing Global Context.
million direct jobs and up to 3 million indirect jobs,
• This adjustment aligns with similar forecasts from
boosting regional socio-economic development.
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the
• The projects will focus on sustainable Asian Development Bank (ADB), both of which
development, incorporating ICT-enabled utilities
have also projected a 7% growth rate for India for
and green technologies to create economic hubs
the financial year ending in March 2025.
that are also models of environmental stewardship.
• According to the World Bank, India has
About the National Industrial Corridor maintained strong economic growth despite global
Development Programme (NICDP)
challenges. The country's economy grew at an
• The NICDP is a major initiative by the Indian impressive rate of 8.2% in FY 23/24, driven by
government aimed at developing new industrial increased public infrastructure investment and a
cities as "Smart Cities" with advanced technologies rise in household investments in real estate.
across various infrastructure sectors.
• On the supply side, robust performance in the
• The programme seeks to build a vibrant industrial
manufacturing sector, which grew by 9.9%, and
ecosystem by attracting investments from large
resilient services activity counterbalanced weaker
industries and MSMEs.
agricultural performance.
• It involves the development of 11 industrial
• The report notes improvements in urban
corridors, with 32 projects planned to be completed
unemployment rates since the pandemic,
in four phases by the 2026-27 timeline.
particularly among female workers, with female
• The NICDP is managed by the National Industrial
urban unemployment falling to 8.5% in early FY24/
Corridor Development and Implementation Trust
25. However, urban youth unemployment remains
(NICDIT) and the National Industrial Corridor
high at 17%.
Development Corporation Limited (NICDC).
• World Bank Country Director in India, Auguste Tano
Kouame, indicated that India's strong growth
World Bank hikes India's economic prospects and declining inflation rates are
growth projection to 7% expected to help reduce extreme poverty.

About the news : • Kouame emphasized that India could further boost
• The World Bank has revised its growth projection its growth by leveraging its global trade potential.
for the Indian economy to 7% for the fiscal year While India excels in sectors such as IT, business
2024-25, up from its earlier estimate of 6.6%. services, and pharmaceuticals, there is potential
to expand exports in textiles, apparel, footwear,
Growth forecast
electronics, and green technology products.
World Bank forecasts India’s GDP growth will quicken
• The report also underscores the importance of
to 7% in FY25 and remain strong in FY26 and FY27
trade in enhancing growth, noting that recent shifts
in global value chains and increased
10
8.2 protectionism present new opportunities for India.
8 7 7 6.7 6.7
REAL GDP GROWTH

• To achieve the USD 1 trillion merchandise export

6
target, the IDU recommends a three-pronged
4
approach: reducing trade costs, lowering trade
2
barriers, and deepening trade integration.
0
FY22/23 FY23/24 FY24/25 FY25/26 FY26/27

AMIGOS IAS 37
 A Change in India's Power Export capacity. As of mid-2023, Bangladesh had a total

Rules installed generation capacity of 24,911 MW, with

significant idle capacity.
Why is it in the news?
• The recent amendment to India's export rules grants
• On August 14, 2024, Reuters reported a significant
greater flexibility to power exporters, allowing them
amendment to India's power export regulations
to access the domestic market if needed. This
which introduces a new provision allowing Indian
adjustment aims to reduce dependency on external
power exporters to redirect their output to domestic
markets and address payment delays, which have
grids if there are delays in payments from partner
been a recurring issue.
countries.
• According to experts, even if power supplies to
• This change appears to be a measure to mitigate
Bangladesh were interrupted, the impact would
political and economic risks, particularly
be short-lived, lasting only a few days due to
concerning Bangladesh, which relies heavily on
existing reserves and generation capacities.
power imports from India.
More about the news : Portal for Online Monitoring of
• India's first transnational power project, the Godda Projects - Thermal (PROMPT)
plant in Jharkhand, is central to this situation.
Why is it in the news?
Operated by Adani Power, this ultra super-critical
• Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal Khattar has
thermal power plant supplies a total of 1,496
launched the Portal for Online Monitoring of
megawatts of power to Bangladesh.
Projects - Thermal (PROMPT) in New Delhi.
• The Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) for this
• This new platform is aimed at enhancing the
project, signed with the Bangladesh Power
efficiency of thermal power project management
Development Board (BPDB) in November 2017,
by providing real-time tracking and analysis
spans 25 years. The project aims to enhance
capabilities.
Bangladesh's energy situation by providing a more
More about the news :
cost-effective alternative to expensive liquid fuel-
• Shri Khattar emphasized the critical role of
based power.
electricity in driving economic activities and
• The Godda project has faced criticism, primarily
underscored the importance of timely completion
due to its use of coal imported from the Carmichael
of power projects to meet increasing demand.
mine in Australia. Critics argue that this
• The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has been
arrangement imposes high costs on Bangladesh.
actively overseeing the progress of power projects
• For instance, reports indicated that the coal price
through site visits and stakeholder meetings.
of $400 per metric ton stipulated in the PPA was
• To advance this monitoring process, NTPC has
significantly higher than the $250 per metric ton
collaborated to develop the PROMPT portal.
that Bangladesh pays for coal at its other plants.
About the PROMPT Portal:
• Additionally, the high capacity and maintenance
• This digital tool allows project managers and
charges associated with the project have been
stakeholders to identify and address potential
deemed excessive by industry standards.
delays and issues promptly, ensuring more
• Bangladesh's need for power imports is driven by effective project management.
underutilization and supply constraints. Despite
• The portal was developed with the assistance of
progress in expanding electricity access, the
NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation).
country has faced challenges such as fuel and
Key features of PROMPT portal include:
gas shortages.
• Real-Time Tracking and Analysis: The portal
• These issues, compounded by financial shocks provides a centralized platform for monitoring all
from volatile energy prices, have led to frequent aspects of project execution, enabling swift
blackouts and underused power generation identification and resolution of potential issues.

AMIGOS IAS 38
 • Transp arenc y a nd Acco unt abil ity: By • Governor Das proposed naming this platform the
digitizing the monitoring process, the portal Unified Lending Interface (ULI), envisioning it as
enhances transparency in project management, a transformative tool for the lending sector akin to
minimizes delays and cost overruns, and boosts UPI's impact on payments.
overall project efficiency. • With India's rapid digitalization, there has been a
• Resource Optimization: The portal supports push towards digital public infrastructure that
predictable resource availability, aiding in meeting encourages innovation in financial services.
the country's electricity demand at a reasonable
• The ULI platform will address the challenges of
price, ultimately benefiting consumers.
fragmented data systems by enabling seamless,
• Thus, Ministry of Power remains committed to
consent-based data sharing among various
adopting innovative digital solutions that enhance
entities such as banks, government agencies, and
the efficiency, transparency, and effectiveness of
credit information providers.
India's power sector, ensuring reliable and
• This integration aims to streamline credit appraisal
affordable electricity for all.
processes, particularly benefiting smaller and rural
Additional Information
borrowers by reducing processing times and
About Central Electricity Authority
• The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) of India is a documentation requirements.

statutory organization under the Ministry of Power • Das highlighted that ULI will feature standardized
that advises the government on policy matters and Application Programming Inter-face (APIs) for easy
formulates plans for the development of the integration and access to diverse information
electricity system. sources, simplifying technical complexities. By
• Established by the Electricity Supply Act of 1948 digitizing access to financial and non-financial
and now governed by the Electricity Act of 2003, data, ULI is expected to address significant unmet
the CEA plays a vital role in India's power sector. credit demands, especially for agriculture and
• The CEA is responsible for planning and managing MSME sectors.
electricity generation, transmission, and • Das referred to the ULI as part of the "new trinity"
distribution. alongside JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhar, and Mobile),
• Its primary mandate is to advise the government which has already been instrumental in direct cash
on ensuring a reliable and efficient power supply transfers.
throughout the country. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) :
Unified Lending Interface • Unified Payments Interface (UPI), launched in April
2016 by the National Payments Corporation of
Why is it in the news?
India (NPCI), is a real-time payment system that
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Shaktikanta
integrates multiple bank accounts into a single
Das announced that a nationwide rollout of the
mobile application. UPI consolidates various
Unified Lending Interface (ULI) will be
implemented in due course. Similar to the Unified banking features, including seamless fund routing

Payments Interface (UPI), which has transformed and merchant payments, and supports peer-to-

retail payments in India, ULI is expected to peer requests.

revolutionize the lending landscape. • Its ability to facilitate round-the-clock money
More about the news : transfers through mobile devices has significantly
• Last August, the RBI introduced a pilot project for boosted retail digital payments in India.
a public technology platform aimed at creating • Initially adopted by banks, UPI's popularity has
frictionless credit. This initiative is designed to grown with the inclusion of non-bank third-party
enhance lending efficiency by reducing costs, apps and QR codes, establishing it as a cost-
speeding up disbursements, and scaling effective and globally recognized payment system.
operations.

AMIGOS IAS 39
 Vadhvan Port Note:
• The Sagarmala Programme, a flagship initiative of
Why is it in the news? the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways,
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid foundation embodies the Government of India's strategic
stone of Vadhvan Port worth around Rs 76,000 vision to revolutionize the maritime sector.
crore in Palghar, Maharashtra.
• Given India's extensive coastline, navigable
About Vadhavan Port : waterways, and key maritime trade routes,
• Vadhavan Port is a greenfield deep-sea port Sagarmala is designed to harness these assets
located in Vadhavan, Palghar District, Maharashtra. for port-led development and the upliftment of
It is set to become an all-weather deep draft major coastal communities.
port, developed under a public-private partnership • Approved by the Union Cabinet in March 2015,
(PPP) model. the programme aims to boost the logistics sector's
• The port will be constructed by Vadhavan Port efficiency by lowering logistics costs for both
Project Limited (VPPL), a special purpose vehicle domestic and international trade.
(SPV) established by the Jawaharlal Nehru Port
Authority (JNPA) and the Maharashtra Maritime
Board (MMB), holding 74% and 26% shares
Digital Agriculture Mission
respectively. Why is it in the news?
• The Union Cabinet approved the Rs 2,817 crore
• The total estimated cost for the project, including
Digital Agriculture Mission, aimed at creating
land acquisition, is Rs. 76,220 crores.
Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for the
• The port will feature a comprehensive range of
agricultural sector.
facilities including nine container terminals, each
• This initiative is akin to previous government e-
1,000 meters in length; four multipurpose berths,
governance projects, such as Aadhaar and UPI,
including a coastal berth; four liquid cargo berths;
and seeks to establish a tech-based ecosystem
a Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off) berth; and a Coast Guard
with three major components: AgriStack, Krishi
berth.
Decision Support System (DSS), and Soil Profile
• The project involves reclaiming 1,448 hectares of Maps.
sea area and constructing 10.14 km of offshore
• The mission will also implement the Digital
breakwater along with container and cargo General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES) to
storage areas. provide accurate agricultural production
• Vadhavan Port will have a total handling capacity estimates.
of 298 million metric tons (MMT) per annum, More about the news :
including around 23.2 million twenty-foot • The mission's budget includes Rs 1,940 crore from
equivalent units (TEUs) for container handling. the Centre and the remaining from states and Union
• The port will be connected to the Delhi-Mumbai Territories. It is part of the Agriculture Ministry's
Expressway via a link expressway, enhancing its first 100 day plans for the current government's
accessibility. third term and will be rolled out nationwide by 2025-

• The port is expected to play a significant role as a 26.

gateway for the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor • Initially planned for the 2021-22 financial year, the

(IMEC) and the International North-South mission's launch was delayed due to the COVID-

Transportation Corridor (INSTC). 19 pandemic but was included in the Union

Budgets of 2023-24 and 2024-25.
• It is a critical component of the Indian
• Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her
government's Sagarmala initiative, which aims to
budget speech, highlighted that the digital crop
improve the efficiency of the country's logistics
survey for Kharif will begin this year, covering 400
sector.

AMIGOS IAS 40
 districts and incorporating details of 6 crore outlines critical insights into Ind ia's edible
farmers and their lands into registries. vegetable oil sector.
The Digital Agriculture Mission's core elements Key takeaways from the report :
include: • India holds a prominent position globally, ranking
1 ) AgriStack, which features three foundational fourth in this sector behind the USA, China, and
registries: the Farmers' Registry, Geo-referenced Brazil.
Village Maps, and the Crop Sown Registry. • Th e co un try's oils e ed produc t io n is
 The Farmers' Registry will provide a digital ID co nce n t ra ted in se ven majo r s tat es:
for farmers, linking their records and Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
simplifying access to benefits. Pilot projects Pradesh, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, and
for this registry have been conducted in six Karnataka.
districts, and the goal is to establish digital • Over recent decades, per capita consumption of
identities for 11 crore farmers over the next edible oil in India has risen significantly, reaching
few years. 19.7 kg per year. This increase in demand has
 The Crop Sown Registry will track crop outpaced domestic production, leading to a heavy
planting details through mobile-based reliance on imports to meet both domestic and
surveys, with a national rollout planned. industrial needs.
 Geo-referenced Village Maps will connect • In the fiscal year 2022-23, India imported 16.5
land records with physical locations. million tonnes of edible oils, with domestic
2 ) The Krishi Decision Support System (DSS) will production covering only 40-45% of the total
create a comprehensive geospatial system requirement. This dependency on imports poses
integrating remote sensing data on crops, soil, a considerable challenge to achieving self-
weather, and water resources to aid in crop sufficiency in the sector.
mapping, drought and flood monitoring, and yield • According to the report's Business-As-Usual
assessments for insurance claims. (BAU) projections, national edible oil supply is
3 ) The Soil Profile Maps will provide detailed soil expected to reach 16 million tonnes by 2030 and
information at a 1:10,000 scale, with 29 million 26.7 million tonnes by 2047.
hectares already mapped. To move towards self-sufficiency, the report suggests
 The Digital General Crop Estimation Survey several strategic interventions structured around
three key pillars:
(DGCES) aims to enhance the accuracy of
• The first pillar, Crop Retention and Diversification,
crop yield estimates, improving the reliability
focuses on maintaining and diversifying oilseed
of agricultural data for government schemes
crops.
and services such as Minimum Support Price
(MSP) procurement, crop insurance, and • The second pillar, Horizontal Expansion, aims to
increase the area allocated for cultivating edible
credit-linked crop loans.
oil crops, utilizing rice fallow lands and suitable
 Moreover, this DGCES system will also
wastelands.
facilitate crop diversification and assess
• The third pillar, Vertical Expansion, emphasizes
irrigation needs based on crop and season,
providing robust data for agricultural enhancing the yield of existing oilseed cultivation

production estimates. through improved farming practices, better quality

seeds, and advanced production technologies.
NITI Aayog report on edible oils Government initiatives :
About the news : • The National Mission for Edible Oils - Oil Palm
• The report titled "Pathways and Strategies for (NMEO-OP) aims to boost oil palm cultivation and
Accelerating Growth in Edible Oils To-wards the increase crude palm oil production to 1.12 million
Goal of Atmanirbharta," released by NITI Aayog, tonnes by 2025-26.

AMIGOS IAS 41
• Additionally, the National Food Security Mission- exceeding 40 lakhs, including Delhi, Mumbai,
Oilseeds (NFSM-OS), launched in 2018-19, seeks Kolkata, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Bangalore,
to enhance the availability of edible oils by Pune, and Hyderabad.
improving the production and productivity of • Additionally, the scheme earmarks 2,000 crore for
oilseeds and expanding the cultivation area for oil setting up charging stations in cities with high EV
palm and tree-borne oilseeds. adoption and along designated highways.
• The government has also raised the Minimum
CMFRI designated as Centre of
Support Price (MSP) for oilseeds to support these
efforts.
Excellence for seaweed cultivation
About the news :
PM E-Drive scheme for E-Mobility • The Department of Fisheries, part of the Union
expansion Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and
About the news Dairying, has officially designated the ICAR-
• The Union Cabinet approved a 10,900 crore Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
scheme to advance e-mobility in India. (CMFRI) as a Centre of Excellence for seaweed

• The scheme, named PM Electric Drive Revolution cultivation.

in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-Drive), • This designation will focus on enhancing India's
will be implemented over two years and aims to role in the global seaweed industry by pro-moting

address 'range anxiety' by facilitating the sustainable farming practices and addressing key
challenges.
procurement of e-buses and the establishment of
over 72,000 charging stations for EV batteries, both • The CMFRI regional centre located in Mandapam,
Tamil Nadu, will serve as a central hub for
in cities and along highways.
research, development, training, and capacity
• According to the Ministry of Heavy Industries, the
building in seaweed cultivation.
PM E-Drive scheme includes subsidies and
• A key initiative of the new Centre of Excellence
demand incentives worth ?3,679 crore for e-two
will be the establishment of a seed bank to maintain
wheelers (e-2Ws), e-three wheelers (e-3Ws), e-
the genetic diversity of indigenous seaweed
ambulances, and e-trucks. It will support the
species and ensure a steady supply of high-quality
purchase of 24.79 lakh e-2Ws, 3.16 lakh e-3Ws,
seedlings. The centre will also conduct
and 14,028 e-buses.
environmental impact assessments to ensure that
PM E-Drive scheme, approved by the Union Cabinet, seaweed farming practices are sustainable.
aims to address range anxiety among EV buyers • In addition to these efforts, the centre will offer
 Scheme, valid for training and capacity building programs for
two years, will farmers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders to
support 24.79 lakh support seaweed cultivation and related activities.

e-2Ws, 3.16 lakh It will also focus on international collaboration,

working with global experts and institutions to
e-3Ws, 14,028 e-
facilitate knowledge exchange and capacity
buses.
building.
 Rs.4,391 cr.for procurement of 14,028 e-buses by
State transport undertakings of 9 cities. Guidelines for Seaplane
 Rs.2000 cr. to set up charging stations in cities Operations in India
with high EV penetration and on some select
Why is it in the news?
highways.
• The Union Minister for Civil Aviation has unveiled
• Specifically, 4,391 crore will be allocated for new guidelines for seaplane operations in India
acquiring 14,028 e-buses by state transport under the RCS-UDAN scheme {Regional
undertakings in nine major cities with populations Connectivity Scheme -Ude Deshka Aam Naagrik}.

AMIGOS IAS 42
 More about the news New Guidelines :
Seaplanes: • Under the relaxed norms of the Directorate
• About: Seaplanes, capable of landing and taking General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), the guidelines
off from water, will use specially designated aim to bolster seaplane operations by relaxing
waterdromes. regulations under the regional air connectivity
• Waterdromes are designated areas on water scheme UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik).
bodies for the landing and take off of seaplanes, • They prioritize safety and outline the
functioning similarly to airports but located on responsibilities of stakeholders, including
water. operators and regulatory bodies. Notably, the
guidelines eliminate the need for a waterdrome
license and reduce compliance requirements.
• Additionally, newly licensed commercial pilots can
now obtain seaplane ratings more easily.
• The updated regulations also simplify training and
approval processes and allow non-scheduled
entities to operate seaplane services through a
streamlined certification process.
Other initiatives:
• Types o f Se aplan es: Flying boats have a • In conjunction with these changes, the minister
buoyant hull for water landings and lack landing introduced UDAN 5.4, which invites fresh bids for
gear for land use, while floatplanes are equipped routes that were previously cancelled, aiming to
with pontoons for water landings and generally enhance connectivity on underserved routes.
cannot land on solid ground. • Following the success of RCS-UDAN, the
government is contemplating the launch of RCS-
Features of Seaplanes:
UDAN 2.0 for the next decade.
• Versatility: Seaplanes can operate in remote Significance of New Guidelines :
locations without runways, making them ideal for • The integration of seaplanes into India's aviation
connecting isolated and hard-to-reach regions. system will enhance last mile connectivity to
• Quick Access: They offer rapid access to coastal geographically isolated regions.
and inland water bodies, enhancing connectivity • This new transportation mode promises faster,
in geographically diverse and challenging terrains. more comfortable travel and could significantly
• Tourism: Seaplanes are popular in tourism for boost economic growth, particularly in tourism.
providing scenic flights and reaching destinations • The government is committed to leveraging
that are difficult to access by other means. seaplane operations to unlock the potential of the
• Emergency Services: They play a crucial role country's coastlines, rivers, lakes, and islands,
in search and rescue operations, medical driving inclusive development and opening new
emergencies, and disaster response, especially economic opportunities.
in areas with limited infrastructure. About UDAN scheme:
• Historically, seaplane services in India, such as • Part of India's National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP)
those in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and 2016, was designed to improve infrastructure and
Gujarat, struggled to maintain operations. To connectivity in remote and underserved regions.
address this, the government plans to establish • Launched in 2016 with a 10-year vision, the
water aerodromes at 18 locations across scheme's first flight connected Shimla to Delhi in
Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Goa, Assam, 2017.
Andhra Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh. • It focuses on enhancing air routes in both unserved
and underserved areas, fulfilling the needs of

AMIGOS IAS 43
 ordinary citizens through revival of existing air- Technical Textiles
strips and airports.
• Technical textiles are specialized materials
• The scheme is jointly funded by the central and designed primarily for their functional and
state governments and is implemented by the performance characteristics rather than for
Ministry of Civil Aviation. aesthetic appeal.
UDAN Scheme: Key Highlights • They are made from both natural and synthetic
• In teg rat ion wit h Nat iona l Civil Avi a tion fibres that offer enhanced features like high
Policy (NCAP): The UDAN Scheme is a pivotal strength, excellent insulation, and improved
component of the National Civil Aviation Policy thermal resistance.
(NCAP) launched by the Ministry of Civil Aviation • These textile s are u tilized across various
in 2016, aimed at enhancing regional connectivity. no n-c o nvent iona l industr ie s, inc lu ding:
• Strategic Regional Connectivity Focus: The 1 ) Healthcare: Medical fabrics for hygiene and
scheme's primary goal is to improve connectivity support.
in remote and regional areas, addressing key 2 ) Construction: Geotextiles for soil stabilization.
needs in national infrastructure development. 3 ) Automobile: Components for safety and
• Affordability in Air Travel: UDAN emphasizes comfort in vehicles.
making air travel more accessible and affordable, 4 ) Aerospace : Lightweight materials for aircraft
supporting inclusivity and economic growth with manufacturing.
approximately 50% of seats on UDAN flights are 5 ) Sports: Fabrics that enhance performance
offered at subsidized fares to ensure affordability. and comfort.

Viability Gap Funding (VGF): 6 ) Def en se : Fire-retardant uniforms and

protective gear.
• Participating airlines receive Viability Gap Funding
(VGF), which supports infrastructure projects that 7 ) Agriculture: Fabrics for crop protection and

are economically viable but need additional soil management.

funding to cover shortfalls, with a sharing ratio of • Technical textiles can fulfil specific functions,

80:20 between the central and state governments, such as fire resistance, or serve as integral

and 90:10 for North-Eastern states and Union components in other products to enhance their
strength and performance.
Territories.
• Key benefits of technical textiles include cost-
• The Regional Connectivity Fund (RCF) was
effectiveness, durability, high strength, lightweight
established to address the viability gap funding
properties, versatility, customization options, eco-
needs of the scheme.
friendliness, and logistical convenience.
• Joint Funding: The scheme is jointly funded by
the central and state governments to support its Technical Textile Sector in India
implementation and operational success. • Technical textiles account for about 13% of India's
• Duration: The UDAN scheme is set to operate total textile market. The global market for technical
over a 10-year period, aiming for long-term impact textiles is valued at approximately $300 billion,
on regional air connectivity. while India's domestic
market stands at $25 billion,
India's Technical Textiles: A Path with annual exports reaching
to $10 Billion in exports by 2030 $2.6 billion.
Why is it in the news? • Factors driving growth
• The Union Minister for Textiles has projected that include access to raw
annual exports of technical textiles will surpass materials like cotton, wood, jute, and silk, a robust
$10 billion by 2030. value chain, competitive labour costs, and
changing consumer preferences.

AMIGOS IAS 44
Government Initiatives : • Personalized BHASKAR IDs: Each participant-
• Na tion al Tec hnic al Textile s M ission whether a startup, investor, or mentor-receives a
(NTTM): Launched in 2020, this mission aims to unique ID, allowing for tailored interactions and
create a strong ecosystem for technical textiles services.
by establishing centres of excellence, promoting • Enhanced Discoverability: Powerful search
research and development, and fostering industry features enable users to easily find relevant
collaboration. resources, collaborators, and opportunities.
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: • Acc ess to Fun ding Opp o rt unit i es: The
This program incentivizes companies to en-hance platform facilitates connections between startups
production and sales of technical textiles. and potential investors, helping to secure funding.
• Supp ort for In novat i on and R &D: The • Global Outreach: BHASKAR supports cross-
government encourages innovation in technical border collaborations and aims to enhance India's
textiles through funding and support for research global presence in the innovation landscape.
initiatives. • The launch of BHASKAR is expected to promote
• Technotex India: This flagship event, organized innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation,
by the Ministry of Textiles in collaboration with further establishing India as a global leader in the
FICCI, features exhibitions, conferences, and startup space.
seminars that engage stakeholders across the
global technical textile value chain.

BHASKAR Platform for India's

Startup Ecosystem
Why is it in the news?
• The Department for Promotion of Industry and
Internal Trade (DPIIT), part of the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, has recently launched
the Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry,
known as the BHASKAR platform.

About the BHASKAR Platform

Abo ut:
• The BHASKAR platform aims to strengthen India's
startup ecosystem by centralizing resources and
facilitating collaboration among various Growth of the Startup Ecosystem
stakeholders.
 As of May 2023, India is home to over 99,000
• It is designed for startups, investors, mentors,
officially recognized startups, making it the third-
service providers, and government bodies,
largest startup ecosystem in the world.
creating a comprehensive network for innovation
 This figure marks an increase from 84,012 startups
and growth.
in 2022 and a significant rise from just 452 in 2016.
Key Features : The ecosystem has also produced 108 unicorns-
• Networking and Collaboration: The platform startups valued at over $1 billion-collectively worth
connects startups, investors, and mentors, approximately $340.80 billion.
promoting interaction across different sectors.
• Centralized Access to Resources: Users can
access essential tools and knowledge instantly,
enhancing decision-making and fostering growth.

AMIGOS IAS 45
 3
The Grave threat from making simple infections difficult to treat. As AMR

Antimicrobial Resistance grows, patients may face longer hospital stays and
higher treatment costs.
Why is it in the news?
• There are several factors that contribute to the
• The grave threat from antimicrobial resistance
rise of AMR. Many individuals in India misuse
(AMR) has been highlighted by recent findings
antibiotics for viral infections, driving up resistance.
from the Indian Council of Medical Research
To counter this, improving hygiene, increasing
(ICMR), which identified E. coli, Klebsiella
vaccination rates, and enhancing infection
pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii as the
prevention are essential.
most common resistant pathogens in patient
• Doctors also need to avoid overprescribing broad-
samples from tertiary care centres.
spectrum antibiotics and should focus on using
• Ahead of the September 26 UN General Assembly
specific treatments based on diagnostic tests.
High-Level Meeting on AMR, the World Health
Additionally, pharmaceutical companies must
Organization (WHO) has issued its first guidance
address antibiotic pollution from manufacturing,
on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing. The
as outlined in the WHO's new guidelines, to prevent
WHO warns that such pollution could undermine
the spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
global antibiotic effectiveness.
• In India, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have
Antimicrobial Resistance shown significant reductions in susceptibility to
• Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when carbapenems, a class of strong antibiotics.
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve and Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii remains
no longer respond to treatments, making infections high, with an 88% resistance to carbapenems.
more difficult to manage and increasing the risk of • Hence, addressing AMR effectively will require
disease spread, severe illness, and death. prevention measures, education for doctors, and
• Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to stricter regulations on pharmaceutical
the treatment of infectious diseases, organ manufacturing waste.
transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, and major
surgeries.

More about the news :

• AMR occurs when pathogens evolve to survive
despite the presence of antimicrobial drugs, often
due to misuse or overuse of antibiotics. This can
lead to the development of "superbugs" that are
resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics,

AMIGOS IAS 46
New treatment for Multidrug-Resistant TB approved • This revelation comes from a new study titled
• The Union Health Ministry of India has approved 'Liquid Water in the Martian Mid-Crust,' published
the BPaLM regimen for multidrug-resistant in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which includes Sciences (PNAS).
Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and • The research provides the first evidence of liquid
Moxifloxacin. water on Mars beyond the known ice at the poles.
• This new treatment is recognized as safer, more More about the news :
effective, and faster than traditional therapies, • The study utilized data from NASA's Mars Insight
allowing for a cure within six months instead of up Lander, which operated from 2018 until its
to 20 months. This initiative is part of India's goal retirement in December 2022.
to eliminate tuberculosis by 2025, ahead of the • The lander's seismometer recorded over 1,300
global deadline. quakes, allowing researchers to analyze seismic
• The BPaLM regimen is expected to benefit around waves and infer the composition of Martian
75,000 drug-resistant TB patients by reducing material.
treatment duration and costs. • By applying a geophysical model similar to those

Lancet: Rising threat of Antimicrobial used on Earth, they identified a layer of fractured
Resistance igneous rock, such as granite, filled with liquid
• A report published in The Lancet by the Global water, located about 10 to 20 kilometres beneath
Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (GRAM) the Martian surface.
estimates that antibiotic-resistant infections could • The researchers suggest that this water could
lead to over 390 million deaths worldwide by 2050. have seeped from the Martian surface billions of
Key highlights of the Report : years ago when the planet possibly had rivers,
• In India, bacterial AMR deaths are linked to six lakes, and oceans. Further, the study noted that
major superbugs: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella the groundwater likely infiltrated from the surface
pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, during a warmer period in Mars' history.
Acinetobacter baumannii, Mycobacterium • The study estimates that if the findings are
tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. representative of the entire planet, the water
• From 1990 to 2021, more than 1 million people trapped in these rock fractures could fill an ocean
died annually due to AMR. However, deaths among 1-2 kilometres deep.
children under five declined by 50%, while deaths • While this discovery does not confirm the presence
among individuals aged 70 and older increased of life on Mars, it raises the potential for finding a
by over 80%. habitable environment.
• In 2019, India saw approximately 686,908 deaths • The study emphasizes that water is essential for
associated with these superbugs, with 214,461 of life, and the newly identified underground reservoir
those directly attributable to them. could theoretically support life, similar to extreme
• Sepsis, a severe reaction to bacterial infection, environments on Earth.
accounted for 290,000 deaths in India in 2019, • However, this finding poses challenges for plans
highlighting the urgency of addressing AMR. to colonize Mars, such as those proposed by Elon
Musk, as drilling 10-20 kilometres deep to access
Discovery of liquid water on Mars this water would be a significant technical hurdle.
for the first time Additional Information:
About the news About NASA's Interior Exploration using Seismic
• Scientists have announced a groundbreaking Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight)
discovery: liquid water exists on Mars, deep within Lander:
the planet's rocky outer crust.

AMIGOS IAS 47
 • The Interior Exploration using Seismic • This limit, which he proposed causes aging,
Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport indicates a built-in cellular clock that constrains
(InSight) mission is a robotic lander that is the first human lifespan to around 125 years, regardless
to focus on studying the deep interior of Mars. of external factors such as diet or genetic
modifications.
• Hayflick's discovery was further supported by the
identification of telomeres in the 1970s. Telomeres,
repetitive DNA sequences at the end of
chromosomes, protect the DNA and shorten with
each cell division. Once these telomeres become
too short, cells stop dividing.
• However, the relationship between telomere
length and lifespan is complex and not fully
understood. For example, while lab mice have
much longer telomeres than humans, they live
significantly shorter lives.
• The discovery of telomerase, a protein that can
regenerate telomeres, has led some researchers
• The InSight mission is part of NASA's Discovery to believe that telomere loss and the Hayflick limit
Program (1992). may be symptoms of aging rather than its primary
• Objective: This mission aims to study Mars' deep cause.
interior over two years to uncover the processes • Though telomerase is present in all cells, it is active
that shaped all rocky planets in the inner solar primarily in cancer cells, which is why cancer cells
system, including Earth and the Moon. often bypass the Hayflick limit. While laboratory
• Among its science tools are a seismometer for studies have shown that synthesizing telomerase
detecting quakes, sensors for gauging wind and can slow down telomere loss in human cells,
air pressure, a magnetometer, and a heat flow practical applications remain a distant goal.
probe designed to take the planet's temperature.
• It is being supported by a number of European
Vaccine derived polio and
partners, which include France's Centre National
vaccines against poliovirus
d'Études Spatiales (CNES), the German Aerospace Why is it in the news?
Center (DLR) and the United Kingdom Space • A two year old child from Tikrikilla, Meghalaya,
Agency (UKSA). has been diagnosed with vaccine derived polio,
according to the Union Health Ministry. This case
is not caused by wild poliovirus but rather by a
Hayflick limit: Why immortality
mutation of the weakened virus used in the oral
remains out of humans' reach
polio vaccine, which can affect individuals with
Why is it in the news?
low immunity.
• Leonard Hayflick, who passed away on August 1
More about the news
at age 98, revolutionized the understanding of
Understanding Vaccine-Derived Polio:
aging with his discovery of the "Hayflick limit." • Vaccine derived polio is a rare condition that arises
More about the news when the weakened (or attenuated) strain of
" In the 1960s, while at the University of poliovirus used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Pennsylvania, Hayflick found that somatic (non- mutates and regains the ability to cause paralysis.
reproductive) cells could only divide approximately
• The OPV contains a live, attenuated virus that is
40-60 times before ceasing to divide.
designed to trigger an immune response,

AMIGOS IAS 48
 providing protection against polio. This weakened Polio Vaccines
virus replicates in the intestines and is excreted in Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV):
the stool. • The first successful polio vaccine was developed
• In rare cases, the virus can mutate sufficiently to by Jonas Salk in the early 1950s. Salk's vaccine,
cause polio again, particularly in areas with low known as the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), used
immunization rates, poor sanitation, or among formaldehyde to inactivate the virus and was
immunocompromised individuals. administered via injection.
• When such a mutated virus spreads in the • IPV provides systemic immunity and does not carry
community, it is classified as circulating vaccine- the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic
derived poliovirus (cVDPV) if it is detected in at poliomyelitis (VAPP).
least two different sources and shows evidence of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV):
transmission.
• Albert Sabin later developed the oral polio vaccine
• Since 2000, over 10 billion doses of Oral Polio (OPV), which contains live but weakened
Vaccine (OPV) have been given worldwide, polioviruses. OPV is administered orally and is
leading to 24 cVDPV outbreaks in 21 countries, easier to distribute and administer than IPV, making
with fewer than 760 reported cases. it a preferred option in many countries.
• To halt cVDPV transmission, the WHO advises • However, because OPV contains live virus, there
conducting multiple rounds of high-quality im- is a small risk that the virus could revert to a form
munization campaigns. capable of causing disease, leading to VAPP. IPV,
Types of Polioviruses: while less potent and more difficult to manufacture,
• Polioviruses, which are enteroviruses, are does not carry this risk.
primarily transmitted through the fecal oral route.
• Th ere are t hree type s of wild polio viru s:
Current Status and Changes in Vaccination:
type 1 (WPV1), type 2 (WPV2), and type 3 (WPV3). • As of October 24, 2019, the World Health
Although these types present with similar Organization (WHO) declared that WPV3 has been
symptoms, they are genetically distinct. eradicated globally, and WPV2 was declared
eradicated in 2015. Despite this progress,
What is polio
outbreaks of vaccine-derived poliovirus,
 Poliomyelitis (polio) is a particularly type 2, have been increasing.
highly infectious viral
• In response, the WHO authorized a genetically
disease, mainly affecting
modified type 2 novel oral polio vaccine under
children.
Emergency Use Listing in November 2020.
 According to WHO, the
virus is transmitted from • This new vaccine, which began field use in March
person-to-person, mainly VACCINATION 2021 and received WHO prequalification in
through the fae-cal-oral SCHEDULE December 2023, is designed to minimize the risk
route.  OPV : At 6 weeks, of reverting to neurovirulence and thus reduce the
10 weeks and 14 incidence of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus
STRAINS
 There are three types of weeks. outbreaks.
polio virus strains - P1, P2  IPV : At 6 weeks Additional Information
and P3. and 14 weeks. Measures Taken to Eradicate Polio:
 P2 was eradicated globally  OPV bo oste r : • Globa l Polio E radicat i on I nitia tive:
in 1999. Between 16 and Launched in 1988, this initiative is a collaborative
 India attained a polio free 24 months. effort involving national governments, WHO,
status in 2014 after
Rotary International, the CDC, and UNICEF to
successfully eliminating
the wild P1 and P3 strains. eradicate polio worldwide.

AMIGOS IAS 49
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IPV AND OPV
IPV OPV
 Killed formolised virus  Live attenuated virus
 Given IM/SC  Given Orally
 Induces circulating antibody; no local  Both humoral intenstional immunity
immunity
 Prevents paralysis; does not prevent  Prevents paralysis and intenstin all reinfection
reinfection by wild polio viruses
 Not useful in epidemics  Effective in controlling epidemics
 Content is 10,000 times more than OPV,  Cheaper
Costlier
 Does not require stringent conditions  Requires to be stored and transported at sub zero
during storage and transportation temperature, unless stabilised.

• World Polio Day: Observed annually on October

24th, this day aims to encourage continued global
vigilance and efforts in the fight against polio.
In dia's Initia tive s:
• Pulse Polio Pro gramme : A comprehensive
national campaign focused on immunizing
children against polio to achieve high coverage
and prevent outbreaks.
• In tensified Mission I ndradha nush 2.0: An
enhanced version of the vaccination drive to
improve immunization rates and ensure more
children are protected.
• Universal Immu nization Progra mme (UIP): More about the news
Launched in 1985 as an extension of the • RHUMI 1 will carry three Cube Satellites and 50
Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI), UIP PICO Satellites to a suborbital trajectory. The
aims to: launch, scheduled for 7 am, is a collaborative effort
 Rapidly increase immunization coverage. between Space Zone India and the Martin Group,
 Enhance the quality of vaccination services. emphasizing flexibility and reusability.

 Establish a reliable cold chain system at the • The RHUMI series, including RHUMI-1, RHUMI-2,
health facility level. and RHUMI-3, is designed to reach altitudes from

 Implement a district-wise monitoring system 1 km to 500 km.

to track performance. This mission marks the third collaboration between

• Achieve self-sufficiency in vaccine production. Space Zone India and the Martin Group, following
previous student satellite initiatives in 2023 and
Mission Rhumi 2024 2021.
Why is it in the news? • These satellites will be collecting data for research
• India is set to launch its first reusable hybrid rocket, purpose on Global warming and Climate change.
RHUMI 1, on August 24. Developed by Tamil Nadu- • RHUMI Rocket is equipped with a generic-fuel-
based Space Zone India, this rocket will be based hybrid motor and electrically triggered
launched from Thiruvidandhai in Chennai using a parachute deployer, RHUMI is 100% pyrotechnic-
mobile launcher. free and 0% TNT.

AMIGOS IAS 50
• The 2023 mission involved over 2,500 students (SDG7) and climate action (SDG13), contributing
designing and building a satellite launch vehicle to global energy transition and climate change
with 150 Pico satellites, while the 2021 challenge mitigation.
saw the successful launch of 100 FEMTO satellites
developed by 1,200 students.
NASA's Tanager-1 satellite to
• Key features of RHUMI-1 include an adjustable
track methane emissions
launch angle from 0 to 120 degrees for precise About the news
trajectory control and an eco-friendly CO2-based • A satellite named Tanager-1, developed through
descent mechanism for safe component recovery. a coalition of companies and organizations
• The rocket's applications extend to agriculture, including NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was
environmental monitoring, and disaster launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from
management. Vandenberg Space Force Base in California to
• The Cube Satellites will monitor atmospheric detect major sources of carbon dioxide and
conditions like cosmic and UV radiation and air methane emissions.
quality, while the Pico Satellites will analyze factors • The Tanager-1 satellite utilizes advanced imaging
such as vibration, accelerometer data, altitude, spectrometer technology developed at the Jet
ozone levels, toxic content, and molecular Propulsion Laboratory to monitor these emissions.
bonding. It works by analyzing hundreds of wavelengths of
• Moreover, the hybrid propulsion system combines light reflected off Earth's surface.
solid fuel with liquid oxidizer for environmental • Different atmospheric compounds, including
safety. methane and carbon dioxide, absorb specific

JNCASR and Hindustan Zinc wavelengths of light, creating distinct spectral

"fingerprints" that the spectrometer can detect. This
Collaborate to Advance Zn-Ion
technology allows researchers to identify and
Battery Technology
quantify greenhouse gas emissions from
About the news : individual facilities and equipment on a global
• On August 21, 2024, the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre
scale.
for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) and
• Tanager-1 will scan approximately 130,000
Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) signed a
square kilometres of Earth's surface daily, with data
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance
on gas plumes and their sources made available
and commercialize zinc-ion battery technologies.
online. Tracking methane emissions is crucial
• This partnership aims to develop new zinc
because methane is a potent greenhouse gas,
materials that could enable low-cost, large-scale
second only to carbon dioxide in its contribution
energy storage solutions.
to global warming.
• Zinc-ion batteries are seen as a promising
• The United Nations Environment Programme notes
alternative to expensive lithium ion batteries due
to their lower cost and the abundance of zinc. that over a 20-year period, methane is 80 times

Recent advancements have improved their more effective at warming the atmosphere than

performance and stability, but challenges remain, carbon dioxide. Additionally, methane contributes
such as zinc's instability in water based solutions. to the formation of ground-level ozone, which is

• The collaboration will address these issues by harmful to health and linked to around one million
innovating zinc alloys and electrolytes to improve premature deaths annually.
battery performance and safety. • Reducing methane emissions is vital, especially
• This initiative supports the Sustainable since fossil fuel operations are responsible for
Development Goals of affordable, clean energy about 40% of human-caused methane emissions.

AMIGOS IAS 51
 BioE3 Policy for High- jobs in the biotechnology sector to enhance
Performance Biomanufacturing economic growth.
About High-Performance Biomanufacturing :
Why is it in the news?
• High-performance biomanufacturing involves the
• The Union Cabinet has approved the 'BioE3
advanced production of various products,
(Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and
including medicines and materials, and
Employment) Policy' proposed by the Department
addresses agricultural and food related
of Biotechnology. This policy is designed to
challenges.
enhance high-performance biomanufacturing in
• It emphasizes the development of bio-based
India.
products through cutting-edge biotechnological
The BioE3 Policy
processes.
Abo ut:
• The BioE3 Policy aims to establish a resilient NIAB: To decode genetic blueprint
biomanufacturing ecosystem to address global of indigenous cattle
challenges such as climate change, food security,
About the news
and human health. It focuses on industrializing
• The National Institute of Animal Biotechnology
biology to promote sustainable and circular
(NIAB) is making strides in decoding the genetic
practices, essential for tackling pressing societal
blueprints of indigenous cattle breeds using Next
issues.
Generation Sequencing (NGS) and genotyping
• The policy targets strategic sectors including high-
technologies.
value bio-based chemicals, biopolymers and
• This work aims to establish molecular signatures
enzymes, smart proteins and functional foods,
for registered cattle breeds, which will aid in
precision biotherapeutics, climate-resilient
maintaining breed purity and facilitate conservation
agriculture, carbon capture, and marine and
efforts.
space research.
• According to NIAB, this process is vital for
• Additionally, the BioE3 Policy supports the
accurate breed identification and for the
government's goals for achieving a 'Net Zero'
development of advanced vaccine platforms to
carbon economy and encouraging sustainable
combat livestock diseases like brucellosis, which
lifestyles. It aims to accelerate green growth by
significantly affect animal health and public safety.
advancing circular bioeconomy practices,
• NIAB, operating under the Department of
fostering a more sustainable and innovative future.
Biotechnology, is aligning its research with the
Key Features: recently announced 'BioE3 (Biotechnology for
• Innovation Support: The policy promotes R&D Economy, Environment, and Employment) policy,
and entrepreneurship to drive technological designed to enhance bio-manufacturing
development and commercialization across capabilities and position India as a global leader
various sectors. in biotechnology.
• Crea tio n of Bio hub s: It proposes the • Moreover, the institute expresses its enthusiasm
establishment of Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs for supporting the industry and biotech start-ups
and Bio-foundries to advance technology and in transforming the country's livestock-based
strengthen the bioeconomy. economy. This transformation is crucial not only
• Regen erat ive Bio eco no my: Emphasis is for food and feed security but also for advancing
placed on models that support green growth, the development of animal vaccines, diagnostics,
sustainable development, and a circular and innovative biomolecules.
bioeconomy. • Furthermore, scientists at NIAB are investigating
• Workforce Development: The policy focuses biomarkers related to susceptibility and resistance
on expanding the skilled workforce and creating to tuberculosis in both native and crossbred cattle.

AMIGOS IAS 52
• The institute is also exploring alternative feed moon's formation. These findings were
sources to improve animal nutrition and reduce corroborated by data from previous Chandrayaan
environmental emissions including incorporating missions and are being analyzed further for
aquatic weeds and yeast-derived proteins into feed additional insights.
formulations. • Pragyan's close surface analysis offered more
• NIAB's research program now encompasses detailed data than an orbiter could provide,
alternative nutrition strategies using animal cells, validating the magma ocean hypothesis and
in collaboration with two other DBT institutes. advancing lunar science. Despite the rover's
• Additionally, NIAB is actively engaging with the mission ending, its data continues to contribute to
community through the MILAN (meeting of ongoing research.
livestock farmers) program, which aims to • The publication of these findings coincided with
demonstrate sustainable livestock farming India's new 'National Space Day,' a reflection of
technologies to farmers. the mission's success and its contribution to space
exploration.
Pragyan rover reveals signs of
magma ocean on ancient moon Vigyan Dhara Scheme
About the news Why is it in the news?
• On August 23, 2023, the Pragyan rover, part of • The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation
India's Chandrayaan-3 mission, landed on the of three existing schemes under a new unified
moon and subsequently made significant central sector initiative named 'Vigyan Dhara,'
discoveries before its mission concluded. managed by the Department of Science and
• The rover, which was designed to withstand the Technology (DST) to streamline and enhance the
moon's harsh conditions, went dormant after efficiency of funding and program management.
fulfilling its scientific objectives over two weeks. About the Vigyan Dhara Scheme
• It provided valuable data, including the detection • The Vigyan Dhara scheme integrates multiple DST
of ferroan anorthosite in the lunar soil, which programs into a single framework, aligning with
supports theories about the moon's early magma the department's five-year goals to contribute to
ocean. India's development by 2047. It incorporates the
• The discovery of ferroan anorthosite is crucial R&D components aligned with the Anusandhan
because it confirms previous observations from National Research Foundation (ANRF).
the U.S. Apollo missions and Soviet Luna missions,
suggesting that these rocks are remnants of an
ancient magma ocean that covered the moon's
surface billions of years ago.
• The data, gathered by Pragyan's Alpha Particle X-
ray Spectrometer (APXS), aligns with the impact
theory that theorizes a meteor strike created the
South Pole-Aitken Basin, excavating material from
deep within the moon.
• Vikram, the lander carrying Pragyan, touched
down about 300 km from the South Pole-Aitken
Basin, one of the solar system's largest impact • The primary aim of merging these schemes into
craters. 'Vigyan Dhara' is to improve the efficiency of fund

• The mission's findings, including unusually high utilization and synchronize various sub-schemes

magnesium content in the dust, support the magma and programs. The scheme is structured around

ocean theory and provide new insights into the three main components:

AMIGOS IAS 53
 1) Building human and institutional capacity • Further, the heart may shrink due to reduced
2) Fostering research and development activity, muscles lose mass, and blood cell loss
3) Promoting innovation, technology development increases, necessitating dietary adjustments. The
and deployment brain also works harder to maintain balance due

• The scheme is designed to enhance India's to altered sensory signals in space.

Science and Technology (S&T) capacity by • These effects stem from radiation exposure,
developing advanced R&D labs, boosting confined environments, distance from Earth, and
research in areas such as sustainable energy and microgravity, alongside psychological factors like
water, and fostering international collaboration. fatigue and separation from family.
• It aims to build a skilled workforce, increase • Astronauts follow strict exercise regimens and
women's participation in S&T, and promote routines, with agencies developing communication
innovation from grassroots to industry, including protocols to support their well being.Research into
startups. Additionally, it seeks to strengthen space nutrient and drug metabolism has identified
partnerships between academia, government, and changes in metabolic pathways and potential
industry to advance research and innovation. issues like excess iron and low urinary
magnesium.
Effects of Spaceflight on the • A 2022 report suggested using portable optical
human body coherence tomography machines to detect SANS
Why is it in the news? and exploring countermeasures such as lower
• On August 24, 2024, NASA announced that body negative pressure and artificial gravity.
Boeing's Starliner crew capsule, which • Hence, understanding spaceflight's health
transported astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry impacts remains incomplete, with ongoing
Wilmore to the International Space Station (ISS), research needed to determine which effects are
was deemed unsafe for their return. health related and improve data interpretation.
• Consequently, their stay on the ISS has been • Space omics studies, including NASA's Twins
extended until February 2025, and they will return Study, have highlighted significant genetic
aboard a SpaceX crew capsule scheduled for differences due to space exposure, which could
September 2024, while Boeing's Starliner will inform health protection strategies.
return uncrewed.
• International research efforts, such as Japan's
More about the news :
KAKENHI, Europe's Space Omics Topical Team,
• Space, starting from the Karman line 100 km above
and the U.S. 'Complement of Integrated Protocols
sea level, presents various conditions as it
for Human Exploration Research' project, aim to
transitions from 'earth like' to 'space like.' The Van
advance standardized methods and ethical
Allen radiation belts, extending from 640 km to
guidelines for studying astronaut health in space.
58,000 km, trap charged particles from outer
• Moreover, the average duration of space missions
space, exposing astronauts to radiation beyond
has increased from one month in the 1960s to up
this protective zone.
to six months today. Williams and Wilmore's
• Spaceflight impacts the human body significantly
mission will last 256 days.
but variably, given the small sample of astronauts
• Records include Russia's Valeri Polyakov with 437
and differing mission durations.
days, the U.S.'s Frank Rubio with 370 days, and
• In microgravity, astronauts experience bone
Russia's Oleg Kononenko with over 1,000 days
weakening, potential kidney stones, slower
across multiple missions. Peggy Whitson, with 675
digestion leading to weight gain, and spaceflight-
days, is the second active spacefarer with the most
associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), where
time in space.
fluid buildup affects vision.

AMIGOS IAS 54
 • Hence, as agencies plan for lunar stations and • Vyomitra, meaning "space friend," will be equipped
Mars missions, new safety challenges are with movable arms, a torso, a face, and a neck to
anticipated. function autonomously in space.

RT-PCR testing kits to detect

Mpox in India
About the news :
• The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation
(CDSCO) has approved Siemens Healthineers for
the production of RT-PCR testing kits designed to
detect Mpox. Siemens Healthineers will produce
these kits at their molecular diagnostics facility in
Vadodara, which has an annual production
• Humanoids, like Vyomitra, are robotic systems that
capacity of one million units.
mimic human appearance and perform tasks in
• The new RT-PCR kits promise to deliver results
space. They assist astronauts by carrying out
within 40 minutes, significantly faster than
repetitive or hazardous tasks such as cleaning
traditional testing methods. This rapid turnaround
solar panels or repairing equipment outside the
will facilitate quicker responses and more efficient
spacecraft. This capability helps protect
reporting.
astronauts and allows them to focus on their
• According to the Managing Director of Siemens
scientific missions.
Healthcare, the IMDX Monkeypox Detection RT-
• The primary goal of sending Vyomitra into space
PCR Assay targets two distinct regions of the viral
next year is to demonstrate its technological
genome, covering both clade I and clade II variants
capabilities. During the mission, Vyomitra will use
of Mpox. This comprehensive approach ensures
its robotic arms to operate crew consoles, monitor
thorough detection of various viral strains.
various systems within the crew module, and
• The assay is compatible with existing lab setups
communicate with mission control on Earth.
and does not require new equipment, leveraging
• This will help ISRO assess the robot's performance
current COVID-19 testing infrastructure to enhance
and the potential effects of space travel on humans,
efficiency.
in preparation for India's first crewed mission
• The assay, which has been clinically validated by
planned for later in 2025.
the Indian Council of Medical Research-National
• ISRO designed Vyomitra's skull using an aluminium
Institute of Virology, Pune, has demonstrated 100%
alloy called AlSi10Mg, known for its high flexibility,
sensitivity and specificity.
lightweight, heat resistance, and mechanical
ISRO's humanoid skull for the properties. This alloy, commonly used in
Gaganyaan Mission automotive and aerospace industries, was chosen
for its ability to withstand extreme vibrations
Why is it in the news?
experienced during rocket launches.
• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
is preparing to launch the uncrewed Gaganyaan • The skull, which measures 200mm x 200mm and

mission in 2025, which will feature Vyomitra, a weighs 800 grams, benefits from the alloy's yield

female half-humanoid designed to assist in space strength of over 220 MegaPascals, ensuring

operations. durability under stress.

More about the news : • The humanoid skull was produced using Additive
• Recently, ISRO's Inertial Systems Unit at the Vikram Manufacturing (AM), a process akin to 3D printing.
Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram, AM allows for the creation of lattice structures
Kerala, finalized the design for Vyomitra's skull. within the skull, reducing its overall weight while
maintaining strength.

AMIGOS IAS 55
 • This lightweight design is crucial for space that such in situ measurements have been
missions, as heavier payloads require more fuel conducted at the poles.
and larger rockets to reach space. • This is a significant departure from previous
missions, which focused on equatorial and mid-
Chandrayaan 3: the first findings
latitude regions. The uniformity of the lunar topsoil,
Why is it in the news? as observed from 23 different locations within a
• Almost a year after Chandrayaan 3's landing on 50-meter radius of the landing site, contrasts with
the Moon, scientists from India have released new Earth's varied surface due to tectonic activity.
findings from one of the rover module's scientific • The findings from this mission are expected to play
instruments. a key role in understanding the Moon's origin and
• These findings, published in the journal Nature, evolution. The uniform surface of the landing site
support the hypothesis that the Moon's surface was also provides a valuable calibration point for
once covered by a magma ocean shortly after its remote sensing operations and will aid in planning
formation. future missions.
• The data, collected by the Alpha Particle X-ray • Moreover, future missions could explore source-
Spectrometer (APXS), provide the first analysis of crater pairing of lunar meteorites, which are
the topsoil in the Moon's southern latitudes and ejected from the Moon's surface and eventually
offer new insights into the elemental composition land on Earth.
of the lunar surface, helping to advance our
understanding of the Moon's evolution. How does APXS work
More about the news : APXSIS a mobile chemical lab used to detect elemntal
• The APXS has revealed three significant findings: compositions. It is small and lightweight; ideal for
the terrain around the landing site is relatively space missions to study the composition of rocks and
uniform; the Moon's crust appears to have formed soils of celestial bodies.
layer by layer, supporting the lunar magma ocean IT BOMBARDS a sample with alpha particles (helium
(LMO) hypothesis; and the topsoil near the lunar nuclei stripped of electrons), and the energy briefly
south pole contains an unexpected concentration ‘excites’ atoms of the sample. The atoms return to stable
of minerals associated with the lower crust. state by emitting x-rays.
• This evidence supports the idea that the upper
crust formed from lighter minerals that floated to Silicon Drift Detector
the surface, while heavier minerals sank to the
lower crust as the magma ocean cooled.
• Additionally, the APXS data suggest some mixing
of the lunar crust's lower levels, potentially caused
by the impact that formed the South Pole-Aitken
(SPA) Basin, the Moon's largest and oldest basin. X-RAYS emitted from the sample carry a special
• The SPA basin, created 4.2-4.3 billion years ago, amount of energy that is unique to the element it
may have excavated magnesium rich material originated from. APXS reads these characteristic
from deeper layers, which was then distributed to emissions signatures to determine the composition
the surface. The Chandrayaan 3 landing site is of the sample.
located near the basin's rim, providing crucial
EMISSION RATE of x-rays provides clues about the
context for these findings.
concentration of a particular element in the sample.
• These results are particularly noteworthy because
Computers on APXS process the data from the sample
Chandrayaan 3's landing site near the Moon's
(which most often contains multiple elements) to
south pole marks the first time in lunar exploration
identify the elements present and to quantify their
concentration.

AMIGOS IAS 56
 National Space Day OpenAI's Project Strawberry
Why it is in the news? About the news :
• On August 23, 2024, India celebrated its inaugural • OpenAI, a leader in artificial intelligence research,
National Space Day, with Union Minister Dr. is poised to release its most powerful AI model this
Jitendra Singh announcing that an Indian astronaut fall, potentially integrating it into ChatGPT-5, the
will land on the Moon by 2040. latest version of their chatbot launched in late
More about the news : 2022.
• Speaking at Bharat Mandapam in the presence of • Formerly known as Project Q* (Q-star), the project
President Droupadi Murmu, Dr. Singh reflected on is now codenamed Project Strawberry.
India's remarkable achievements in space • This model is expected to feature autonomous
exploration and outlined ambitious future goals. Internet research and significantly enhance AI
• Dr. Singh highlighted the historic landing of reasoning, moving towards the goal of Artificial
Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon's South Pole, a General Intelligence, which mimics human
milestone that established India as a leader in cognitive abilities.
space exploration. • It is reported that Project Strawberry will surpass
• He noted that Prime Minister Narendra Modi had existing chatbots in math and programming,
designated August 23 as National Space Day and addressing previous limitations of ChatGPT.
named the Chandrayaan-3 landing site 'Shiv Demonstrations have shown its advanced
Shakti Point.' problem-solving skills, including solving complex
• The event's theme, "Touching Lives while puzzles like The New York Times' 'Connections'.
Touching the Moon: India's Space Saga," • Project Strawberry is also focused on raising funds
celebrated India's space journey over the past six for the next model, codenamed Orion. A key
decades. application of Project Strawberry is generating
• Tracing India's space achievements since 1969, high-quality training data for Orion, addressing the
Dr. Singh lauded the scientific community's current shortage of accessible, non-paywalled
dedication, which led to India's successful information. This data, combined with synthetic
missions, including the Mars Orbiter Mission, data, is expected to reduce errors and improve
AstroSat, Chandrayaan-2, and Chandrayaan-3. the model's accuracy.
• He credited Prime Minister Modi's support since • Project Strawberry's advancements in reasoning
2014 for accelerating scientific missions and noted and research could enable the AI to autonomously
the rise in space startups, now nearing 300, due conduct experiments, analyze data, and develop
to increased private sector participation. new hypotheses, potentially leading to scientific
• Dr. Singh echoed the Finance Minister's breakthroughs and personalized educational tools.
projection that India's space economy will grow
Genome Mapping of Chandipura
from $8 billion to $44 billion in the next decade.
Virus
• Looking forward, Dr. Singh outlined the Space
Vision 2047, which includes the Bharatiya Why is it in the news?
Antariksha Station (BAS) by 2035 and a Moon • The Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre

landing by 2040. Dr. Singh also emphasized the (GBRC) in Gandhinagar has mapped the genome

impact of space technologies on various sectors, of Chandipura Vesiculovirus (CHPV), which

including agriculture, disaster management and caused numerous encephalitis cases in Gujarat

communication. during the July-August outbreak.

• As National Space Day becomes an annual event,

About Chandipura
• Chandipura, a viral infection leading to Acute
he hopes it will inspire greater public interest and
Encephalitis Syndrome (AES), is known for its rapid
enthusiasm for India's space endeavours.

AMIGOS IAS 57
 progression from fever and headache to severe Not imported from abroad:
symptoms like convulsions and coma, often • The genome analysis showed that the virus is
resulting in death within days. closely related to strains from previous Indian

• Transmitted primarily by sandflies, the virus has outbreaks, such as those in 2003-04 and 2007.

no specific treatment, and past outbreaks have • The current isolate differs from European and
shown high mortality rates. African strains, indicating that the virus
Genome mapping and its significance : responsible for the outbreak is indigenous to India
• Genome mapping involves identifying gene and not imported from other countries.
locations on chromosomes, aiding in
The First global 'legally binding'
understanding a virus's origin, evolution, and
pact on use of AI
potential for future outbreaks.
• This process is critical for developing diagnostics, About the news
• The United States, the European Union, and the
vaccines, and treatments. For instance, the early
United Kingdom are anticipated to sign the Council
release of the Sars-CoV-2 genome was vital for
of Europe's convention on artificial intelligence
COVID-19 test and vaccine development.
(AI), marking the first "legally binding" international
Findings from the research
treaty governing the use of this groundbreaking
No major change in genetic makeup: technology.
• The genome mapping revealed that the • This treaty, which focuses on human rights in
Chandipura virus has not significantly evolved regulating both public and private-sector AI
since the 2003-04 outbreak. The virus isolated from systems, is viewed as a major milestone among
Gujarat showed only minor differences in key players in AI development. It addresses
glycoproteins compared to previous isolates and concerns that varying national regulations could
remained similar to the 2012 sample. impede the advancement of AI technology.
• The four notable mutations in the glycoprotein • Formally titled the Council of Europe Framework
gene include just one amino acid change between Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human
the 2012 and 2024 strains, indicating minimal Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law, the treaty
evolution and no significant pressure to escape was opened for signature at a Council of Europe
immunity. Ministers of Justice conference held in Vilnius,
• This limited mutation rate suggests that the virus Lithuania.
has not been under significant selection pressure • Drafted over 24 months with input from more than
to escape immunity, possibly because a 50 countries, the treaty employs a risk-based
substantial portion of the population has not approach to AI's design, development, use, and
developed antibodies against CHPV. decommissioning.
• Unlike COVID-19, CHPV does not have a vaccine, • It holds signatories accountable for any harmful
and assessing antibody levels in the population is or discriminatory outcomes of AI systems, requiring
challenging due to the lack of seroprevalence them to ensure these systems respect equality and
studies. privacy rights and offer legal recourse to victims
Low viral load, but deadly: of AI-related rights violations.
• The Cycle Threshold (Ct) values in RT-PCR tests • According to Council of Europe Secretary, the
were high, indicating a low viral load in the convention is designed to ensure responsible AI
samples. use while upholding human rights, the rule of law,
• Despite this low viral load, the virus still caused and democratic principles.
severe symptoms, although comparisons with data • Once ratified, member states will need to align
from previous outbreaks were not possible due to their AI systems with human rights protections,
a lack of historical data. ensure they do not undermine democratic

AMIGOS IAS 58
 institutions, and implement measures to protect chunks, ranging from tiny grains of dust to massive
democratic processes throughout the AI lifecycle. boulders.
• National security and research and development • The current theory suggests that the rings formed
are among the areas exempt from the treaty's around 100 million years ago from the debris of a
scope. The treaty also obliges parties to address collision between two icy moons. While other gas
AI-related risks in both public and private sectors. giants like Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune may have
• This treaty comes alongside other AI regulations had rings in the past, they now only have faint
such as the G7 pact on AI, Europe's AI Act, and ringlets.
the Bletchley Declaration. • Saturn's rings, however, extend nearly five times
• Although labelled 'legally binding,' the treaty lacks the diameter of Earth and consist of seven major
punitive sanctions and relies on monitoring for divisions with intricate structures.
compliance.
Responsible use of AI in the
Saturn's majestic rings to Military Domain (REAIM)
'disappear' briefly in March 2025 Why is it in the news?
About the news • The second summit on Responsible Use of
• Saturn's rings are among the most awe-inspiring Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain (REAIM)
sights in the Solar System, but in March 2025, they will be held in Seoul, South Korea, on September 9.
will appear to "disappear" - though this is only a • The summit aims to establish global norms for AI
temporary optical illusion. in warfare, amidst growing international efforts to
• Saturn is tilted at an angle of 26.73 degrees and regulate military AI usage.
takes about 29.4 Earth years to complete one orbit More about the news :
around the Sun. As a result, the rings are tilted • With ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza acting
similarly and their visibility from Earth changes as practical tests for AI in warfare, there is an urgent
depending on Saturn's position in its orbit. push for diplomatic measures to mitigate risks.

• Every 13 to 15 years, Saturn's rings align edge-on • India has largely remained passive in this debate,
with Earth. This will occur in March 2025, making observing rather than participating. As new AI
the rings appear as thin lines, reflecting minimal arms control frameworks take shape, it is crucial

light and making them nearly invisible from our for India to engage more actively.

vantage point. • REAIM, co-hosted by Kenya, the Netherlands,

Singapore, and the UK, follows a 2023 summit in
• This phenomenon is akin to viewing the edge of a
The Hague. While the first summit broadened the
thin sheet of paper from afar. As Saturn continues
discussion on military AI, including issues beyond
its orbit, the rings will gradually become visible
lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), the
again. This alignment last happened in 2009.
focus has now expanded.
• However, Saturn's rings won't last forever. NASA
• Major militaries are utilizing AI for enhanced
confirmed in 2018 that Saturn is gradually losing
intelligence, surveillance, and operational
its rings due to a phenomenon called "ring rain,"
efficiency. The REAIM summit seeks to address
where the rings are being pulled towards the
these broader applications and develop norms for
planet by its gravity and magnetic field.
the responsible use of military AI.
• According to a NASA scientist, this process drains • The REAIM process emphasizes responsible use
an amount of water from Saturn's rings equivalent over banning AI applications in warfare. The US
to filling an Olympic-sized swimming pool every has been at the forefront, issuing a draft political
half hour. At this rate, Saturn could lose its rings in declaration on responsible AI use at the Hague
about 300 million years or sooner. summit, formalized in November 2023, and
• Data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft showed that encouraging NATO allies to adopt similar
Saturn's rings consist of billions of ice and rock guidelines.

AMIGOS IAS 59
 • The US also engages in bilateral dialogues with to slow down and manoeuvre into orbit. The recent
China on AI's implications for nuclear deterrence. (5th September) flyby was the fourth of six planned
Meanwhile, the US introduced a resolution on close encounters, bringing BepiColombo within
responsible AI use at the UN General Assembly, 103 miles of Mercury's surface.
gaining broad support. • The spacecraft's upcoming scientific
• India, in contrast, has been passive, not endorsing observations, including higher-resolution images
the Hague summit's "call to action" and remaining and data, will start when it enters orbit around
cautious about the new global norms expected Mercury in 2026.
from the Seoul summit. Its approach mirrors past • Current images are a preview of the detailed
indecisiveness in nuclear arms control. information expected to surpass that of NASA's
• Beijing, however, has been proactive, issuing a Messenger mission, which ended in 2015.
White Paper on military AI regulation and • Mercury's unusual characteristics, such as its
supporting the Hague summit's initiatives, large core, surface ice, and rich volatile elements,
positioning itself as a key player in shaping global suggest it might have moved from a different part
standards for military AI. of the solar system.
• BepiColombo's remaining flybys are scheduled
The Significance of the first clear
for December and January, after which the
images of Mercury's South Pole spacecraft will spend nearly two years in solar orbit
Why is it in the news? before settling into Mercury's orbit by late 2026.
• On 5th September, BepiColombo, a spacecraft
from the European Space Agency and Japan, Polaris Dawn mission
captured its closest and clearest images of Why is it in the news?
Mercury's south pole, revealing the planet's • The Polaris Dawn mission, which aims to achieve
surface in high detail. the world's first private spacewalk, launched on a
• These black-and-white images also showcased SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Florida.
several craters with distinctive peak rings. • The crew includes billionaire Jared Isaacman,
retired US Air Force lieutenant colonel Scott Poteet,
and SpaceX engineers Anna Menon and Sarah
Gillis.
• This mission is the first of three under the Polaris
Program, designed by Isaacman and SpaceX to
advance technologies for future Mars missions.
More about the news :
• A spacewalk, or extravehicular activity (EVA),
involves astronauts performing tasks outside a
spacecraft in space. The first spacewalk was
conducted by Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov
on March 18, 1965.
More about the news
• Launched in 2018, BepiColombo aims to study • Today's spacewalks, typically done outside the

Mercury, the least-explored rocky planet in our International Space Station (ISS), last be-tween five
solar system. The mission will provide insights into to eight hours and serve various scientific and

Mercury's composition, geology, and magnetic technical purposes.

field. • Astronauts use spacesuits and safety tethers or

• Due to its proximity to the Sun, the spacecraft uses the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) system

a series of flybys around Earth, Venus, and Mercury to avoid drifting into space.

AMIGOS IAS 60
• The Polaris Dawn mission aims to reach about • Historically, the OST aimed to balance the interests
1,400 km altitude, surpassing the Gemini XI of private and governmental space endeavours,
mission's 1966 record. This altitude places the with Article VI ensuring that states are accountable
crew within the Van Allen radiation belts, allowing for all space activities originating from their territory.
research on spaceflight and radiation effects on • However, in recent years, the U.S. Congress has
health. limited the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA)
• The mission also includes a spacewalk on the oversight to rocket and spacecraft safety on Earth,
third day, during which Isaacman and Gillis will exempting commercial human spaceflight from
exit the Dragon capsule, while Poteet and Menon regulatory scrutiny. This has led some experts to
manage safety tethers and monitor the mission. argue that this approach contravenes Article VI,
• The spacewalk's primary goal is to test SpaceX's as missions like Polaris Dawn lack proper
new EVA spacesuits, which feature cameras, governmental oversight.
heads-up displays, and improved thermal • On the other hand, some legal scholars believe
management. After the spacewalk, the capsule will that the lack of precise international regulations
be repressurized. and technical standards leaves room for
• The crew will also conduct 40 scientific interpretation regarding Article VI. They argue that
experiments, including capturing X-ray images the absence of specific definitions and procedures
with natural space radiation and testing laser- for supervision creates ambiguity in enforcing
based communication via SpaceX's Starlink compliance.
satellite network. • As private space ventures like SpaceX and Virgin
Galactic become more prominent, there are calls
Does the Polaris Dawn Mission violate a 50-
to update the OST to address these challenges.
year-old International Treaty?
• Some of the suggestions include establishing an
• The Polaris Dawn mission, which recently international space safety institute to provide
achieved the first private spacewalk, has sparked independent oversight and reviewing regulations
debate over its compliance with a longstanding for emerging space activities.
international treaty.
• The U.S. National Space Council has proposed a
• This mission, executed by billionaire Jared draft bill to address these issues, though it has yet
Isaacman and SpaceX, operates independently to be passed. Further, experts advocate for a global
of NASA or U.S. government oversight, raising solution to ensure effective regulation and safety
concerns about its adherence to the Outer Space in space exploration.
Treaty (OST) signed over 50 years ago.

More about the news : Enhancing Large Language

• The OST, effective from October 1967 during the Models with Quantum Computing
Cold War, lays the foundation for international About the news
space law with principles that include the free • Large Language Models (LLMs), developed by
exploration and use of outer space, the prohibition companies like OpenAI, Google, and Microsoft,
of national appropriation, and the responsibility of have significantly advanced artificial intelligence
states for space activities conducted by their and natural language processing (NLP).
entities. • These models, known for their ability to generate
• A key component relevant to the discussion is human-like text, have revolutionized user
Article VI, which mandates that non-governmental interactions with technology. However, LLMs face
space activities require authorization and substantial challenges, including high energy
continuous supervision by the appropriate State consumption and a tendency to produce
Party. "hallucinations," or contextually coherent but
factually incorrect information.

AMIGOS IAS 61
• Additionally, while proficient in semantic computational capabilities and opening up a wide
understanding, LLMs often struggle with syntactic array of possibilities.
accuracy, impacting their ability to generate Key Principles
grammatically correct text.
Quant um Supe rposition
• However, Quantum computing presents a
• Unlike classical bits, which can be either 0 or 1,
promising solution to these challenges. Quantum
quantum bits (qubits) can be in a superposition of
Natural Language Processing (QNLP) leverages
both 0 and 1 simultaneously. This allows quantum
quantum principles such as superposition and
computers to process a vast amount of possibilities
entanglement to enhance language models.
at once.
• Unlike classical models, QNLP can achieve
Quantum Entanglement :
superior performance with fewer parameters,
• Quantum entanglement occurs when quantum
reducing energy requirements and improving
particles interact in such a way that the state of
efficiency. This approach enables a more
one particle instantaneously affects the state of
integrated understanding of syntax and semantics,
another, regardless of distance.
potentially mitigating issues like hallucinations by
• This enables stronger correlations and
providing a more precise context for information.
communication between qubits, enhancing the
• In addition to language processing, quantum
computational power of quantum systems.
computing is advancing time-series forecasting
Quantum Interference :
through quantum generative models (QGen).
• Quantum particles exhibit wave-like behaviour,
These models can handle both stationary and
leading to interference effects between different
nonstationary data more effectively than classical
probability states, which can be constructive or
methods.
destructive.
• Recent research has shown that QGen models,
• Quantum algorithms leverage these interference
which use fewer parameters than traditional
effects to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of
approaches, can accurately forecast trends and
computations.
detect anomalies in financial and other complex
Quantum Tunnelling :
datasets.
• Quantum tunnelling allows particles to pass
• Hence, embracing quantum computing for LLMs through barriers that, according to classical
and time-series forecasting could revolutionize AI physics, would be insurmountable due to
by making models more sustainable, efficient, and insufficient energy.
accurate. By addressing current limitations and
• This principle is crucial for the operation of
enhancing data processing capabilities, quantum
quantum hardware components, such as quantum
technology holds the potential to significantly
dots.
advance AI systems and their applications.

Quantum Computing and its key principles Micronutrient Malnutrition in India

• Quantum computing is a rapidly-emerging Why is it in the news?
technology that leverages the principles of • A recent article published in The Lancet highlights
quantum mechanics to tackle problems that are that the Indian population is experiencing
beyond the reach of classical computers. inadequate consumption of 15 essential dietary
Quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, micronutrients.
describes the behaviour of particles such as Major highlights :
atoms, electrons, and photons, operating at the • Globally, over 5 billion people (68% of the
molecular and sub-molecular levels. population) do not consume sufficient iodine; 67%
• This groundbreaking technology promises to lack adequate vitamin E; and 66% do not get
revolutionize our world by offering unprecedented enough calcium.

AMIGOS IAS 62
 • More than 4 billion people (65%) have insufficient
nutrition education, a diverse diet, food fortification,
iron intake; 55% are deficient in riboflavin; 54%
and supplementation.
lack folate; and 53% do not consume enough
vitamin C. Government initiatives targeting
micronutrient malnutrition:
• Within the same country and age groups, women
show higher inadequate intake rates than men for • Na tio nal Nut r ition Mi ssion (P OSHAN

iodine, vitamin B12, iron, and selenium, while men Abhiyan): Launched in 2018 to reduce stunting,

are more deficient in magnesium, vitamin B6, zinc, undernutrition, anaemia, and low birth weight

vitamin C, vitamin A, thiamin, and niacin. among children, adolescent girls, pregnant
women, and lactating mothers.
• Calcium intake inadequacy is particularly
pronounced in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and • In teg rat ed Ch i ld Develo pme nt Se r vic es

East Asia and the Pacific, especially among (ICDS ): Offers comprehensive services to

individuals aged 10 to 30. improve the nutritional and health status of children
under six, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
Micronutrients • National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI): Aimed at
combating iron deficiency anaemia, particularly
• Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed
in children and women, through iron and folic acid
in small amounts for various bodily functions:
supplementation.
Vitamins:
• Food Fortification Programs: Focus on adding
• Water-Soluble: Include vitamin C and B vitamins
essential nutrients to commonly consumed foods,
(e.g., B12, B6, folate). These dissolve in water and
such as iodizing salt, fortifying wheat flour with
are not stored in the body, necessitating regular
iron and folic acid, and adding vitamin A to edible
dietary intake.
oils. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of
• Fat-Soluble: Include vitamins A, D, E, and K,
India (FSSAI) oversees these initiatives.
which are absorbed with dietary fat and can be
• Mid-D ay Mea l Sc h eme (MDM S): Provides
stored in the body's fatty tissues.
fortified lunches to schoolchildren to enhance
Minerals:
nutritional intake and promote school attendance.
• Major Minerals: Such as calcium, potassium,
• Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB): This program
and magnesium, required in larger quantities.
includes regular iron and folic acid supple-
• Trace Minerals: Such as iron, zinc, copper, and
mentation, deworming, and enhancing dietary
selenium, needed in smaller amounts but
intake of iron rich foods, along with community
essential for health.
based interventions and awareness campaigns.
Significance of Micronutrients:
• Produce enzymes, hormones, and other
substances necessary for growth and
development.
• Supports metabolic processes and bone health.
• Influence brain health and cognitive function.
• Prevents anaemia through the production of red
blood cells via iron, vitamin B12, and folate.
• Aids in tissue repair and wound healing with
vitamins C and A, as well as zinc.
• However, deficiencies can lead to serious health
conditions, reduced energy, mental clarity,
educational outcomes, and work productivity.
Many deficiencies can be addressed through

AMIGOS IAS 63
 4

Addressing microplastic the Himalayas to coastal regions. They harm

marine and freshwater life and potentially degrade
contamination in food
water quality.
Why is it in the news? • For human health, microplastics can enter the
• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India body through contaminated food and water, with
(FSSAI) has launched a significant project to tackle the potential to affect cells and tissues.
microplastic contamination in food. • To address these issues, India has implemented
More about the news : bans on single use plastics and introduced waste
• Na med " Micro a nd Nano Plast ic s as management regulations. Despite these efforts,
Emerging Food Contaminants: Establishing enforcement remains a challenge, and there is a
Validated Methodologies and Understanding the need for stronger policies and increased public
Prevalence in Different Food Matrices," the project awareness.
involves key institutions such as the CSIR-Indian • Hence, it is crucial to enhance regulatory
Institute of Toxicology Research (Lucknow), ICAR- measures, promote sustainable practices, and
Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (Kochi), foster collaborative efforts between government
and Birla Institute of Technology and Science agencies, businesses, and communities to
(Pilani). mitigate the impact of microplastics and protect
• The main goals are to develop and validate public health and the environment.
methods for detecting micro and nano-plastics in
The Role of Methane in Climate
food and to assess their prevalence and exposure
Change
levels in various food products across India.
• Microplastics, which arise from fragmented plastic
About the news
• Methane, a colourless and odourless gas that is
debris, synthetic fibres, and microbeads in
the primary component of natural gas, plays a
personal care products, have been found in
significant role in climate change by trapping large
common food items like sugar and salt, highlighting
amounts of heat in the atmosphere.
a significant gap in understanding their health
• Over a 20-year period, methane is about 84 times
impacts.
more effective at trapping heat compared to carbon
• In India, the issue is exacerbated by widespread
dioxide (CO2), the most well known greenhouse
plastic use and ineffective waste management.
gas primarily released from burning fossil fuels.
Both urban areas with high plastic consumption
• Despite its potency, methane does not remain in
and rural regions with poor waste disposal
the atmosphere as long as CO2. On average,
practices contribute to the spread of microplastics.
methane persists for about 12 years, whereas CO2
• The environmental impact of microplastics is
contributes to warming over centuries.
considerable, affecting diverse ecosystems from

AMIGOS IAS 64
• Consequently, while CO2 is the main driver of long- Accessing UNFCCC's Loss and
term climate change, methane contributes Damage Fund
significantly to global warming, accounting for
Why is it in the news?
roughly one-third of the warming observed since
• Following the recent landslides in Kerala's
the Industrial Revolution.
Wayanad district, there is a debate about whether
• Methane originates from both natural and human
subnational entities can access the UNFCCC's
sources. Natural sources include wetlands, which
Loss and Damage Fund (LDF).
contain permafrost-frozen ground rich in carbon
• While Kerala's need for this compensation is clear,
from ancient plants and animals. As global
accessing these funds proves challenging due to
temperatures rise, this permafrost thaws, releasing
the complex process involved.
carbon as CO2 and methane into the atmosphere.
An Analysis
• However, human activities contribute
• The LDF, established at the 2022 UNFCCC
approximately 60% of the methane emissions. Key
Conference (COP27) in Egypt, aims to support
human sources include agricultural activities,
regions facing economic and non-economic
such as the methane produced by cattle and
losses from climate change, such as extreme
manure, as well as methane released from
weather and rising sea levels.
decomposing waste in landfills and the energy
• Managed by a Governing Board with the World
sector.
Bank as the interim trustee, the LDF is working on
• Further, the energy sector is a major source of
mechanisms for direct access and rapid
methane emissions, primarily due to the
disbursement. However, climate funds are often
production, transport, and storage of fossil fuels
slow to reach local communities, and the LDF may
like oil and gas.
encounter similar issues.
• Methane emissions can occur unintentionally
• India has incurred over $56 billion in damages
through equipment failures, such as rusted or
from weather-related disasters between 2019 and
damaged infrastructure and loose fittings.
2023. Despite this significant financial impact, the
Additionally, gas flaring, which involves burning
country has prioritized mitigation over adaptation
off natural gas associated with oil production,
in its National Climate Action Policy and budgets,
converts methane to CO2 but may still release raw
leading to relatively subdued participation in Loss
methane into the atmosphere.
and Damage dialogues at COP meetings.
• Sometimes, companies also practice venting,
• Given the high vulnerability of certain regions to
where small amounts of natural gas are released
climate change, increased engagement in these
directly into the atmosphere, often due to the high
dialogues could be highly beneficial.
cost of processing or for safety reasons.
• Hence, there is an urgent need for India to develop
• According to the International Energy Agency, oil
a clear legal and policy framework to effectively
and gas companies could cut their methane
manage climate finance, particularly for
emissions by up to 75% simply by detecting and
adaptation and loss and damage. Aligning with
repairing leaks, which involves basic
principles of locally led adaptation is essential for
maintenance and upgrading faulty equipment.
protecting vulnerable communities.
• In response to this issue, the European Union has
• Although the introduction of a climate finance
enacted new regulations requiring fossil fuel
taxonomy in the Union Budget 2024 has raised
companies to regularly measure, report, and
hopes for increased international climate finance,
reduce methane emissions.
the lack of clear guidelines for accessing loss and
• The regulations mandate that any detected leaks
damage funds remains a concern.
must be fixed within 15 working days and impose
• To better address these challenges, India should
strict bans on flaring and venting, with exceptions
advocate for more decentralized methods of fund
only for safety emergencies or technical
disbursement from the Loss and Damage Fund
infeasibility of reinjecting or transporting the gas.

AMIGOS IAS 65
 (LDF) rather than relying on the centralized systems • High-income nations typically generate more
used for other climate funds. plastic waste but benefit from comprehensive waste
• Moreover, adaptation and loss and damage issues collection and controlled disposal systems.
are felt most acutely at the State level, as Concerns surrounding plastic pollution
demonstrated by Kerala's experience. The State • Decomposition Challenges: Plastics take a
government has borne the brunt of financial long time to decompose, breaking down into
recovery efforts, notably through the Rebuild Kerala microplastics that can spread globally, from the
Development Programme launched after the ocean's depths to the Himalayas.
August 2018 floods. • Health Risks : Chemicals like Bisphenol A (BPA)
• This program, supported by loans from the World used in plastics can contaminate food and drinks,
Bank and KfW Development Bank, was essential affecting liver function, foetal development, and
in reconstructing the State's infrastructure, brain function.
including severely damaged roads and bridges. • Environmental Impact: Incineration of plastic
• However, the lack of a standardized approach for waste releases toxic fumes and carbon dioxide,
assessing disaster related damages, particularly contributing to global warming. Additionally, plastic
from slow onset events, risks leaving significant pollution diminishes the aesthetic value of tourist
needs unaddressed. This absence of a structured destinations, incurring economic costs for cleanup
assessment process could obstruct India's ability efforts.
to access the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF) in the Reasons behind India's high plastic pollution
future. • Inadequate Waste Management: About 50%
• The current situation in Wayanad underscores the of India's plastic waste (34.7 lakh tonnes per
broader challenges India faces in managing and annum) remains unutilized, resulting in significant
accessing climate finance for loss and damage. pollution of air, water, and soil.
• To improve its ability to tap into such funds, India • Data Gaps: Inconsistencies in data reporting by
must establish a clear domestic policy framework state pollution control boards (SPCBs) and urban
that emphasizes locally led adaptation and local bodies (ULBs) hinder effective waste
provides explicit guidelines for accessing loss and management strategies.
damage resources. • In eff i cie nt Rec yc l ing: The informal and
unregulated recycling system yields low-quality
India emerges as the world's recycled materials, offering minimal environmental
largest plastic polluter benefits.
Why is it in the news? Global Initiatives to address plastic waste
• A recent study published in the journal Nature has • London Convention: Established in 1972, this
identified India as the leading contributor to global convention aims to prevent marine pollution from
plastic pollution, discharging 9.3 million tonnes waste dumping.
(Mt) of plastic each year. • Cle a n Sea s Ca mpa ig n: Launched by the
Key findings of the study : United Nations Environment Programme in 2017,
• The study categorizes plastic emissions as it is the largest global initiative to raise awareness
materials that transition from a managed or about plastic pollution.
controlled environment to an unmanaged state, • Basel Convention: In 2019, this treaty was
contributing to environmental pollution. amended to regulate plastic waste, binding 186
• India's plastic emissions represent approximately countries to its provisions.
one-fifth of the world's total, which stood at 52.1 Mt India's Initiatives against plastic waste
per year in 2020. The country generates about • Ext ende d Produce r R esponsibilit y (EPR):
0.12 kilograms of plastic waste per capita daily. This policy holds manufacturers accountable for
• Nigeria follows as the second-largest polluter with the management and disposal of plastic waste
3.5 Mt, while Indonesia ranks third with 3.4 Mt. generated by their products.

AMIGOS IAS 66
• Plast ic Wa st e Ma nageme nt (Ame nd men t) • The idea for this research stemmed from
Rule s, 2 022 : These rules prohibit the investigations into Kawasaki disease, a condition
manufacture and use of plastic carry bags thinner characterized by fevers, rashes, and severe heart
than 120 microns. complications.
• Swac hh Bhar a t Abhi yan : This national • Previous studies had linked surges in Kawasaki
cleanliness initiative includes efforts for collecting disease cases in Japan to winds blowing from
and disposing of plastic waste. northeastern China, which also correlated with
• Plastic Parks: Specialized industrial zones have increased cases in California. The region in China,
been established for recycling and processing known for its extensive agriculture and mining
plastic waste. activities, might be a source of airborne pathogens.
• Bea ch Clean -Up Drive s: Government and • The researchers collected air samples during ten
NGOs organize efforts to collect and dispose of flights, capturing particles through a filter. Analysis
plastic waste from coastal areas. revealed a diverse array of microbes, including
266 types of fungi and 305 types of bacteria, some
Way Forward : of which are known human pathogens. High levels
• To effectively combat plastic pollution, India needs of hafnium, a mineral from Chinese mines, were
to foster behavioural change and enhance also detected in the samples.
institutional frameworks for the collection,
• While some microbes remained viable and grew
segregation, and recycling of plastic waste.
in lab cultures, the study does not resolve the
• Additionally, under the UN Environment Assembly mystery of Kawasaki disease.
Resolution 5/14, the Intergovernmental Negotiating
• Despite the lack of conclusive evidence about
Committee (INC) is set to deliver a legally binding
disease transmission from high-altitude microbes,
global plastics treaty by the end of 2024.
the study highlights a need for further research
New study reveals airborne germs into these environmental spaces.
at 10,000 Feet
About the news
• A recent study has revealed intriguing findings
about airborne germs at high altitudes.
Researchers flying over Japan at altitudes of up to
10,000 feet captured hundreds of types of bacteria
and fungi.
• These microbes, which had travelled more than
1,200 miles, included species that could
potentially cause diseases in humans. Although
the study provides no direct evidence that these
high altitude microbes can cause outbreaks, it
suggests that wind patterns might aid in the spread
of pathogens.

AMIGOS IAS 67
 5
India and Malaysia raise strategic Two new US-India agreements:
partnership Expanding Defence Relations
Why is it in the news? Why is it in the news?
• India and Malaysia have elevated their • India and the US recently signed two significant
relationship to a "Comprehensive Strategic agreements: the Security of Supply Arrangement
Partnership," announced during a meeting (SOSA) and a Memorandum of Agreement on the
between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Assignment of Liaison Officers.
Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in Delhi. • These agreements mark the latest advancements
• This upgrade moves beyond the previous 2010 in a series of bilateral military pacts that have
Strategic Partnership, which was enhanced in strengthened defence and security cooperation
2015, and includes several new agreements and between the two nations over the past decade.
Memorandum of Understandings (MoU's). More about the news :
More about the news : • During Defence Minister Rajnath Singh's official
• India has agreed to support Malaysia's request to visit, the two countries agreed to advance key co-
join the BRICS grouping, a priority for Prime production projects under the 2023 US-India
Minister Ibrahim. Further, the leaders also Roadmap for Defence Industrial Cooperation that
discussed geopolitical challenges, including includes jet engines, unmanned platforms,
tensions in the Indo-Pacific region. munitions, and ground mobility systems.
• Prime Minister Modi highlighted Malaysia's role • The SOSA agreement stipulates that both
as a crucial partner in the Association of Southeast countries will provide reciprocal priority support
Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Indo-Pacific regions, for goods and services that bolster national
reaffirming India's commitment to freedom of defence, addressing supply chain disruptions to
navigation and peaceful dispute resolution. meet security needs.
• At the Indian Council for World Affairs, Ibrahim
• India is the 18th SOSA partner of the US. Although
praised India's "unique, multi-aligned approach"
SOSA agreements are important for enhancing
and its strategic management of global challenges.
interoperability with US defence trade partners,
• Ibrahim's visit is the first by a Malaysian Prime
they are legally non-binding.
Minister since 2018, a period marked by strained
• The US Department of Defence (DoD) is also
relations due to Malaysia's criticism of India's
working on a Reciprocal Defence Procurement
Citizenship Amendment Act, Jammu and Kashmir
(RDP) Agreement with India, which will be binding.
reorganization, and the handling of the COVID-
RDP Agreements are designed to promote
19 lockdown.
standardization and interoperability of defence
• Ibrahim called the past years of stagnant ties
equipment with US allies and other friendly nations.
"unfortunate" and emphasized the shared
The US has signed RDP Agreements with 28
multicultural aspects of both countries as a basis
countries to date.
for renewed cooperation.

AMIGOS IAS 68
• The Memorandum of Agreement on Liaison GSOMIA in 2019, which facilitated classified
Officers represents a step forward in increasing information exchange between defence
information-sharing between India and the US, industries.
including deploying Indian officers to key US • In 2016, the US designated India as a Major
strategic commands. The first Liaison Officer from Defence Partner, and by 2018, India achieved
India will be assigned to the US Special Operations Strategic Trade Authorisation tier 1 status, granting
Command headquarters in Florida. it license-free access to various military and dual-
• The foundation for this enhanced cooperation was use technologies.
laid in the 2013 Joint US-India Declaration on • The 2012 Defence Trade and Technology Initiative
Defence Cooperation and the 2015 Framework (DTTI) agreement promoted defence trade and
for the US-India Defence Relationship. industrial cooperation. Additionally, there is a
• The 2023 Roadmap supports integrating Indian Memorandum of Intent between the US Defence
defence industry into global supply chains and Innovation Unit (DIU) and the Indian Defence
developing Indo-Pacific maritime infrastructure Innovation Organization-Innovation for Defence
with key areas of cooperation in Intelligence, Excellence (DIO-iDEX).
Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR),
Undersea Domain Awareness, Air Combat, and PM Modi's Poland visit
support systems. About the news :
• In January 2023, the US-India initiative on Critical • Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Warsaw
and Emerging Technology (iCET) aimed to on 21st August for a visit that marks the first by an
strengthen strategic technology partnerships. This Indian Prime Minister to Poland in 45 years. Modi
was followed in June 2023 by the launch of the expressed optimism that the visit would enhance
India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem bilateral relations and build a stronger partnership
(INDUS-X) during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's between the two nations.
visit to the US. • He highlighted the significance of Poland as a key
• Moreover, significant Indian military procurements economic partner in Central Europe and looked
from the US include MH-60R Seahawk multirole forward to advancing ties with Polish leaders,
helicopters, Sig Sauer rifles, and M777 ultra light including Prime Minister Donald Tusk and
howitzers. President Andrzej Duda.
• Ongoing negotiations involve manufacturing GE • Modi's visit also coincides with the 70th anniversary
F-414 jet engines in India for the LCA MK 2 fighters of diplomatic relations between India and Poland.
and procuring 31 MQ-9B High-Altitude Long- • Modi began his engagements by laying a wreath
Endurance (HALE) UAVs, with deliveries of GE- at the memorial for Jam Saheb Digvijaysinhji
F404 engines for the LCA Tejas Mark-1A already Ranjitsinhji Jadeja of Nawanagar, Gujarat, who had
underway. sheltered over 1,000 Polish students during World
Foundational agreements : War II. The square where the memorial stands is
• Foundational agreements between the two named "Dobrego Maharadzy" or "Good Maharaja
countries began in 2002 with the General Security Square" in his honour.
of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) to • Modi also paid respects at the monument for the
facilitate military information sharing. Battle of Monte Cassino, which commemorates
• Between 2016 and 2020, four additional the Indian and Polish soldiers who fought in one of
agreements were signed: the Logistics Exchange the significant battles of World War II.
Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in 2016, the • He laid a wreath at the Kolhapur memorial and
Communications Compatibility and Security interacted with those who had found refuge in India
Agreement (COMCASA) in 2018, the Basic during the 1940s.
Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) in • The significance of Modi's visit is seen as twofold:
2020, and the Industrial Security Annex (ISA) to balancing India's relations between the West and

AMIGOS IAS 69
 Russia, and exploring opportunities for deeper • In ve st men t: Indian investments in Poland
trade and investment, particularly with Poland exceed USD 3 billion, while Polish investments in
being part of the EU.
India total around USD 672 million.
• The EU is currently negotiating with India on a
• Sect ora l Co llaborat ion: Significant
potential investment deal and a free trade
partnerships exist in agriculture, IT, textiles, mining,
agreement.
and pharmaceuticals, highlighting strong
economic ties and mutual opportunities.

Cultural and Educational Relations

• Indology and Celebrations: Poland has a long
tradition of Indology, including early Sanskrit
translations and commemorations of Indian figures
such as Mahatma Gandhi and Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• Yoga Promotion: The first International Day of
Yoga was celebrated in 21 Polish cities in 2015,
with around 11,000 participants.

Additional Information India, Poland formulate action plan, upgrade

ties to strategic partnership
India-Poland Diplomatic Relations
About the news :
• Establishment: Diplomatic relations between • India and Poland have elevated their bilateral
India and Poland began in 1954, with India relations to a "strategic partnership" and agreed
opening its embassy in Warsaw in 1957. on a five-year action plan, covering 2024 to 2028,
• Shared Ideologies: Both countries opposed following talks between Prime Minister Narendra
colonialism, imperialism, and racism, which Modi and Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk.
initially shaped their bilateral relations. • This action plan will guide collaboration across
• Communist Era: During Poland's Communist various fields, including political dialogue, security,
period (1944-1989), the relationship was close trade, climate, energy, and technology.
and cordial, featuring regular high-level visits, • Key areas of focus in the plan include enhancing
planned trade, and economic interactions political and security cooperation, advancing
facilitated by state trading organizations and rupee trade and investment, and developing sectors
clearing arrangements. such as food processing, urban infrastructure, and
• Post-Co mmunist P eriod: The relationship renewable energy.
remained strong after Poland transitioned to • Modi highlighted opportunities for Polish
democracy in 1989. companies in India's mega food parks and urban
• 21 st Cent u r y: In the current century, the development projects, and invited them to
relationship has continued to thrive, especially participate in India's "Make in India" initiative.
after Poland joined the European Union in 2004, • Additionally, a new youth exchange program,
establishing itself as a significant economic named the Jam Saheb of Nawanagar, will bring 20
partner for India in Central Europe. Polish youths to India annually.
• Economic & Commercial Relations • Both countries will also work on a social security
• Trade: Poland is India's largest trade partner in agreement and collaborate on space exploration
Central Europe, with bilateral trade growing nearly and commercial space ecosystems.
seven-fold to USD 2.36 billion in 2019.

AMIGOS IAS 70
 Significance of PM Narendra • Hence, Modi's visit to Ukraine, alongside his
recent trip to Poland, represents a significant
Modi's visit to Ukraine
change in India's foreign policy. It underscores a
About the news move towards a more balanced approach in
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Ukraine is Europe, expanding beyond traditional ties with
historic as it marks the first time an Indian prime Russia to establish deeper connections with other
minister has visited Ukraine since diplomatic European nations.
relations were established in 1992. • This strategic shift aligns with Modi's vision of
• This visit comes after Modi's meeting with Russian enhancing India's global presence and forging
President Vladimir Putin in Moscow on July 6, which closer ties with all countries.
faced criticism from both Ukrainian President India's Interest in Ukraine is driven by several factors:
Volodymyr Zelenskyy and the United States. • Business Opportunities: The war has impacted
• Modi's trip to Ukraine signifies a notable shift from India-Ukraine relations, reducing bilateral trade
India's traditional foreign policy stance, which had from $3.39 billion in 2021-2022 to $0.78 billion
been heavily influenced by its historical ties with and $0.71 billion in the subsequent years.
the Soviet Union and later Russia. However, Ukraine's post-war reconstruction offers
• India's relationship with Ukraine had been new prospects for Indian businesses.
relatively distant due to its alignment with Russia • Strategic Importance: Ukraine's role as a major
during the Cold War. Similar to its approach with supplier of sunflower oil prior to the conflict
Poland, which saw several Indian prime ministers highlights its strategic value for India, affecting food
visit during its Warsaw Pact era, India's security and economic interests.
engagement with Ukraine and central and eastern • Defence Cooperation: Potential for defence
Europe was limited post-Cold War. collaboration exists as Ukraine rebuilds its military
• However, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has capabilities following the conflict, presenting
presented New Delhi with a chance to re-evaluate opportunities for India in defence cooperation.
and strengthen its ties with Kyiv. The war led to a
significant drop in bilateral trade between India Orangutan diplomacy
and Ukraine, from $3.39 billion in 2021-22 to $0.78 Why is it in the news?
billion and $0.71 billion in the subsequent years. • On August 18, Malaysia's Plantation and
• Despite this, India has maintained high level Commodities Minister Johari Ghani revised his
engagements with Ukraine, including meetings at earlier proposal of sending critically endangered
multilateral forums and discussions aimed at orangutans as gifts to palm oil-purchasing
restoring cooperation. countries.
• Modi's visit reflects a strategic shift towards • Instead, the latest proposal offers importers of
enhancing India's relations with Ukraine and Malaysian palm oil the opportunity to "sponsor" one
central and eastern Europe. While India's or more orangutans, with the funds being used for
engagement with Ukraine is expanding, it does their conservation within Malaysia rather than
not signal a break in its relations with Russia. sending the adopted primates abroad.
• India continues to have a robust partnership with • This policy shift came after Ghani's initial plan
Russia, including military cooperation and faced widespread criticism, particularly from
economic support amidst Western sanctions. wildlife conservationists who deemed it "obscene"
Modi's visit should be viewed as part of India's and "repugnant."
broader strategy to balance its international More about the news :
relations, emphasizing dialogue and diplomacy. • Ghani had first announced his intention to use
• This engagement highlights India's evolving orangutans as diplomatic gifts in May, drawing
foreign policy, which now seeks to build stronger inspiration from China's "panda diplomacy," a
ties with a wider range of European countries while practice involving sending pandas to other
maintaining its historical relationships. countries as a diplomatic and conservation tool.

AMIGOS IAS 71
• Malaysia, as the world's second-largest palm oil
producer, has faced significant pressure to
enhance the sustainability of its palm oil industry,
which has been linked to deforestation and the
resultant loss of orangutan habitat.
• These apes inhabit the rainforests of Borneo and
Sumatra, regions shared by Malaysia, Indonesia,
and Brunei.
• With the orangutan population around 1,20,000,
their numbers are threatened by rapid Additional Information
deforestation, primarily due to palm oil plantations,
Animal Diplomacy:
according to a World Wildlife Fund report.
• Animal diplomacy entails giving or lending animals
• Ghani's proposed "orangutan diplomacy" was
as symbols of friendship or goodwill between
aimed at addressing concerns about the impact
nations. These animals, often culturally significant
of palm oil production on orangutans.
or indigenous to the donor country, serve as
• He emphasized that Malaysia should adopt a powerful diplomatic tools.
proactive stance on palm oil rather than a
Examples o f animal diplomacy include:
defensive one, showing commitment to producing
• Panda Diplomac y of Chi na: China began
sustainable palm oil and protecting forests. His
offering pandas as diplomatic gifts during the Tang
announcement followed a European Union ban
Dynasty (618-907). By the 1980s, pandas were
on imports linked to deforestation.
loaned for about $1 million per year for 10-year
• The initial proposal faced severe backlash from periods, extending China's diplomatic reach and
animal welfare groups, who criticized it as fostering trust.
hypocritical. They argued that it was unethical to
• Eleph a nt Diplo ma cy in Asia : Elephants,
destroy the forests where orangutans live for palm revered for their wisdom and strength, are used in
oil production while offering them as gifts in soft-power diplomacy. India, China, Thailand,
exchange for trade favours. Vietnam, and Sri Lanka have gifted elephants to
• Justice for Wildlife Malaysia emphasized that various countries to enhance diplomatic relations.
protecting the forests, the natural habitat of • Koala Diplomacy of Australia: To celebrate
orangutans, was the most crucial step. 50 years of diplomatic ties, Australia loaned four
• In contrast, Stuart Pimm, chair of conservation koalas-Paddle, Pellita, Chan, and Idalia-to the
ecology at Duke University, noted the significant Singapore Zoo.
differences between Malaysia's proposed Significance of Animal Diplomacy:
"orangutan diplomacy" and China's "panda • Cultural Exchange and Symbolism: Sharing
diplomacy." He pointed out that China has or gifting animals fosters cross-cultural
advanced facilities for pandas and protected areas understanding and showcases cultural heritage.
to safeguard wild panda populations, whereas • Soft P owe r Pro ject ion : Animal diplomacy
Malaysia's plan lacked comparable conservation projects soft power and enhances global influence
infrastructure. through charismatic wildlife, like Australia's "Koala
• Under the revised scheme, Ghani now proposes Diplomacy" initiative.
that orangutans remain in their natural habitats. • Enviro nmen tal Diplomac y: Joint efforts to
The funds raised through sponsorships will be protect endangered species and preserve habitats
directed towards conservation programs, which build international trust and cooperation, such as
will include collaborating with a team of rangers the Russia-China agreement on the Siberian tiger.
and experts to monitor the presence, safety, and • Public Diplomacy and Engagement: Animal
condition of these wild animals. adoptions, wildlife exhibitions, and conservation

AMIGOS IAS 72
 partnerships engage the public and promote escalation of clashes and incidents between the
national values, exemplified by the USA's "Bald two nations, occurring both in the air and at sea.
Eagle Diplomacy." • This latest development has brought the South
About Orangutan : China Sea dispute back into focus. The dispute
• Orangutans are great apes from the family involves multiple countries and stems from
Hominidae and genus Pongo, classified into three historical claims and rising geopolitical tensions.
species: Bornean, Sumatran, and Tapanuli.
An overview of the conflict
• With their distinctive red fur, orangutans are the About:
largest arboreal mammals, spending over 90 • The South China Sea, located south of the Chinese
percent of their waking hours in the trees. mainland and bordered by Brunei, China,
• Conservation statu s: All three species are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and
classified as 'Critically Endangered' under the Vietnam, has been a hotspot of territorial disputes
IUCN Red List. for centuries.
• Habitant: They are native to the rainforests of • The recent rise in tensions is primarily due to
Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia, where they China's growing global power. China claims up to
live in lowland and swamp forests as well as 90% of the sea based on the "nine dash line," first
mountainous areas. issued in 1947 by the nationalist Kuomintang party
• They inhabit only in the Indonesian island of and later continued by the Chinese Communist
Sumatra and both the Malaysian and Indonesian Party (CCP).
regions of Borneo.
Physical Characteristics:
• Size and Weight: Adult male orangutans are
typically twice as large as females, reaching up to
1.3 meters (4.3 feet) in height and 130 kg (285
pounds) in weight.
• Appearance: They are characterized by long,
sparse reddish or orange hair, giving them a shaggy
appearance.
• Distinct Features: Males develop prominent
cheek pads, or flanges, which are fully formed in
• This claim has led China to attempt to control
dominant individuals.
military and economic activities in the sea,
• Lifespan: Up to 50 years in the wild.
asserting it as part of its Exclusive Economic Zone
• Diet: Daytime eaters, their diet consists mostly of
(EEZ). China has also expanded its presence by
fruit and leaves, but they also eat nuts, bark,
building and militarizing islands, particularly in the
insects, and, once in a while, bird eggs, too.
Paracel and Spratly chains.
• Threats: Habitat loss from deforestation, illegal
• In response, the U.S. has increased its military
logging, and palm oil plantations, along with
and naval presence and supported China's
hunting and poaching, significantly threaten their
adversaries.
survival.
Importance of the South China Sea:
• The South China Sea is economically and
China-Philippines clash: South
strategically vital. It is estimated to contain 11
China Sea Dispute billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of
Why is it in the news? natural gas.
• On August 26, the Philippine government • The sea's fishing grounds are crucial for millions,
condemned China for "repeated aggressive, with over half of the world's fishing vessels
unprofessional, and illegal" actions in the South operating there.
China Sea. This statement followed a recent

AMIGOS IAS 73
 • It is also a critical trade route, with more than 21% Hub, Mastung, and Quetta, resulting in increased
of global trade, valued at $3.37 trillion in 2016, prices for necessities such as food, medicine, and
passing through these waters. petrol.
The 'Nine-Dash Line' :
• The nine-dash line represents China's claims in
the South China Sea, originally the "eleven-dash
line" but simplified in 1953.
• The line extends up to 2,000 km from China's
mainland, overlapping the EEZs of the Philippines,
Malaysia, and Vietnam.
• China's claim is based on historical rights, but the
line's exact coordinates are unclear and exceed
international maritime treaty limits. For instance,
while the Scarborough Shoal falls within the
Philippines' EEZ, China claims historical discovery.
• Vietnam disputes China's claims over the Paracel
and Spratly Islands, asserting its historical
governance. A 2016 international tribunal ruled
against China's claims but was ignored by China,
More about the news :
which disputes the tribunal's jurisdiction.
• The unrest in Balochistan is deeply rooted in its
Conclusion :
history. In 1947, the Khan of Kalat declared an
• Resolving the South China Sea dispute is difficult,
independent Balochistan, but under coercion, he
particularly since China has rejected the
signed the instrument of accession to Pakistan in
international tribunal's ruling.
1948.
• ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian
• Gwadar, initially part of the Sultanate of Oman, was
Nations)-comprising Thailand, Indonesia,
purchased by Pakistan in 1958. The prov-ince's
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos,
political struggles were compounded by the One
Vietnam, Myanmar, and Cambodia, might offer a
Unit scheme of 1955, which centralized power and
resolution, but internal conflicts have stymied
undermined federalism.
progress.
• Although the scheme was abolished in 1970,
• The failure to address the dispute diplomatically
provincial governments in Balochistan remained
raises fears of a potential global conflict and could
under Islamabad's significant influence, leading
undermine international maritime laws, prompting
to recurrent insurgencies and protests.
destabilizing arms buildups.
• Economic neglect further fuels discontent in
On the unrest in the Balochistan Balochistan, despite its vast mineral resources.
region The province, which accounts for 44% of
Pakistan's landmass and includes resources like
Why is it in the news?
copper, gold, coal, and natural gas, remains one
• Recent large-scale protests in Balochistan have
of the most underdeveloped regions.
highlighted the region's ongoing political tur-moil.
• The United Nations Development Programme
The Baloch Yakjehti Committee (BYC) organized
(UNDP) report for 2018-19 shows that Balochistan
a 'Baloch Raaji Muchi' (Baloch National
contributed only 4.5% to Pakistan's GDP and had
Gathering) in Gwadar to protest against human
inadequate infrastructure and social indicators,
rights violations, resource exploitation, and the
exacerbating local frustration.
government's failure to provide basic amenities.
• The government's counter-insurgency tactics,
• These protests led to violent clashes with security
including enforced disappearances, have
forces and a blockade of major towns like Gwadar,
aggravated tensions. Reports from the Commission

AMIGOS IAS 74
 of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances and civil • Hu mani tarian an d R eciproca l P rogra m
society groups highlight thousands of cases of Participants: This includes those arriving under
disappearances and extrajudicial killings. These special programs or as asylum seekers.
actions have only deepened the unrest, impacting Impact on Indians :
the broader region. • This policy is likely to significantly affect Indians,
• China's involvement in Balochistan through the who make up about 40% of Canada's international
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has student population. Many are from Punjab, and new
added another layer of complexity. Chinese restrictions could limit their job opportunities and
investments in Gwadar and other infrastructure future prospects.
projects are viewed with suspicion by locals who • Previously, there were no caps on international
fear losing access to their coastline and students or Spouse Open Work Permits (SOWPs),
livelihoods. but Trudeau's announcement suggests a tighter
• The presence of Chinese trawlers and the rapid approach, which could impact Indians
demographic changes due to non-local workers considering Canada for migration.
have further fuelled local grievances. • The Canada's Immigration Minister has
• The ongoing protests reflect a broader struggle acknowledged the rise in temporary residents in
against Pakistan's nation building efforts based critical sectors and emphasized the need for better
solely on religious identity. The lack of regional pathways to Permanent Residency (PR).
autonomy and persistent military rule have • Experts suggest that the policy could either further
exacerbated Balochistan's discontent. restrict temporary worker entry or create more
• Lessons from other regions, like Sri Lanka and pathways to PR.
Myanmar, suggest that failing to address provincial
WMCC on India-China Border Affairs
aspirations often leads to political turmoil.
Why is it in the news?
Canada's new policy to reduce • The 31st meeting of the Working Mechanism for
low-wage temporary workers Consultation & Coordination (WMCC) on India-
China Border Affairs recently took place in Beijing.
Why is it in the news?
• The discussions were described as 'indepth,
• Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau
constructive, and forward looking,' with both sides
announced a new policy to reduce the number of
committed to continuing the dialogue through
low-wage, temporary foreign workers in Canada.
established diplomatic and military channels.
The aim is to decrease their proportion from 6.2%
to 5% of the population over the next three years. • These talks come amid signs that both countries
Temporary workers in Canada are working towards resolving the ongoing stand-
Th ey in c lude: off in eastern Ladakh.

• Those on Temporary Work Visas: They work

in low-wage jobs for fixed periods, often earning
CAD 13-19 per hour.
• International Students: They may stay on work
visas after their studies and work under certain
restrictions during their time in Canada.
• Spo us es of In t e rn atio n a l Stu de n t s: They
work in low-wage jobs under Spouse Open Work
Permits (SOWPs).
• Workers with LMIA Contracts: Employers use
Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) to hire About the WMCC :
foreign workers when Canadians are unavailable. • Established in 2012 through an India-China
agreement, the WMCC was created to improve

AMIGOS IAS 75
 communication and coordination regarding border • Border Disputes: Despite multiple rounds of
issues between the two countries. talks, a durable solution to the border disputes,
• The concept was initially proposed by Wen Jiabao, particularly along the LAC, remains unachieved.
the then Premier of China, in 2010. Way Forward :
• The WMCC aims to institutionalize information • To achieve lasting peace, both India and China
exchange and address border related concerns must engage in sustained efforts to overcome these

more effectively. challenges and build mutual trust.

• Ongoing dialogue through military and diplomatic
• The WMCC comprises representatives from the
channels is essential, along with the effective
Foreign and Defence Ministries of both India and
implementation of agreements reached by the
China.
leaders of both countries.
• Its main goals are to manage border issues,
enhance dialogue, and foster cooperation. The Pacific Islands Forum
mechanism specifically addresses disputes and
Why is it in the news?
tensions in the border areas between India and
• The annual Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) meeting
China. took place in Tonga from August 26 to 30, 2024,
• The WMCC was activated in response to the face- drawing over 1,500 delegates from 40 countries.
off along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) that This reflects the Forum's rising importance as
began in 2020. major global powers seek to influence the region.
Importance of Peace for India and China : More about the news
• Economic Cooperation: As two of the world's
About the forum:
largest and fastest-growing economies, improved
• Founded in November 1971, the Forum's initial
relations between India and China can enhance
members included Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji,
trade and investment opportunities, driving
Nauru, New Zealand, Tonga, and Western Samoa.
economic growth for both nations. It transitioned from the South Pacific Bureau for
• Regional Stability: Both India and China are Economic Cooperation, renamed as the Forum
major powers in Asia, and their relationship Secretariat in 1981.
significantly impacts regional stability. A stable • Today, the Forum comprises 18 member states,
bilateral relationship contributes to a more secure including Australia, New Zealand, and several
and predictable regional environment. smaller island nations. It aims to foster a "resilient
• Border Security: Ensuring peace between the Pacific region" marked by peace, security, and
two countries is crucial for maintaining border prosperity.
security and preventing conflicts or • The Forum addresses critical issues like climate
misunderstandings along the Line of Actual change and sea level rise, given the environmental
Control (LAC). challenges faced by its member countries. It
• Geopolitical Impact: India and China are key employs the "Pacific way" method of dispute
players in the global geopolitical arena. Their resolution, which focuses on consensus building
peaceful coexistence is essential for fostering a and highlights the cultural bonds within the "Blue
stable and predictable international order. Pacific Family."

Challenges in the Peace Process : Key takeaways from the meeting:

• Milita ry Build-u p: The increased military 1) The summit prominently addressed the unrest in
presence along the border by both countries has New Caledonia, where clashes between French
escalated tensions and complicated the peace officers and locals have led to casualties on both
process. sides.
• Historical Issues: Historical disputes, including The Kanak people's ongoing quest for
the 1962 Sino-Indian War, continue to influence independence from France remains contentious,
the dynamics between the two nations. with recent unrest triggered by proposed

AMIGOS IAS 76
 constitutional amendments in France. The Forum More about the news :
plans a "talanoa" (dialogue) later this year to further • FOCAC, established in 2000, is a strategic
discuss this issue. partnership platform between China and African
nations, with a summit held every three years,
2) UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres
alternating between China and an African host.
advocated for a climate fund to combat regional
environmental challenges, noting the deterioration • The forum includes 53 African nations, excluding
of water quality due to rising sea levels and Eswatini due to its diplomatic ties with Taiwan, and
pollution. the African Union Commission.

3) A key topic was the Australian funded Pacific police • This year's summit, themed "Joining Hands to
training centre, aimed at enhancing regional Advance Modernization and Build a High-Level
security and countering China's growing China-Africa Community with a Shared Future," will
influence. The A$400 million plan includes see African leaders engage in bilateral talks with
creating four training centres across the Pacific, China on political and economic cooperation.
with a main hub in Brisbane. • The summit is noted to be the largest diplomatic
4) The recognition of Taiwan at the Forum sparked event hosted by China in recent years, with UN
controversy. Despite pressure from China and its Secretary General António Guterres as a special
allies to remove Taiwan, a 1992 agreement initially guest.
allowed its participation, although this was later • The agenda includes addressing governance,
removed after criticism from Chinese officials. industrialization, agricultural development, and
5) Additionally, American territories Guam and enhanced cooperation under China's Belt and
American Samoa were admitted as associate Road Initiative (BRI), with a focus on establishing
members, despite objections from the Solomon a consensus and action plan for the next three
Islands. years.

Significance: • China's relationship with Africa has evolved

• Once a less prominent organization, the Forum significantly since the 1950s when it supported
now engages with 21 dialogue partners and has a decolonization movements and established trade
waiting list for new members. The increasing relations. By the 1970s, China's support helped
global focus on the Pacific region reflects its displace Taiwan in international forums.
strategic importance and resource wealth. • The Tanzania-Zambia railway, completed in 1976,
• Moreover, China's efforts, including a 2022 marked China's first major infrastructure project
security pact with the Solomon Islands, have in Africa. Over the decades, China has become
heightened interest from other global powers, such Africa's largest bilateral trading partner, with trade
as the U.S., which hosted a White House summit reaching $282 billion in 2023.
with Pacific leaders in 2022. • China imports 20% of Africa's exports, mainly raw
materials, and provides about 16% of African
Forum on China-Africa imports, including manufactured goods. Africa is
Cooperation (FOCAC) summit a crucial partner in the BRI, which aims to recreate
Why is it in the news? historical Silk Road routes through extensive
• Chinese President Xi Jinping pledged $51 billion infrastructure investments, with China reportedly
in funding to African countries during the ninth investing over $120 billion in the initiative over the
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) past decade.
summit in Beijing. This commit-ment includes • Despite the growing relationship, China faces
$50.7 billion in financial assistance for 30 accusations of 'debt trap diplomacy,' where large
infrastructure projects across the continent. loans for strategic projects lead to debt and
• The move comes as China seeks to reduce its increased influence over borrowing countries. The
large-scale infrastructure investments due to Hambantota port in Sri Lanka is a notable example
recent economic pressures at home. of this issue.

AMIGOS IAS 77
• Critics argue that defaults on such loans result remains a late entrant in the high tech
from domestic mismanagement rather than semiconductor race dominated by a few global
intentional debt traps, a view that China rejects. players.
• The 2024 FOCAC summit is significant as it occurs • Singapore's semiconductor industry, shaped by
amid China's prolonged economic slowdown post- early strategic investments and visionary policies,
pandemic, with challenges such as deflation and provides valuable lessons. From the 1970s,
high unemployment. Singapore attracted major semiconductor firms
• Reports suggest that China is shifting from large- like Texas Instruments and National
scale infrastructure projects to smaller, more Semiconductors, building a comprehensive
sustainable initiatives, including advanced green semiconductor value chain.
technologies. African countries, however, are likely • Today, Singapore contributes about 10% of global
to seek more substantial lending despite China's semiconductor output and has become a hub for
reduced lending from a peak of $28 billion in 2016 advanced manufacturing technologies. The
to about $4.6 billion in 2023. country hosts nine of the top 15 semiconductor
• Countries like Kenya are pushing for funding to firms globally and has attracted significant
complete major projects, such as the Standard investments, such as those by Taiwan's United
Gauge Railway to Uganda, and concerns persist Microelectronics Corporation and Global
about trade imbalances favouring China. Foundries.

PM Modi's visit to Singapore • However, Singapore's semiconductor sector faces

significant for India's challenges, including a focus on mature-node

semiconductor push chips and rising production costs. The country has
been moving some lower-cost operations to other
About the news Southeast Asian countries, and its limited land and
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi's recent visit to
labour resources pose constraints.
Singapore, during the second leg of his South-East
• However, for India, there are opportunities to
Asia tour, highlights India's strategic push in the
collaborate with Singapore in areas like talent
semiconductor sector.
development and semiconductor industrial park
• The visit, which also included Brunei Darussalam,
management.
was notable for the signing of a Memorandum of
Understanding on an India-Singapore • India's competitive land and labour costs could

Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership. attract Singaporean companies looking to expand,

and there is potential for joint ventures in
• This agreement underscores the critical
importance of semiconductors in a wide array of semiconductor equipment and material

technologies, from mobile phones to missiles, and manufacturing to strengthen India's domestic
reflects India's urgent need to develop its industry.
semiconductor industry amidst global supply
India-Brunei: Bilateral Ties
disruptions and geopolitical tensions.
elevated to Enhanced Partnership
• India's efforts to build a robust semiconductor
ecosystem have been significant. Launched in Why is it in the news?
2021, the India Semiconductor Mission includes • Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Brunei
a Rs 76,000 crore incentive scheme covering half marked a significant advancement in India-Brunei
of the capital expenditure for semiconductor plants. relations, commemorating 40 years of diplomatic
ties.
• This initiative has already led to partnerships, such
as the Tata Group's collaboration with Taiwan's • This visit was notable as it was the first bilateral
Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing trip by an Indian Prime Minister to Brunei,
Corporation, and approvals for several underscoring Brunei's strategic importance to
semiconductor units. Despite these strides, India India in Southeast Asia.

AMIGOS IAS 78
 Key takeaways of the visit India and UAE sign civil nuclear
Spac e Colla borat io n:
cooperation agreement
• A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was About the news
signed for Telemetry, Tracking, and Tel-ecommand • India and the UAE have signed a significant
Station operations. memorandum of understanding (MoU) for civil
• This partnership will support India's space nuclear cooperation, finalized during Crown Prince
ambitions by enabling Brunei to host essential Sheikh Khaled bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al
infrastructure for ISRO's satellite and launch Nahyan's visit to New Delhi.
vehicle activities. • This agreement, a milestone in UAE's nuclear
Econ omic Co opera t ion: energy investment, follows Prime Minister Modi's
2015 commitment to collaborate on the peaceful
• The leaders emphasized expanding trade in
use of nuclear energy.
technology, agriculture, and finance. They also
addressed food security and shared best • The MoU builds on discussions initiated by a
practices in agriculture. trilateral cooperation format involving France,
India, and the UAE, focusing on energy projects.
Direct F light Connec tion:
• Alongside the nuclear deal, other agreements
• A new direct flight between Bandar Seri Begawan
were made, including longterm LNG supplies and
and Chennai was announced, aimed at enhancing
food parks development.
people to people exchanges, trade, and tourism.
• The visit coincided with the first India-Gulf
Defense and Security:
Cooperation Council meeting in Saudi Arabia,
• The visit included discussions on strengthening
highlighting the strengthening strategic ties
defense ties, with a focus on joint naval exercises
between India and the UAE.
and port visits.
• Both nations highlighted the importance of On Suspension of 'X' by Brazil's
maritime cooperation and adherence to Supreme Court
international law in the Indo-Pacific region.
Why is it in the news?
Region al Coo pe ra tio n: • On August 30, Brazil's Supreme Court ordered the
• India and Brunei reaffirmed their commitment to "immediate, complete and total suspension of X's
the ASEAN-India Comprehensive Strategic operations" in the country.
Partnership and jointly condemned terrorism, • This decision, made by Justice Alexandre de
advocating for regional stability. Moraes, came after X failed to appoint a legal
Significance representative in Brazil within the required
• Brunei is pivotal to India's Indo-Pacific strategy, timeframe. Justice Moraes also imposed a daily
especially concerning maritime security and fine of 50,000 reals on anyone accessing X via a
regional stability. virtual private network (VPN).
• The visit marks a transition to an 'Enhanced More about the news :
Partnership,' emphasizing collaborative efforts in • The case against X, stemming from a two-year
defense, space technology, and cultural investigation by Justice Alexandre de Moraes into
exchange. far-right "digital militias" supporting former
• Brunei is a key ally in India's Act East Policy, President Jair Bolsonaro, culminated in a Supreme
playing a significant role in advancing India's Court order to suspend X's operations in Brazil.
engagement with Southeast Asia, particularly • Following Bolsonaro's 2022 election loss, these
through Association of Southeast Asian Nations groups used X to spread misinformation and incite
(ASEAN). violence, leading to the January 8, 2023 riots in
Brasilia.

AMIGOS IAS 79
 • Moraes demanded X suspend accounts spreading evolved to "BRICS" in 2010 with South Africa's
misinformation and provide user data for inclusion.
prosecution. However, Elon Musk, the owner of X, • The initial meeting of BRIC foreign ministers was
defied these orders, resulting in Moraes escalating held in 2006, with South Africa joining in December
the situation by including Musk in the investigation. 2010.
• After Musk announced X's closure in Brazil on • Collectively, BRICS accounts for 41% of the global
August 17, the Supreme Court suspended the population, 24% of global GDP, and 16% of global
platform for non-compliance with legal trade.
requirements.
• The chairmanship rotates annually among the
• This situation raises critical questions about member countries in the order of B-R-I-C-S.
regulatory sovereignty, misinformation
• India hosted the BRICS Summit in 2021.
management, and the balance between free
BRICS has launched several significant initiatives:
speech and censorship.
• New Development Bank (NDB): Established
• Musk's ties to Bolsonaro and criticisms of Moraes in 2014, the NDB has approved 70 infrastructure
have further complicated matters, with opinions in and sustainable development projects.
Brazil divided on whether Moraes' actions
• Contingent Reserve Arrangement: This was
constitute judicial overreach.
introduced in 2014 to address shortterm balance
• Following the suspension, many users migrated of payments pressures and enhance financial
to Bluesky, gaining 2.6 million new users, while stability.
the VPN access fine has drawn widespread
• Trade F acilit ati on Agre eme nts: Customs
criticism for being excessive.
agreements have been signed to promote trade
Turkey bids to join BRICS among member nations.
• Remo t e Sen sin g Sate llite Conste lla t ion:
Why is it in the news?
Launched in 2021, this project incorporates six
• Turkey has formally applied to join the BRICS group,
existing satellites developed by BRICS members.
receiving backing from Russia. The upcoming
• As of January 1, 2024, BRICS welcomed Egypt,
BRICS Summit will take place in Kazan, Russia,
Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
from October 22 to 24, 2024.
Emirates as new full members. Notably, Argentina
• Alongside Turkey, Malaysia and Thailand have
chose not to join the group in 2024, while Malaysia,
also shown interest in joining the expanded BRICS
Thailand, and Turkey have expressed their
alliance of emerging economies.
intentions to seek membership.
More about the news
• Turkey's bid for BRICS membership may signify a
shift in its foreign policy, potentially moving away U.S - India Strategic Clean Energy
from its long-held goal of joining the European Partnership
Union (EU). Why is it in the news?
• The country has faced Western criticism over its • The Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP)
acquisition of Russian S-400 defense systems and Ministerial between the United States and India
its relations with Russia and sanctions. focused on enhancing collaboration in clean
• By seeking to join BRICS, Turkey aims to establish energy innovation, energy security, and the
itself as a middle power that can balance its transition to clean energy.
relationships between Western nations and the
• The meeting reviewed significant achievements
Global South.
and future initiatives across five core pillars: Power
About the BRICS
and Energy Efficiency, Responsible Oil and Gas,
• BRICS consists of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Renewable Energy, Emerging Fuels &
South Africa. The acronym "BRIC" was first Technologies, and Sustainable Growth.
introduced by economist Jim O'Neill in 2001 and

AMIGOS IAS 80
• The SCEP aims to strengthen bilateral cooperation India-Philippines Joint Defence
on clean energy, emphasizing power, energy Cooperation
efficiency, renewable resources, emerging
Why is it in the news?
technologies, and sustainable development.
• The Defence Secretary is set to co-chair the 5th
India-Philippines Joint Defence Cooperation
Key highlights of SCEP
Committee (JDCC) meeting in Manila.
• Ren ew able En e rgy Tech no logy A c tion • This visit is particularly significant as India and
Platform (RETAP): Launched in August 2023, the Philippines commemorate 75 years of
RETAP aims to create actionable roadmaps for diplomatic relations and a decade of India's Act
hydrogen, long duration energy storage, offshore East Policy.
wind, and geothermal technologies. • The JDCC was established under the
• Energ y Sto ra ge Task Fo rc e: This public- Memorandum of Understanding on defence
private initiative focuses on addressing policy, cooperation signed in 2006.
safety, and regulatory challenges while exploring
alternatives to lithium-ion technologies for long-
duration energy storage. Projects like Battery
Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in Assam and
Haryana are already underway, concentrating on
grid integration and renewable energy storage.
• Modern iza tion of P owe r Dist rib u tion: The
meeting showcased India's initiatives in smart
metering, power market reforms, and the Indian
Railways' goal of achieving net-zero emissions by
2030. India has also successfully procured 1.5
Overview of India-Philippines Relations
GW of round-the-clock renewable energy.
• Establishment : Diplomatic relations between
• Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) & Transport
India and the Philippines were formally estab-
Electrification: A comprehensive workshop was
lished in 1949, shortly after both nations achieved
initiated to advance SAF research and
independence-Philippines in 1946 and India in
development, certification, and partnerships.
1947.
India's PM eBus Sewa scheme aims to deploy
• Lo ok E a st a nd Ac t East Po l icy : India
10,000 electric buses, promoting electrification in
launched its Look East Policy in 1992, enhancing
medium and heavy duty transport. partnerships with ASEAN and strengthening
• Ca rbon Ca ptu re , Utilization , and St ora ge bilateral ties with the Philippines. The Act East
(CCUS) & Methane Abatement: There will be Policy initiated in 2014 further diversified relations
increased cooperation on CCUS technologies and into political-security, trade, industry, and people-
regulatory frameworks, as well as efforts in methane to-people exchanges.
abatement in the oil and gas sector, in • De fen ce Coo pe ra tio n: Defence ties were
collaboration with India's Directorate General of notably bolstered with a 2022 contract worth USD
Hydrocarbons. 374.9 million for the supply of BrahMos missiles.
Additionally, a Memorandum of Understanding on
• Publi c - Private Coll aboratio ns: The
Defence Industry and Logistics Cooperation was
importance of public-private dialogues was
signed in 2017, leading to the establishment of a
emphasized for shaping policies and reducing the
Joint Defence Industry and Logistics Committee
costs associated with clean energy technologies.
(JDILC).

AMIGOS IAS 81
 • Bilateral Trade : Trade between India and the Econo mic Oppo rt unities:
Philippines surged from USD 1.89 billion in 2015-
• As an emerging market, the Philippines presents
16 to USD 3.05 billion in 2022-23, marking the first
significant potential for trade and investment. The
time it crossed the USD 3 billion threshold. In 2022,
two countries are exploring cooperation in
an Agreement on Cooperation and Mutual
renewable energy, education, and tourism.
Assistance in Customs Matters was signed to
Region al Coo pe ra tio n:
facilitate trade.
• Both India and the Philippines are active members
• Fin anc ial Tech nolo gy Coo pe ra t io n: A
of regional forums such as ASEAN and the East
Memorandum of Understanding for a Joint Working
Asia Summit, collaborating to tackle regional
Group on Cooperation in Financial Technology
challenges and promote economic integration.
was signed in 2023, aimed at enhancing
Way Forward
partnerships in digital payments, financial
• The evolving geopolitical landscape in the Indo-
inclusion, and related sectors.
Pacific region, particularly regarding maritime
• Indian Community: The Indian community in
security and China's influence, has prompted both
the Philippines is estimated at around 150,000,
nations to pursue deeper strategic and defence
predominantly comprising Punjabis and Sindhis.
collaborations. They share common interests in
Significance of the Philippines for India :
regional forums like ASEAN, the East Asia Summit,
Strategic and Security Interests:
and the Indian Ocean Rim Association.
• The Philippines plays a crucial role in Southeast
• India's strengths in technology and innovation,
Asia, which is strategically important for India. Both
paired with the Philippines' burgeoning tech sector,
nations have shared interests in ensuring freedom
offer avenues for collaboration in IT, the digital
of navigation in the South China Sea and
economy, and start-ups. Continued focus on these
addressing regional security threats.
areas could foster a robust and multifaceted
• India's Look East and Act East Policies aim to partnership.
strengthen ties with Southeast Asian nations to
enhance regional stability.

AMIGOS IAS 82
 6

Global Cybersecurity Index 2024 • The report notes a widespread "cyber-capacity

gap" due to limitations in skills, staffing, equip-ment,
Why is it in the news? and funding. Despite these challenges, legal
• India has achieved a significant milestone by measures are the strongest cybersecurity pillar
advancing to Tier 1 in the Global Cybersecurity globally, with 177 countries having regulations on
Index (GCI) 2024, released by the International data protection, privacy, or breach notification.
Telecommunication Union (ITU). • Further, the ITU Secretary-General underscored
• This tier, the highest in the new five-tier analysis, the importance of building trust in the digital world
recognizes countries for their exemplary and maintaining efforts to ensure that all can
commitment to cybersecurity across all five pillars:
manage cyber threats safely and effectively.
legal, technical, capacity development,
cooperation, and organizational measures. Exercise AL NAJAH
• India's progress is particularly notable in legal,
Why is it in the news?
technical, capacity development, and
• The Indian Army contingent departed for Salalah,
cooperation areas, although there is room for
Oman, to participate in the 5th edition of the India-
growth in organizational measures.
Oman Joint Military Exercise, AL NAJAH.
More about the news
About Exercise AL NAJAH
• The GCI 2024 highlights notable improvements
• Conducted biennially since 2015, Exercise AL
in countries' efforts to implement legal measures,
NAJAH alternates between India and Oman, with
capacity building, and cooperation frameworks,
the last edition taking place in Mahajan,
particularly in enhancing incident response
Rajasthan.
capabilities.
• The Director of ITU's Telecommunication
Development Bureau, emphasized that ITU's
projects support these national efforts to better
manage cyber threats. The report also identified
critical issues such as ransomware attacks, cyber
breaches affecting core industries, costly system
outages, and privacy violations, stressing the need
for ongoing focus on cybersecurity.
• The primary aim of the exercise is to enhance the
• Most countries are classified as either
"establishing" (Tier 3) or "evolving" (Tier 4) in their capabilities of both nations' forces in conducting

cybersecurity capabilities. These nations, counter-terrorism operations.

numbering 105, have expanded digital services • This edition will focus on operations in desert
but still face significant gaps in integrating environments, equipping both sides to tackle
cybersecurity measures. complex challenges unique to such terrains.

AMIGOS IAS 83
 • Key Features includes joint planning for About HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2
operations, cordon and search operations, fighting • Scheduled for September 17-18, 2024, at Wari La
in built-up areas, mobile vehicle check posts and near Leh, HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2 aims to
counter-drone operations. showcase drone solutions specifically designed
for high-altitude operations, which are critical for
Exercise Yudh Abhyas the Indian Army.
Why is it in the news? • The event will occur in real terrain and
• The 2024 edition of the Yudh Abhyas exercise, a environmental conditions at altitudes ranging from
bilateral military collaboration between India and 4,000 to 5,000 meters, providing a realistic testing
the United States, has begun at the Mahajan field ground for drone performance.
firing ranges in Rajasthan. • Indigenous drone manufacturers are invited to
• Simultaneously, Phase II of the Indian Air Force's participate, showcasing a variety of drones,
largest multilateral exercise, Tarang Shakti, is including Surveillance Drones, Loitering
taking place in Jodhpur, with participation from Munitions, Logistics Drones, Swarm Drones.
eight countries, including India. Further, drones with specialized roles includes
those equipped for Electronic Warfare, Synthetic
About Exercise Yudh Abhyas
Aperture Radar, Communication Intelligence, and
• Yudh Abhyas is a bilateral joint military exercise
Electronic Intelligence.
between India and the United States.The exercise
About HIMTECH-2024: Advancing High-Altitude
was first held in 2004 and is conducted annually.
Technologies
• The primary goal is to enhance military
• Following HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2, HIMTECH-
cooperation and joint operational capabilities, with 2024 will focus on discussing, demonstrating, and
a particular focus on counter terrorism and exploring new opportunities for technology
counter-insurgency operations. development and integration tailored for high-
• The exercise alternates between India and the U.S. altitude military operations.
• The last edition 2023, took place at Fort • Organized in collaboration with the Federation of
Wainwright, Alaska, and concentrated on cold- Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI),
weather operations and high-altitude warfare. this event will highlight the latest technological
• In 2024, the exercise emphasizes counter- advancements and systems designed to meet
terrorism operations in semi desert and desert operational needs along India's Northern Borders.
terrains; and urban warfare, specifically FIBUA
Project NAMAN
(Fighting in Built-Up Areas).
• Participating Forces in 2024: Indian Army with 600 Why is it in the news?
• The Indian Army has launched the first phase of
troops from the RAJPUT Regiment; and U.S. Army
Project NAMAN, which focuses on providing
with 1-24 Battalion of the 11th Airborne Division
comprehensive support and services to Defence
from Alaska.
Pensioners, Veterans, and their families.
• The tactical drills will include joint planning
About Project NAMAN :
sessions, coordinated responses to terrorist
• The project is spearheaded by the Army Wives
actions and combined field training exercises.
Welfare Association (AWWA).
HIM- DRONE-A-THON-2 & • Its main objective is to deliver dedicated support
HIMTECH-2024 and services specifically designed for Defence
Pensioners, Veterans, and their families.
Why is it in the news?
• It is built around the SPARSH (System for Pension
• The Indian Army has announced two major events,
Administration Raksha) digital pension system,
HIM-DRONE-A-THON 2 and HIMTECH-2024,
aimed at simplifying and streamlining pension-
focused on enhancing military technologies for
related processes.
operations in high-altitude areas.

AMIGOS IAS 84
 • The initiative includes the establishment of About INS Arighaat :
Common Service Centres (CSCs) that will provide • The 6,000-tonne INS Arighaat joins its
SPARSH-enabled pension services, as well as predecessor, INS Arihant, as part of India's nuclear
Government to Citizen (G2C) and Business to triad, enabling nuclear missile launches from land,
Consumer (B2C) services. air, and sea. India, along with the US, Russia, China,
• So far, 14 CSCs have been set up in strategic and France, is part of this elite group.
locations across India, including New Delhi (the • INS Arihant, commissioned in 2016, was India's
inaugural centre), Jalandhar, Leh, Dehradun, first nuclear submarine. INS Arighaat will enhance
Lucknow, and Jodhpur. The Army plans to roll out this capability further, armed with K-15 missiles
approximately 200 additional centres nationwide with a range of over 700 km and powered by an 83
over the next 2-3 years. MW pressurized light water nuclear reactor,
allowing it extended submerged operations. This
contributes to India's "No First Use" nuclear policy,
serving as a strong deterrent.
• INS Arighaat features advanced technology
compared to Arihant, including cutting-edge
design, manufacturing, and engineering. It
integrates indigenous systems and equipment
developed by Indian scientists and naval
personnel.

• HDFC Bank has supplied the necessary IT

infrastructure for these CSCs, while local military
stations have contributed essential physical
facilities.
• This initiative improves access to vital services
for veterans and their families, including grievance
redressal, while also offering entrepreneurial
opportunities for Veterans and Next of Kin (NOKs)
who will manage the CSCs.
• Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs), selected from About INS Arihant
among the veterans or NOKs, will operate each • India's nuclear submarine program, involving
CSC. They will receive comprehensive training private firms and DRDO with Russian assistance,
and a monthly grant of ?20,000 from HDFC Bank began over thirty years ago. INS Arihant, launched
for the first year to help stabilize their operations. in 2009 and commissioned in 2016, marked India's
first nuclear powered submarine.
INS Arighaat: Significance for • It completed its first deterrence patrol in 2018,
India's Nuclear Submarine Fleet solidifying India's nuclear triad. In October 2022,
Why is it in the news? Arihant successfully launched a submarine-
• India's second nuclear submarine, INS Arighaat, launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with high
was commissioned into the Indian Navy at accuracy.
Visakhapatnam. Current and Future Submarine Fleet :
• According to the Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, • India is constructing two larger nuclear ballistic
Arighaat will strengthen India's nuclear triad, submarines (SSBNs) of around 7,000 tonnes each.
improve nuclear deterrence, establish regional The first, launched in 2021, is undergoing trials,
strategic balance, and enhance national security. while the second is under development.

AMIGOS IAS 85
 • Comparatively, the US operates 14 Ohio-class 600 personnel and Stryker infantry vehicles, along
SSBNs and 53 fast-attack submarines, and China with the M142 HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery
has 12 nuclear submarines, including six nuclear- Rocket System).
powered attack submarines. • India is also considering procuring Stryker
• The Indian Navy's current fleet includes 16 vehicles, including variants mounted with Javelin
conventional submarines: seven Kilo class, four anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), though talks
Shishumar class, and five Kalvari class attack for their license manufacture are still in the early
submarines. The Kilo-class boats, acquired in the stages.
mid-1980s, and the Shishumar class, developed • The U.S. has previously demonstrated both the
with German collaboration, are aging but have Stryker vehicles and Javelin ATGMs to the Indian
been upgraded. Army. Despite extensive evaluations, the deal for
• The Kalvari class, built with French assistance, Javelin ATGMs did not materialize.
began commissioning in 2017. The • Currently, India conducts more military exercises
commissioning of INS Arighaat completes the with the U.S. than with any other nation. In addition,
Navy's authorized fleet of 18 submarines, although the Indian Army recently held the 10th edition of
around 30 percent are usually under refit, affecting the bilateral exercise Mitra Shakti with Sri Lanka
operational availability. from August 12-25 at the Army Training School in
Maduru Oya, Sri Lanka.
India's Military Diplomacy
Why is it in the news?
Doctrine for Amphibious
• India's military diplomacy is in high gear with a operations released
series of back to back exercises involving About the news
countries from across the globe. • The Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan
More about the news released a new joint doctrine for amphibious
• The India-U.S. bilateral Army exercise, Yudh operations during the Chiefs of Staff Committee
Abhyas, is set to begin at the Mahajan field firing meeting.
ranges in Rajasthan on 9th September. • This doctrine aims to guide commanders in
• Concurrently, the Indian Air Force's largest executing amphibious operations within the
multilateral exercise, Tarang Shakti, is underway complex modern military landscape.
at Jodhpur, featuring eight participating countries • According to the Defence Ministry, the doctrine
and 17 others as observers. enhances the armed forces' ability to perform
• This exercise includes the U.S. deployment of A- diverse operations across the Indian Ocean
10 Thunderbolt II aircraft and F-16 jets for the first Region, both in wartime and peacetime. It
time in Indian airspace, alongside aircraft from highlights the importance of amphibious
Australia, Greece, Japan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, capabilities as a crucial aspect of multi-domain
the UAE, and the U.S. Bangladesh has withdrawn operations, showcasing the integration and
its participation due to recent domestic issues. cohesion among the armed forces.
• The Malabar naval exercise, involving India, • This is the second joint doctrine issued this year,
Australia, Japan, and the U.S., is scheduled to take emphasizing the need for jointness and operational
place off the Visakhapatnam coast in early integration, particularly in amphibious contexts.
October. Following this, an Indian Army
mechanized infantry unit will head to Russia for
Two anti-submarine warfare vessels
the bilateral exercise Indra.
for the Indian Navy launched
• This year's Yudh Abhyas will feature one of the About the news
largest U.S. contingents to date, including around • Two anti-submarine warfare (ASW) shallow
watercraft vessels for the Indian Navy were

AMIGOS IAS 86
 launched at Cochin Shipyard. These vessels, • Suspe ct Regist ry: This initiative aims to
named INS Malpe and INS Mulki, are the fourth enhance fraud risk management by creating a
and fifth in a series of eight planned ASW ships. registry of identifiers based on the National
• Each vessel measures 78 meters in length, 11.36 Cybercrime Reporting Portal, in collaboration with
meters in width, and has a draught of about 2.7 banks and financial intermediaries.
meters. They are capable of reaching speeds of Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)
up to 25 knots and have an endurance of 1,800
• Established in 2018 under a Central Sector
nautical miles.
Scheme within the Cyber and Information Security
• Designed to accommodate indigenously
Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs, the I4C
developed sonar systems for underwater
provides a framework for Law Enforcement
surveillance, these vessels will each displace
Agencies (LEAs) to tackle cybercrime in a
approximately 900 tonnes.
coordinated and comprehensive manner.
• The contract for designing, constructing, and
delivering the eight Mahe-class ships was signed
in April 2019 between the Ministry of Defence and
Cybercrime
Abo ut:
Cochin Shipyard Ltd.
• Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that utilize
• These new vessels are intended to replace the
digital technologies, such as computers and the
older Abhay-class ASW corvettes and will be
internet.
equipped for anti-submarine operations, low-
intensity maritime missions, mine laying, and • These include financial fraud (e.g., credit card
search and rescue. fraud), crimes against women and children, and

• Each ship features an installed propulsion power issues related to deepfake content. Under the

of about 12 MW and is armed with light-weight Indian Constitution's Seventh Schedule,

torpedoes, ASW rockets, mines, a close-in weapon cybercrimes fall within the purview of state
system, and stabilized remote-control guns. subjects.
• According to the National Crime Records Bureau
Strengthening cybersecurity: Key (NCRB), cybercrime cases in India have surged
initiatives launched by India's I4C by 24.4%.
Why is it in the news?
Reasons for the increase in Cybercrime
• Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently
• Rapid Digitalization: The increasing reliance
addressed the inaugural Foundation Day program
on the internet and digital technologies provides
of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre
more opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit
(I4C), unveiling key initiatives aimed at combating
cybercrime. vulnerabilities.

During the event, four significant platforms of the I4C • Large Internet User Base : With approximately

were launched: 950 million internet users, India presents a

• Cyber Fraud Mi tigat ion Cen tre (C FMC): lucrative target for cyberattacks.
Aimed at reducing cyber fraud through targeted • In ade qua te Cybe rse curity In frastruc ture:
interventions. Many organizations, especially smaller
• Saman vaya Plat fo rm: This serves as a businesses, lack robust cybersecurity measures,
cybercrime data repository, facilitating data making them easy targets.
sharing, mapping, analytics, and coordination • Insider Threats: Employees or individuals with
among law enforcement agencies. access to sensitive information can misuse their
• Cyber Co mmando s Progra mme: The positions, posing a significant risk.
government plans to train 5,000 cyber commandos • Payment Systems Vulnerability: The rise of
over the next five years to bolster national digital payments and online transactions
cybersecurity.

AMIGOS IAS 87
 increases the risk of financial crimes, including
phishing and credit card fraud.
• Low Digital Literacy: A lack of awareness and
digital gaps can create an environment conducive
to cyber threats.

Effects of Cybercrime
• Fin an cial Losses: Cybercrime results in
substantial financial losses for individuals and
organizations due to theft, fraud, and recovery
costs.
• Nation al Security Co ncerns: Cyberattacks International Measures
targeting government agencies and critical • Budapest Convention: The first international
infrastructure can compromise national security. treaty addressing cybercrime, which India has yet
• Da ta Br eac hes: Unauthorized access to to sign.
sensitive information leads to reputational damage • Int ern et Co rpora tion fo r Assigned Names
and potential legal consequences. an d Nu mbers (I CA NN): A U.S based
• Service Disruption: Cyberattacks can disrupt organization that coordinates multiple databases
essential services, affecting businesses and related to internet governance.
individuals alike. • Internet Governance Forum: A UN forum for
• Loss of Intellectual Property: Businesses risk multi-stakeholder dialogue on internet governance
losing trade secrets and proprietary information, issues.

impacting competitiveness and innovation.

Conclusion :
Government Measures for Cybersecurity
• The growing reliance on technology has led to
• Information Technology Act, 2000: Sections significant cybersecurity challenges, making it a
43, 66, 70, and 74 address hacking and critical component of national security.
cybercrime. • Many cybercrimes are transnational,
• In dia n Comput er Eme rg e ncy Respon se necessitating 'data localization' to ensure timely
Team (CERT-In): Issues alerts and advisories access for enforcement agencies.
regarding the latest cyber threats and
countermeasures.
• Na tio nal Cybe r Coo rdi n atio n C ent re
(NCCC): Established to enhance situational
awareness of cybersecurity threats and facilitate
timely information sharing.
• Cyber Swach hta Ken dra: Focuses on
detecting malicious programs and offers free tools
for their removal.
• Bha ra t Nat iona l Cyber Se cu rit y Exe rc ise
2023: Aims to help strategic leaders understand
cyber threats and enhance skills for crisis
management.

AMIGOS IAS 88
 7
Justice Hema Committee • Sexual Exploita t io n: The committee has
validated the longstanding rumors regarding the
Why is it in the news?
prevalence of the "casting couch" phenomenon
• On August 18, the Kerala government released
within the industry, confirming that women face
the Justice Hema Committee report, four and a
sexual demands as they begin their careers.
half years after it was submitted.
• Inadequate Facilities and Safety: Women in
• The 233-page document provides a damning
the industry endure a lack of essential facilities,
critique of the discrimination and exploitation
such as toilets and changing rooms, leading to
faced by women in the Malayalam film industry,
health issues and face significant safety concerns
highlighting delays that have drawn criticism.
at both their workplaces and accommodations.
• The report reveals a pervasive culture of sexual
• Syste mic Abus e a nd Co e rc ion in the
harassment, including casting couch practices,
Industry: This encompasses sexual harassment,
and highlights the influence of a male dominated
abuse, and assault across various settings,
"mafia" that stifles dissent.
including workplaces, transportation, and
More about the news
accommodations; online harassment; and the
B a c k gr o u n d : illegal banning and silencing of women who resist
• The committee was established in response to or voice concerns.
the February 2017 abduction and sexual assault • Gender Bia s an d Exploita ti o n: Male
of a leading actress, which implicated a prominent dominance and gender discrimination lead to pay
actor and led to the formation of the Women in disparities between men and women, with junior
Cinema Collective (WCC). artists sometimes enduring excessively long work
• The WCC petitioned for an inquiry into broader hours and harsh treatment.
gender issues in the industry, resulting in the • Contractual Irregularities: The absence of
formation of the committee led by Justice K Hema. formal written contracts allows some employers
• The report was submitted in December 2019 but to exploit and withhold remuneration promised
faced delays due to privacy concerns and legal orally to actors and technicians.
challenges. • W orkp la ce Indi scipline a n d Misc on du ct:
• Critics, including Congress MP Shashi Tharoor, Drug and alcohol abuse, disorderly conduct, and
have condemned the delay as an attempt to shield vulgar comments at work lead to severe
powerful figures in the industry. indiscipline and unprofessional behaviour.
Key takeaways from the report: Recommendations by the Committee:
• The report identifies a range of issues confronting • The committee recommends that the government
women in the Malayalam film industry, delineating enact a specific statute and establish a Tribunal to
the specific barriers they face within their address the various issues faced by women in the
professional environment. film industry.

AMIGOS IAS 89
 • Additional recommendations include mandating Education Ministry defines
job contracts, enforcing wage equality for the same 'Literacy' and 'Full Literacy'
roles regardless of gender, banning drugs and Why is it in the news?
alcohol on set, and ensuring safe working • In a recent letter to all states, the Ministry of
conditions for women. Education (MoE) has outlined its definitions of
'literacy' and 'full literacy' as part of the renewed
Additional Information
focus on adult literacy under the New India
Frameworks addressing Women's Safety in India: Literacy Programme (NILP).
Le ga l Framework: What is Literacy and Full Literacy?
• Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace • The MoE defines literacy as the ability to read,
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013: write, and compute with comprehension,

• Based on the Vishakha Guidelines, this act encompassing skills such as identifying,

establishes a framework to create a safe work understanding, interpreting, and creating

environment for women by requiring Internal information, along with essential life skills like

Complaints Committees (ICCs) in organizations digital and financial literacy.

with over 10 employees, defining sexual • Previously, according to Census of India," person
harassment, and setting procedures for filing and aged seven and above, who can both read and
investigating complaints, ensuring protection and write with understanding in any language, is treated
redressal. as literate".
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013:
• To achieve 'full literacy,' a state or Union Territory
• The Act broadened the definition of rape and
(UT) must reach a literacy rate of 95%, which is
introduced new offenses such as stalking,
considered equivalent to 100% literacy.
voyeurism, and acid attacks with specific penalties,
following the Delhi gang rape case. New India Literacy Programme (NILP)
• The subsequent Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, • The NILP is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme set to
2018, imposed stricter penalties, including the run from FY 2022-23
death penalty for rapes involving girls under 12, to 2026-27, with a
and mandated that investigations and trials be financial allocation of
completed within two months each. Rs. 1,037.90 crore.
Pro tec tio n of Ch ildre n f ro m Se xu al Of fe nce s This includes a central
(POCSO) Act, 2012: share of Rs. 700 crore
• It addresses sexual offenses against children and and a state share of
safeguards them from sexual crimes such as Rs. 337.90 crore.
assault, harassment, and pornography, and • The program aims to
imposes stringent penalties, including extended address 5 crore non-literates aged 15 and above.
prison terms and fines, for offenders. • The scheme has five components:
In de ce nt Rep resent at ion of W o men 1) Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
(Prohibition) Act of 1986: 2) Critical Life Skills
• It prohibits the indecent representation of women 3) Vocational Skills Development
in various forms, including advertisements, 4) Basic Education
publications, writings, paintings, figures or in any 5) Continuing Education
other manner and for matters connected therewith • Beneficiaries are identified through door-to-door
or incidental thereto. surveys conducted via a mobile app by surveyors
in states and UTs. Non-literates can also register
directly through the app from any location.

AMIGOS IAS 90
• Teaching materials and resources are available POSHAN Maah
on the DIKSHA platform of NCERT and can be
• Since 2018, September has been designated as
accessed through various mobile apps.
POSHAN Maah to enhance nutritional outcomes
Additionally, alternative modes like TV, radio, and
for children, adolescent girls, pregnant women,
Samajik Chetna Kendras will be utilized to promote
and lactating mothers.
Foundational Literacy and Numeracy.
• The month is marked by a range of activities aimed
Literacy in India at addressing key issues such as antenatal care,
• According to the 2011 Census, India's literacy rate optimal breastfeeding, anaemia, growth
stood at 74%, an increase from 64.8% in 2001. monitoring, girls' education, diet, the right age of
• Despite progress, 25.76 crore individuals aged marriage, hygiene and sanitation, and food
15 and above remain non-literate, including 9.08 fortification.
crore males and 16.68 crore females. • These activities are structured around Social and
• Although the Saakshar Bharat program certified Behavioural Change Communication (SBCC)
7.64 crore individuals as literate between 2009- strategies, following the Jan Andolan Guidelines.
10 and 2017-18, around 18.12 crore adults are SBCC involves the strategic use of communication
still illiterate. techniques to foster changes in knowledge,
attitudes, norms, beliefs, and behaviours related
to nutrition and health.
Rashtriya Poshan Maah
About the news
• The Ministry of Women and Child Development Measures taken by Govt. for
(MoWCD) is celebrating the 7th Rashtriya Poshan LGBTQI+ Community
Maah throughout September 2024.
Why is it in the news?
• This year's event focuses on raising awareness • The Department of Social Justice and
about nutrition and well being across the country Empowerment has called for inputs to enhance
and is supported by Mission Poshan 2.0. the inclusivity and effectiveness of policies and
• The month long Poshan Maah will spotlight initiatives aimed at the LGBTQI+ community.
themes such as Anaemia, Growth Monitoring, and
About LGBTQI+
Complementary Feeding, aiming to intensify efforts
• LGBTQI+ is an umbrella term that encompasses
against malnutrition and promote holistic well
individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual,
being, in line with the Prime Minister's vision of a
transgender, queer, and intersex.
'Suposhit Bharat' (Nutrition rich India).
• This community represents a subset of the broader
category of sexual and gender diverse individuals,
reflecting a wide range of sexual orientations,
gender identities, and expressions (SOGIE) that
span cultures globally.

Various Policy Initiatives for the LGBTQI+ Community

Supreme Court Judgment on Section 377 (2018):
• This landmark ruling decriminalized consensual
same-sex relationships by declaring Section 377
of the Indian Penal Code unconstitutional.
• It affirmed the rights to privacy and equality,
marking a significant victory for LGBTQI+ rights in
India.

AMIGOS IAS 91
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019): Centre orders ration cards for LGBTQIA+ couples
• This Act provides legal recognition to transgender • The Union government has mandated that
individuals and prohibits discrimination in areas LGBTQIA+ couples be treated as members of the
such as education, employment, and healthcare. same household for ration card issuance, with an
• It mandates the establishment of national and advisory issued by the Department of Food and
state-level transgender welfare boards, ensuring Public Distribution.
access to welfare benefits and legal recognition. • Additionally, the Health Ministry has directed States
National Portal for Transgender Persons (2020): and relevant stakeholders to make provisions for
• Launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and LGBTQIA+ partners to claim each other's bodies
Empowerment, this online platform simplifies the when no next of kin is available. It has also
process for transgender individuals to apply for a established guidelines for medical interventions
transgender certificate and identity card, for intersex children and mental health support for
facilitating easier access to legal documentation. the LGBTQIA+ community.
SMILE Scheme (2021): • These measures follow the Supreme Court's
• The "Support for Marginalized Individuals for October 2023 judgment on marriage equality,
Livelihood and Enterprises" scheme offers financial which did not recognize same sex marriages but
assistance and support for livelihood and noted the government's commitment to addressing
enterprise development, specifically including LGBTQIA+ entitlements.
members of the LGBTQI+ community among • The government formed a committee to explore
marginalized individuals. these issues, leading to further discussions and
advisories on social welfare, healthcare, and legal
protections for LGBTQIA+ individuals.
• The Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry
described these actions as interim measures, with
the government also seeking public suggestions
for additional steps.
• Recent clarifications include allowing LGBTQIA+
couples to open joint bank accounts and nominate
each other as beneficiaries.

AMIGOS IAS 92
 8
Mission Mausam NDMA to monitor 189 high-risk
Why is it in the news?
glacial lakes to prevent disasters
• The Union Cabinet has approved 'Mission About the news :
Mausam', with a budget of 2,000 crore over two • In response to recent disasters caused by
years. The mission aims to enhance India's overflowing glacial lakes in the Himalayas, the
weather forecasting capabilities by improving National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
weather surveillance, modelling, and forecasting. has identified 189 "high risk" glacial lakes for
It is designed to benefit critical sectors such as targeted mitigation efforts.
agriculture, aviation, defense, disaster • The National Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Risk
management, tourism, and health. Mitigation Programme, approved on July 25,
About the Mission : outlines several proposed actions, including
• Mission Mausam seeks to cover all aspects of
forming teams to investigate these lakes,
weather and forecasting services in the country.
implementing lake lowering measures to prevent
This initiative follows the 2012 launch of Mission
overflow, and reducing potential damage to
Monsoon, which focused on enhancing long-
downstream areas.
range forecasts.
• The urgency of these measures became evident
• Currently, the India Meteorological Department
after South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim overflowed last
(IMD) achieves about 97.99% accuracy in
October, resulting in the death of at least 40 people
forecasting extreme events like heatwaves 24
and significant damage to the Chungthang dam.
hours in advance, though heavy rainfall forecasts
are accurate only around 80% of the time. • India has nearly 7,500 glacial lakes in the
Himalayas, with around 902 monitored via satellite
• The mission will be led by three institutions funded
as reported in October 2023. However,
by the Ministry of Earth Sciences: the IMD, the
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune, comprehensive assessments require challenging
and the National Centre for Medium-Range site visits, which are feasible only from July to
Weather Forecasting in Noida. September.

• Its goals include providing accurate and timely • This week, the Arunachal Pradesh State Disaster
weather forecasts, issuing alerts and warnings for Management Authority dispatched teams to six
extreme weather events, and developing weather high-risk glacial lakes in Tawang and Dibang Valley
interventions to manage fog, hail, and rainfall. for detailed studies. The programme also includes
Additionally, it aims to enhance capacity building installing automated weather and water level
and training for personnel. monitoring stations and establishing early warning
• Since 2014, there has been a nearly five-fold systems to enhance preparedness and response
increase in radar deployments across the country, capabilities.
including in the Himalayan states.

AMIGOS IAS 93
 • To date, 15 expeditions have been carried out
Mitigation Measures by Government:
• The Indian government has launched a 150 crore
across various regions, including Sikkim, Ladakh,
National Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Risk
Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir.
Mitigation Programme (NGRMP) to manage risks
Additional Information from glacial lakes in the Himalayan region. The
What are Glacial lakes? NGRMP action plan, to be reviewed in a high-level
• Glacial lakes are water bodies formed in inter-departmental meeting, includes four key
depressions carved by glaciers, found in areas components:
with past or present glaciation, and can vary widely • Component 1: Hazard and Risk Assessment -
in size and depth. 15% of the budget will be allocated to creating
• ISRO classifies glacial lakes into four main and updating a glacial lake inventory, focusing on
categories based on their formation: moraine- hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessment.

dammed, ice-dammed, erosion-based, and others. • Component 2: Monitoring and Early Warning
System - 35% of the budget will fund remote
• Glacial lakes contain sediments such as organic
sensing, advanced seismometers, water level
muds, glacial clays, silty clays, and sands, varying
sensors, cameras, and warning systems using
according to their formation process and timing.
smartphones and sirens to monitor and alert
• However, they also pose significant risks,
downstream areas.
specifically of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
• Component 3: Mitigation Measures 40% of the
(GLOFs).
budget will be dedicated to site specific
• GLOFs are sudden, massive floods caused by the
interventions, such as reinforcing moraine dams,
abrupt release of water and sediment from lakes siphoning lake waters, controlled blasting, and
obstructed by natural barriers like moraines or creating artificial drainage channels.
glacier ice, characterized by their extreme
• Co mpo ne nt 4: Awareness and Capacity
volumes, discharges, and sediment transport rates. Building - This component will focus on raising
Causes of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) awareness, developing contingency plans, and
promoting research and development on glacial
• Da m Forma tion : Glacial lakes form in
recession and GLOFs.
depressions created by glacier activity, like rocks,
sediment, and ice. Rising global temperatures Frequent Mass Wasting in Tibet
have accelerated glacier melting, increasing raises concerns for India
GLOF events.
About the news
• Triggering Events: GLOFs are triggered by
• Recent research highlights a worrying trend of
falling ice or rocks, earthquakes, or heavy rainfall
frequent mass wasting events in Tibet's Sedongpu
that weaken or break the natural dams.
Gully since 2017. Mass wasting is the movement
• Global Temperat u res: Increasing global
of rock and soil down slope under the influence of
temperatures weaken ice or sediment barriers,
gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all
raising the likelihood of GLOFs.
examples of mass wasting.
A 2021 study titled 'Locked Houses, Fallow Lands: • The study reveals that over 700 million cubic
Climate Change and Migration in Uttarakhand, meters of debris have been mobilized in this
India', predicts that the hill's annual average region. This increase in landslide activity is
maximum temperature may increase by 1.6-1.9 attributed to a combination of long-term warming
degrees Celsius by 2050. and intense local seismic activity.
• In fra struc ture Develo pme nt : Rapid • The findings, published in the Journal of Rock
infrastructure development in vulnerable areas Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, have
has heightened the risk of GLOFs by increasing raised concerns for downstream areas in India,
exposure to potential hazards. particularly in the northeast.

AMIGOS IAS 94
 • The Sedongpu Gully, located in the catchment More about the news
area of the Sedongpu Glacier and draining into
Uniqueness of the Indian Ocean
the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is experiencing
• The Indian Ocean is renowned for its monsoonal
significant geological disruptions.
circulation and dramatic seasonal wind reversals
• This river, known as the Tsangpo in Tibet, takes a
north of the equator. Its uniqueness extends
sharp turn at the Great Bend near Arunachal
beyond these features due to its 'oceanic tunnels'
Pradesh, eventually merging with the Brahmaputra
that connect it to the Pacific and Southern Oceans.
River. The study indicates that the increased
• The Pacific tunnel supplies a significant influx of
frequency of mass wasting events since 2017
warm water in the upper 500 meters, while the
could have serious implications for the river
Southern Ocean tunnel introduces cooler waters
systems in India and Bangladesh.
below about 1 kilometre.
• Environmental scientists in Assam have expressed
• During the pre-monsoon season, the Arabian Sea
concerns that these landslides could contribute
heats up rapidly as the Sun shifts to the northern
to heightened sedimentation in the Brahmaputra
hemisphere. Although the Bay of Bengal is
River. The addition of large amounts of sediment
generally warmer than the Arabian Sea, it warms
could exacerbate riverbed elevation, increase
further and triggers atmospheric convection and
flood risks, and complicate navigation.
rainfall.
• The study also underscores the potential for future
• The monsoon onset, which starts in mid-May over
catastrophic flash floods, similar to those caused
the Bay of Bengal, leads to significant rainfall
by past landslide induced dam breaches.
across India. The post-monsoon season, known
• Moreover, the research identified 19 major mass-
as the northeast monsoon, also brings
wasting events from satellite imagery, revealing a
considerable precipitation to various states.
surge in activity after 2017. Prior to this period, the
• These wind patterns and variations in sea surface
gully experienced relatively stable conditions with
temperatures play a crucial role in cyclogenesis
few significant events.
throughout the year in the North Indian Ocean.
• The study attributes the recent spike in activity to
They help explain the marked differences in
changes in temperature and seismic disruptions,
cyclone activity between the Arabian Sea and the
including the 2017 Nyingchi earthquake. The
Bay of Bengal.
authors emphasize the need for ongoing
Impact of Climate Change :
monitoring and research to assess the impact of
• Climate change exacerbates the uniqueness of
these geological events on the Brahmaputra and
the Indian Ocean by increasing warming from the
its tributaries, as well as to manage sedimentation
Pacific and Southern Oceans. The Indian Ocean's
effectively.
rapid warming affects heat uptake by the Pacific
Uncommon Cyclones in the and sinking of heavy waters in the North Atlantic.
Arabian Sea • This region is essentially acting as a
clearinghouse for ocean warming, influencing
Why is it in the news?
cyclone for-mation and responses to climate
• The North Indian Ocean is unique for having two
change.
cyclone seasons annually, unlike other
Cyclone frequency and patterns :
cyclogenesis regions that typically have only one.
• Cyclones are relatively rare in the Arabian Sea
This distinctive pattern is influenced by the region's
compared to the Bay of Bengal. During the
climate and oceanic conditions.
monsoon, strong winds and evaporation mix cold
• The North Indian Ocean provides substantial
subsurface waters with surface waters, cooling the
moisture for the summer monsoon, necessitating
Arabian Sea. Strong vertical wind shear further
warm seas for evaporation. Despite these
suppresses cyclone development.
conditions favouring cyclogenesis, it remains the
• Consequently, cyclones in the Arabian Sea are
least active cyclone region globally due to a mix
mainly formed in the pre-monsoon and post-
of inhibiting and promoting factors.

AMIGOS IAS 95
 monsoon seasons, with the number of cyclones • These winds bring significant rainfall to India, with
being about half that of the Bay of Bengal. the monsoon splitting into two arms: one that

• Recent years have seen a decrease in cyclone affects the west coast and another that impacts

frequency, despite a general upward trend since the east and northeastern regions.

2010. • The study highlights how variations in Arctic Sea

The Case of Cyclone Asna : ice affect atmospheric circulations and,
• Cyclone Asna, which formed in August 2023, was consequently, the Indian monsoon.
particularly notable as the first August cyclone in • Lower sea ice levels in the central Arctic lead to
the North Indian Ocean since 1981. It originated reduced rainfall in some parts of India, while high
from a powerful land based depression sea ice levels can enhance Rossby waves-large-
transitioning to the warm Arabian Sea, which is scale air currents that influence weather patterns.
unusual for such cyclones. These enhanced waves can disrupt atmospheric
• Typically, low-pressure systems develop over the stability, leading to increased rainfall in certain
Bay of Bengal and traverse the monsoon zone. regions.
Asna's development was fuelled by soil moisture • In contrast, lower sea ice levels in the Barents-
from prior rainfall and the warm waters of the Kara Sea region create an anticyclonic circulation
northern Arabian Sea. over northwest Europe, affecting the atmospheric
• Despite causing nearly 50 deaths and significant conditions over subtropical Asia. This disruption
damage, Asna dissipated due to the intrusion of contributes to increased rainfall in northeastern
dry desert air. This rare cyclone exemplifies the India while leaving central and northwest regions
surprising and extreme weather patterns drier.
influenced by global warming and shifting climatic • Moreover, Climate change exacerbates these
conditions. effects by accelerating the reduction of Arctic Sea
ice, leading to greater variability in the monsoon.
Study: Changes in level of Arctic Sea According to the study, this variability can result in
ice influence monsoon pat-terns in more frequent and severe droughts in some areas
and excessive rainfall and flooding in others.
India
• Further, the study underscores the need for
Why is it in the news? continued research into climate dynamics to
• Erratic rainfall patterns have become increasingly
improve monsoon forecasts and manage the
common in India, with recent research indicating
impacts of these changing patterns.
that changes in Arctic Sea ice levels play a
significant role in altering the Indian monsoon. Typhoon Yagi
More about the news : Why is it in the news?
• According to a study published in Remote Sensing • Millions in Southeast Asia are grappling with
of Environment, declining sea ice in the central severe impacts from Typhoon Yagi, the strongest
Arctic leads to reduced rainfall in western and tropical cyclone Asia has faced this year and the
peninsular India but increases precipitation in second most powerful globally, following Hurricane
central and northern India. Conversely, reduced Beryl.
sea ice in the Barents-Kara Sea region affects the
• The typhoon has wreaked havoc across several
timing and predictability of the monsoon.
countries, including the Philippines, China, Laos,
• The Indian summer monsoon, spanning from July Myanmar, and Thailand. Vietnam has been the
to September, is influenced by the differential hardest hit, with the death toll there reaching
heating of the Indian landmass and surrounding approximately 233.
oceans. More about the news
• This creates a low-pressure zone at the Tropic of • Tropical cyclones originate over warm ocean
Cancer, drawing moist air from the southwest waters near the equator. When warm, moist air from
across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

AMIGOS IAS 96
 the ocean surface rises, it creates a low-pressure Why Global weather models got
area below. Cooler, higher-pressure air rushes in La Nina predictions wrong
to fill this void, becoming warm and moist itself.
Why is it in the news?
• As this air continues to rise, it cools, leading to the
• La Nina, a phase of the El Nino Southern
formation of clouds and thunderstorms. The storm
Oscillation (ENSO), generally enhances rainfall
system, fuelled by the ocean's heat and evaporated during the southwest monsoon in India. However,
water, gains strength and momentum. it is now too late for La Nina to significantly impact
• Tropical cyclones start as tropical depressions. If this season.
the depression intensifies and reaches sustained • India recorded nearly 16% surplus rainfall in
winds of 39 miles per hour (63 km/h), it becomes a August, and the India Meteorological De-partment
tropical storm. Cyclones with wind speeds of 119 (IMD) has forecasted 109% "above normal" rainfall
km/h and above are classified as hurricanes, for September.
typhoons, or tropical cyclones. • This year, global agencies' predictions for La Niña

• The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale have been notably inaccurate, with a delay in its
onset now apparent. The impact of this delay on
categorizes these storms into five levels, from
upcoming months and the reasons behind the
Category 1 (119 to 153 km/h) to Category 5 (252
incorrect predictions are important to consider.
km/h or higher). Category 3 and above are
Understanding La Nina and ENSO
considered major cyclones due to their potential
• La Niña, which translates to "The Little Girl" in
for severe damage.
Spanish, is a phase of ENSO a key driver of global
• Starting as a tropical storm in the western climate variability.
Philippine Sea on September 1, Typhoon Yagi made • ENSO is characterized by fluctuations in sea
landfall in the Philippines and weakened initially. surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean,
• However, it re-intensified over warm waters in the which disrupt global atmospheric circulation and
South China Sea, reaching Category 3 by influence worldwide weather.
September 4 and Category 5 with peak winds of • ENSO cycles between three phases: warm
260 km/h the following day. It made landfall in (El Nino), cool (La Nina), and neutral.
China's Hainan province on September 6 and later 1) During neutral conditions, the eastern Pacific
in northern Vietnam. Though downgraded to a is cooler than the western Pacific due to trade
tropical depression, it continued to cause heavy winds pushing warmer water westward.

rains and flooding in Myanmar. 2) In the El Niño phase, these trade winds
weaken, leading to warmer waters in the
• While scientists debate the exact impact of climate
eastern Pacific.
change on tropical cyclones, there is consensus
3) Conversely, in the La Niña phase, trade winds
that rising global temperatures are intensifying
strengthen, pushing more water to the western
storms. A study in Climate and Atmospheric
Pacific.
Science found that cyclones in Southeast Asia are
forming closer to coastlines, intensifying rapidly,
and persisting longer over land.
• Moreover, higher sea surface temperatures, up by
0.9°C since 1850 and 0.6°C over the last 40 years,
contribute to stronger storms by increasing
evaporation and heat transfer, leading to more
intense rainfall and flooding.

AMIGOS IAS 97
The Impact of La Niña on Indian Monsoon Implications of the delay for India's Monsoon :
• In India, El Niño typically leads to reduced • The delay in La Niña's onset has affected India's
monsoon rainfall, while La Niña is associated with monsoon season. Typically, La Niña enhances the
enhanced monsoon activity. The previous El Niño southwest monsoon, but since the monsoon is
event lasted from June 2023 to May 2024, and nearing its end and La Niña has not yet emerged,
before that, La Niña persisted from 2020 to 2023. it will have no direct impact on current rainfall
• Moreover, the effects of anthropogenic climate patterns.
change have intensified the impacts of both El • Nonetheless, other factors also influence
Niño and La Niña, contributing to extreme weather monsoon rainfall, and a delayed La Niña does not
events such as high temperatures, heavy rainfall, necessarily indicate a poor monsoon season.
and droughts. India has received 8% more rainfall than normal
Errors in La Niña predictions : since June, with August showing a 16% surplus
• Global weather models initially predicted that La and September forecasted to be 109% above
Niña conditions would emerge around July, normal.
following one of the strongest El Niño events of all • However, there are regional disparities, with
time, which ended in June. By mid-July, it became eastern, northeastern, northern, and northwestern
clear that La Niña's onset would be delayed. states experiencing deficient rainfall, while central
• The National Oceanic and Atmospheric and southern regions have seen more than
Administration (NOAA) initially forecasted a average precipitation.
transition from neutral to La Niña conditions Future Outlook and Potential Impacts
between August and October, while Australia's • If La Niña begins by late September or October, it
Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) maintained a La could influence the northeast monsoon season,
Niña 'watch,' predicting cooler sea surface which runs from October to December and affects
temperatures in the latter part of the year. regions like Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh,
• The IMD had also anticipated that La Niña would Rayalaseema, southern interior Karnataka, and
emerge during the latter part of the monsoon Kerala.
season, forecasting enhanced rainfall for August • Although La Niña typically does not favour
and September based on this expectation. northeast monsoon rainfall, exceptions have
Reasons behind predictive failures : occurred in the past. Since these regions have
• The failure of initial predictions can be attributed already received normal or surplus rainfall during
to several factors. Weak La Niña phases are harder the southwest monsoon, a potential reduction later
to predict compared to stronger ones, as weather in the year may not be concerning.
models are more adept at detecting strong ENSO • Additionally, La Niña years often see increased
phases. cyclone activity in the north Indian Ocean, with
• Additionally, various atmospheric factors, storms potentially being more intense and longer-
including the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)-an lasting. This will be closely monitored by
eastward moving band of rain-bearing winds and meteorologists and officials.
clouds-complicate predictions. • Lastly, past La Niña years have sometimes brought
• ENSO-neutral conditions continue to dominate the colder winters, a trend that might continue.
Pacific Ocean, with the earliest signs of La Niña
now expected by late September or early October,
peaking in November and potentially lasting
through the northern hemisphere winter.

AMIGOS IAS 98
 9

Guru Padmasambhava through manuscripts, relics, paintings, and

Why is it in the news? monuments, to understand his methods of

• The International Buddhist Confederation, in integrating local customs and rituals into Buddha's
collaboration with Nava Nalanda Mahavihara is teachings, and to explore how he adapted Buddha
organizing a two day International Conference on Dhamma to local cultures, making it more
the Life and Living Legacy of Gu ru accessible.
Padmasambhava in Nalanda, Bihar. About Guru Padmasambhava
• Guru Padmasambhava, often revered as the
"Sec ond Buddha ," played a crucial role in
spreading Buddhism throughout Tibet and the
Himalayan regions.
• His name, meaning "Lotus Born," refers to his
miraculous birth from a lotus flower in a lake, which
is said to be located in the Swat Valley of present-
day Pakistan or a mythical region in northwestern
India.
• Padmasambhava introduced Vajrayana Buddhism,
which emphasizes esoteric practices like mantras,
mudras, and visualizations as pathways to
enlightenment.
• He is credited with teaching various forms of

More about the news meditation and passing down secret tantric
teachings that are foundational to Tibetan
Abou t the Conf eren ce
Buddhism, especially within the Nyingma school,
• The conference will focus on various themes
which considers him its founding master.
related to Guru Padmasambhava, including his
• Padmasambhava is known for hiding spiritual
biographical insights and mythology, teachings of
treasures, or termas, across Tibet and surrounding
Vajrayana Buddha Dhamma and Tantra, his
areas for future generations to discover. His life
cultural and artistic contributions, his travels and
and achievements are celebrated in numerous
regional impact, and his contemporary relevance.
texts, and he is frequently depicted in thangka
• The objectives are to celebrate Guru
paintings, sculptures, and religious artwork
Padmasambhava's diverse Dhamma legacy
throughout the Himalayan region.

AMIGOS IAS 99
• Guru Rinpoche's Day, observed on the 10th day • Published in the Journal of Archaeological
of the lunar month, honours his lasting influence Science, the study reveals that the Sabarmati River
through prayers, meditation, and rituals performed once flowed by Lothal, is now 20 kilometres from
by devotees across the Himalayan region. its current course.
• The research also identifies an ancient travel route
The Munich Agreement and its
connecting Ahmedabad to Dholavira through
role in the outbreak of WW-II
Lothal, the Nal Sarovar wetland, and the Little Rann
About the news of Kutch, underscoring Lothal's strategic position
• On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded in trade.
Poland, marking the start of World War II, the
• The study, titled 'Sabarmati and its connection with
deadliest military conflict in history involving about
the Harappan port Lothal and the Nal corridor,'
100 million people from 30 countries. Great Britain
was conducted by the researchers utilizing
and France declared war on Germany and its
satellite imagery and digital elevation models, and
allies on September 3, having pledged support to
Poland. identified old river channels that align with Lothal's
location during the Harappan period, supporting
• The invasion highlighted the failure of the Munich
Agreement, signed less than a year earlier, which the dockyard theory.
is often seen as a disastrous act of appeasement • According to the study, the traders could have
toward Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime. travelled by boat from Lothal to Dholavira within
• The agreement stemmed from the Sudeten crisis, two days, facilitating trade between Gujarat and
where Hitler threatened war unless the German- Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq). The study also
majority Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia was suggests that traders arrived in Gujarat via the Gulf
ceded to Germany. of Khambhat, possibly stopping at Ratanpura for
• Following the Munich Agreement on September materials.
29-30, 1938, German troops occupied the • Researchers used 19th-century topographic
Sudetenland from October 1 to 10.
maps, satellite imagery, and 3D digital elevation
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
models to trace ancient river paths and
supported the agreement, believing it would
geomorphic changes over the past 150 years. This
maintain peace in Europe, famously calling it a
technology allowed them to efficiently identify and
declaration of "peace with honour." However,
verify potential sites, reducing the need for
Czechoslovakia, which was not a signatory, was
extensive ground surveys.
pressured into accepting the terms. Czechoslovak
leaders expressed dismay over their September 12 observed as
abandonment.
Saragarhi Day
• Despite the agreement, within six months, Hitler
violated its terms and invaded the rest of
About the news :
• September 12 commemorates the 127 th
Czechoslovakia, escalating tensions and paving
the way for further conflict. anniversary of the Battle of Saragarhi, recognized
as one of the most remarkable last stands in military
New Study validates dockyard at history. On this day in 1897, 21 soldiers from the
Lothal, Gujarat, in Harappan 36th Sikh Regiment (now 4 Sikh) faced over 8,000
Civilization Afridi and Orakzai tribal militants and valiantly
About the news defended their post for seven hours.
• A recent study by the Indian Institute of Technology- • Despite being heavily outnumbered, they
Gandhinagar (IITGn) provides new evidence managed to kill 200 militants and injure 600 before
confirming the existence of a dockyard at Lothal, ultimately succumbing. Havildar Ishar Singh led
Gujarat, during the Harappan Civilization.

AMIGOS IAS 100

 the troops, showcasing extraordinary bravery • The intricately designed red sandstone gateway,
under dire circumstances. unveiled in December 2022, is a full-scale
• Saragarhi was a critical communication tower reproduction of the original, standing nearly 10
linking Fort Lockhart and Fort Gulistan in the North meters high, 6 meters wide, and weighing
West Frontier Province (now Pakistan). On approximately 150 tonnes.
September 12, 1897, it was manned by just 21 About the Great Stupa of Sanchi :
soldiers and a non-combatant, Daad, who • The Great Stupa of Sanchi, commissioned by
performed support tasks. Emperor Ashoka in the third century BCE, is the

• Saragarhi was crucial in maintaining largest and oldest structure in a complex of

communication between the two forts, which Buddhist monuments in Sanchi.

housed British troops and their families. • This site features various stupas, temples, and

• The battle began when a sentry spotted a massive monasteries, with some structures added as late

tribal army approaching. Despite requests for as the twelfth century CE.

reinforcement, the supply lines were cut, leaving • The stupa is believed to enshrine the Buddha's
the defenders isolated. relics and was constructed under the guidance of

• Sepoy Gurmukh Singh managed communications Ashoka's wife, Devi, with support from Vidisha's

through Morse code, but the message to hold mercantile community.

position came with no support. The soldiers, • The stupa's most recognizable features are its
knowing they were likely to face death, resolved ornamental gateways, or toranas, constructed in
to fight until the end. the first century BCE during the Satavahana

• In addition to being vastly outnumbered, the dynasty.

soldiers had limited ammunition, with only 400 • These gateways consist of two square pillars
rounds per man. The heliograph communication supporting a superstructure of three curved
system, typically operated by three men, was architraves, adorned with intricate bas-reliefs
handled by Sepoy Gurmukh Singh alone due to a depicting scenes from the Buddha's life and
shortage of personnel. This added to the Buddhist iconography.
overwhelming challenges faced by the defenders. • The East Gate is particularly notable in Europe
• Queen Victoria awarded the 21 deceased soldiers due to historical circumstances. The Sanchi site,
posthumously with the Indian Order of Merit, along discovered in ruins by British officer Henry Taylor
with land and monetary compensation. in 1818, was formally excavated by Alexander

• Saragarhi Day is now observed annually on Cunningham in 1851.

September 12, a public holiday in Punjab. The • Restoration efforts, led by ASI director-general John
memory of the battle is preserved through Marshall in the 1910s with support from the
memorials and gurdwaras, and the Khyber Scouts begums of Bhopal, followed years of looting and
regiment of Pakistan honours the site. The battle amateur excavation.
has also been depicted in popular media, • Plaster casts of the East Gate were made by
including the film Kesari. Lieutenant Henry Hardy Cole in the late 1860s for
the Victoria and Albert Museum, with multiple
Great Stupa of Sanchi: The story copies displayed across Europe.
from Ashokan times to now
• The Berlin replica, unveiled in 2022, is based on
Why is it in the news? these original casts, created using 3D scanning,
• External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visited the modern robotics, and skilled craftsmanship.
replica of the East Gate of Sanchi's Great Stupa
• The East Gate's architraves represent the seven
displayed in front of the Humboldt Forum Museum
Manushi Buddhas, the Great Departure of Prince
in Berlin.

AMIGOS IAS 101

 Siddhartha, and Emperor Ashoka's visit to the Dravida Nadu, uniting Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu,
Bodhi tree. The gate features decorative elements and Kannada speakers under a shared Dravidian
like the shalabhanjika, elephants, winged lions, identity. Periyar's legacy is deeply ingrained in
and peacocks. Tamil culture and politics. To many Tamils, he
represents an ideology centred on social equality,
Periyar: The Significance of the self-respect, and linguistic pride.
iconoclast social reformer
• His reforms addressed social, cultural, and
Why is it in the news? gender inequalities, advocating for women's
• On September 17, Chennai commemorated the independence, equal employment rights, and the
146th birth anniversary of rationalist social abolition of ritualistic marriage practices.
reformer Periyar E.V. Ramasamy.
• Periyar also promoted the idea of abandoning
Periyar and his contributions :
caste identifiers and encouraged inter-dining
• Born in 1879, Periyar is celebrated for his role in
practices with food cooked by Dalits. His impact
the Self-Respect Movement, which aimed to
transcends political and religious boundaries,
restore the dignity and self-respect of Tamils. He
earning him the title of Thanthai Periyar, the revered
was also the founder of the Dravidar Kazhagam
father of modern Tamil Nadu.
(DK) and advocated for a Dravida Nadu, a
homeland for Dravidian-speaking peoples. Thanjavur Veena
• Periyar's political journey began with the Congress Why is it in the news?
party in his hometown of Erode, where he initially • Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, is celebrated for its
sought reform. However, his disagreements with production of the Veena, which holds the distinction
Gandhi over separate dining facilities for Brahmin of being the first musical instrument in India to
and non-Brahmin students at a Congress- receive a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
supported school led him to resign from the party
About Thanjavur Veena
in 1925.
• The Thanjavur Veena, specifically the Saraswati
• He then aligned himself with the Justice Party and
Veena, is a classical
the Self-Respect Movement, which opposed
stringed musical instrument
Brahmin dominance in social and bureaucratic
that received its GI tag in
spheres. His activism was further amplified during
2012. Crafted primarily
the Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924, where he, along
from jackfruit wood, the
with his wife, was arrested twice for demanding
Veena is renowned for its
lower caste individuals' rights to access public
exceptional resonance and
paths in front of the Vaikom temple.
tonal quality.
• In the 1920s and 30s, Periyar challenged the
• The crafting of the
conservative elements of the Congress party and
Thanjavur Veena involves
the broader national movement, positioning Tamil
several meticulous steps. The wood is cut, carved,
identity as an egalitarian ideal free from caste
shaped, and assembled, a process that typically
biases.
takes about 15 to 20 days to complete.
• He contended that caste was an external
• The instrument comprises three main parts:
imposition by Aryan Brahmins from Northern India
the resonator (kudam), the neck (dandi), and the
and opposed the Congress Ministry's imposition
tuning box. In addition to the Saraswati Veena, there
of Hindi in the 1930s, viewing it as an assault on
are other variations, including the Rudra Veena
Tamil identity.
and Vichitra Veena, used in Hindustani classical
• Periyar's establishment of the Dravidar Kazhagam
music, and the Chitra Veena, which is also used in
in the 1940s further emphasized his vision of a
Carnatic classical music.

AMIGOS IAS 102

 10
DEFENCE monitor and respond to marine oil pollution
incidents.
Maritime Rescue Coordination • It also serves as a training hub, providing practical
Centre instruction on pollution response techniques to
Why is it in the news? various organizations and personnel from allied
• The Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh recently countries.
inaugurated the new Indian Coast Guard (ICG) About the Coast Guard Air Enclave (CGAE) :
Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre in Chennai, • The CGAE enhances maritime security along the
Tamil Nadu. In addition, he virtually launched the Puducherry and South Tamil Nadu coast.
Regional Marine Pollution Response Centre • It is equipped with Chetak and Advanced Light
(RMPRC) in Chennai and the Coast Guard Air Helicopter Squadrons, both of which are
Enclave (CGAE) in Puducherry. indigenously built.
About the Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre • These helicopters support maritime patrols,
(MRCC) : Search and Rescue missions, and other operations
• The MRCC is designed to enhance the from both land and sea.
coordination and effectiveness of maritime rescue
operations, particularly for mariners and fishermen
AWARDS
in distress.
Hayao Miyazaki wins Magsaysay
• It features state of the art distress monitoring
systems, including terrestrial and satellite
Award
technologies, as well as advanced communication Why is it in the news?
tools for managing realtime alerts. • Hayao Miyazaki has received the 2024 Ramon
• The Centre is staffed by highly trained ICG Magsaysay Award for his contributions to the arts
personnel specializing in Search and Rescue and his profound impact on audiences across
operations, ensuring swift responses during Asia.
emergencies. • Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman praised
About the Regional Marine Pollution Response Centre Miyazaki's films like "My Neighbor Totoro" and
(RMPRC) "Kiki's Delivery Service" for their universal appeal.
• The RMPRC, located at Chennai Port, is India's More about the news :
first facility dedicated to managing responses to • Born in Tokyo in 1941, Miyazaki's childhood was
marine pollution, especially oil and chemical spills marked by WWII's devastation, influencing his
in the Indian Ocean Region. future work. Miyazaki began his career in
• Announced by Shri Rajnath Singh at the Indo- animation in 1963, contributing to projects such
ASEAN meeting in Cambodia on November 22, as "Future Boy Conan" and "The Wonderful World
2022, the Centre operates around the clock to of Puss 'n Boots."

AMIGOS IAS 103

• In 1985, Miyazaki co founded Studio Ghibli with • Indian women made a notable impact, winning 11
Isao Takahata and Toshio Suzuki, achieving medals, including one in mixed team events. Track
commercial success with films like "Kiki's Delivery events, traditionally a weak area, saw significant
Service." progress with Preethi Pal earning bronze in the
• "Spirited Away" (2001) won the Academy Award 100m and 200m T35 sprints, and Deepthi Jeevanji
for Best Animated Feature, though Miyazaki and Simran also securing bronze in the 400m T20
refused to attend the ceremony due to his anti-war and 200m T12.
stance. • Kapil Parmar added a new sport to India's medal
• Miyazaki's films often explore themes of pacifism, list with a bronze in blind judo.
environmentalism, and the impact of technology,
reflecting his personal values and concerns. His
films feature independent and well-developed
female characters, inspired by his mother and free
from stereotypical portrayals.
• Miyazaki's portrayal of children blends innocence
with maturity, contrasting with typical anime
depictions. Miyazaki has criticized the modern
anime industry for focusing on superficial trends,
emphasizing the importance of genuine, real-life
experiences.
• China continued its Paralympic dominance,
Ramon Magsaysay Award :
securing 220 medals in total, comprising 94 gold,
• Established in 1957, the Ramon Magsaysay Award
76 silver, and 50 bronze. This marks their sixth
is Asia's highest honour, celebrating exceptional
consecutive top finish since Athens 2004. Their
service to the people of Asia. It is presented
success was particularly evident in Para Swimming
annually on August 31st, coinciding with the
and Para Athletics, where they won 103 medals.
birthday of Ramon Magsaysay, the third President
of the Philippines. • France finished 8th in the medal tally with 19 golds
and a total of 75 medals, up from their 14th place in
• Recipients receive a certificate, a medallion
Tokyo with 11 golds and 55 medals.
featuring Magsaysay's image, and a cash prize.
• The strong home support played a crucial role,
The award is widely regarded as Asia's equivalent
to the Nobel Prize. especially in events like blind football and
badminton, where the enthusiastic French crowd
• Initially, the award had six categories: Government
significantly boosted their athletes.
Service, Public Service, Community Leadership,
Journalism, Literature and Creative • Nearly 2.5 million tickets were sold, with over 90%

Communication Arts, Peace and International bought by French residents, reflecting strong local

Understanding, and Emergent Leadership. engagement with the Games.

• However, post 2009, the Ramon Magsaysay OTHERS

Award is no longer being given in fixed Award
categories, except for Emergent Leadership. Study: Chile's Atacama salt flat
Paris Paralympics 2024 sinking due to lithium mining
About the news About the news :
• The Paris Paralympics concluded with India • A recent study reveals that Chile's Atacama salt
achieving a historic best of 29 medals, including flat is sinking by 1 to 2 centimetres per year as a
7 gold, 9 silver, and 13 bronze landing in 18th result of lithium brine extraction.
place. This surpasses their previous record of 19 • The research, published in IEEE Transactions on
medals and 5 golds from Tokyo 2020, where they Geoscience and Remote Sensing, was conducted
placed 24th.

AMIGOS IAS 104

 by the University of Chile. It noted that the growth of sports in India and contribute to nation-
subsidence is most pronounced in the southwest building.
part of the salt flat, where lithium mining is • Eligible participants are retired athletes aged 20-
concentrated. 50 with notable achievements at international,
• Lithium, often referred to as "white gold," is crucial national, or state levels. The programme will be
for rechargeable batteries used in electronics and offered at two educational levels: Class 12th and
electric vehicles. Despite its importance in above, and Class 11th and below.
combating climate change, lithium mining has • Led by the Lakshmibai National Institute of
severe environmental impacts, particularly in Physical Education (LNIPE), the RESET Programme
Chile, a major producer. will combine self-paced online learning with on-
• The study used satellite data from 2020 to 2023 to ground training and internships.
assess deformations in the Earth's crust, showing • Internships will be available in sports
significant subsidence in areas with intensive organizations, training camps, and leagues, with
lithium brine extraction. This occurs because the placement assistance and entrepreneurial
rate of brine extraction exceeds the natural guidance provided upon course completion.
recharge of aquifers, leading to ground
subsidence. SHe-Box portal
• The mining process, which involves pumping salt- Why is it in the news?
rich water to the surface and evaporating it to • The Union Minister
extract lithium, requires substantial amounts of of Women and Child
fresh water. In the Atacama Desert, it takes about Development has
2,000 tons of water to produce one ton of lithium. launched the new
• This depletion affects local communities and SHe-Box portal.
wildlife, leaving them without essential water About the portal
resources. Additionally, chemicals used in lithium • The SHe-Box portal
extraction, such as sulfuric acid and sodium is a centralized
hydroxide, contaminate soil and water, harming platform designed to
ecosystems and threatening species. register and monitor
• Further, a 2022 study highlighted that the decline complaints of sexual
in water levels caused by lithium mining has led to harassment at the
a decrease in flamingo populations in the Atacama workplace.
region, as fewer flamingos are able to reproduce • It aims to streamline the complaint process, offering
due to the environmental changes. a common platform to file grievances, track their

RESET Programme status, and ensure timely processing by Internal

Committees (ICs) and Local Committees (LCs)
Why is it in the news? across both government and private sectors. The
• On National Sports Day (August 29th), the Union portal also provides real-time monitoring through
Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports unveiled the a designated nodal officer.
"Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training"
• The launch aligns with the Government of India's
(RESET) Programme in New Delhi.
broader vision for "Viksit Bharat " by 2047,
More about the news emphasizing women-led development as a key
• The initiative is designed to enhance the career
driver of inclusive economic growth.
prospects of retired athletes by providing them with
• This initiative supports the Sexual Harassment of
essential skills and knowledge, boosting their
Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and
employability.
Redressal) Act, 2013, which seeks to protect
• It aims to bridge generational gaps by harnessing
women from workplace harassment and address
the experience of retired athletes to benefit aspiring
their grievances effectively.
sportspeople. Further, the initiative will support the

AMIGOS IAS 105

 • He adeptly reinterpreted Adi Shankara's
Latest ILO study links AI to dip in
philosophy for contemporary audiences,
labour income defending Hinduism against what he perceived
About the news as uninformed Western criticisms.
• The International Labour Organisation's (ILO) • In addition to his philosophical contributions,
recent report, "World Employment and Social Radhakrishnan made significant strides in
Outlook: September 2024 Update," highlights a academia. By the 1920s, he had established
troubling stagnation in global labour income and himself as a prominent scholar, holding esteemed
a rise in inequality, attributing part of this decline positions such as the King George V Chair at
to the impact of artificial intelligence (AI). Calcutta University and vice-chancellor roles at
• The study, which analyzed technological Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.
innovations over the past two decades in 36 • He also served as the Spalding Chair of Eastern
countries, found that while these innovations have Religion and Ethics at Oxford University. His
boosted labour productivity and output, they have academic prowess earned him a knighthood in
also contributed to a decreased share of labour 1931.
income.
• Radhakrishnan's dedication to teaching and his
• The ILO warns that without stronger policy deep personal connections with his students were
interventions, the decline in labour income could well-known. He valued the teaching profession
continue. The report emphasizes that the benefits highly, often stating that "teachers should be the
of technological advancements need to be best minds in the country."
broadly shared to mitigate inequality.
• Upon becoming the Vice President and later the
• It also notes slow progress toward key Sustainable President of India, Radhakrishnan's former
Development Goals (SDGs) as their 2030 deadline students wished to celebrate his birthday.
approaches.
• However, he declined personal celebrations and
• The report reveals a 0.6 percentage point instead suggested that his birthday be used to
decrease in the global labour income share from honour teachers across the nation. This gesture
2019 to 2022, with nearly 40% of this decline marked the beginning of the tradition of celebrating
occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teachers' Day on September 5.
• According to ILO Deputy Director-General,
countries need to implement policies promoting Controversy over Mumbai's salt pans
equitable economic distribution, including support Why is it in the news?
for freedom of association and collective • The Centre has approved the transfer of 256 acres
bargaining, to ensure inclusive growth. of Mumbai's salt pan land to Dharavi
Redevelopment Project Pvt Ltd (DRPPL), a joint
India celebrates Teachers' Day on venture between Adani Realty Group and the
September 5 Maharashtra government.
About the news • This land is set for rental housing for slum dwellers,
• India celebrates Teachers' Day annually on but the move has drawn criticism from
September 5 in honour of Sarvepalli Radha- environmentalists, who argue that it could harm
krishnan, whose birth anniversary falls on this date. the ecosystem.
• Radhakrishnan, a distinguished philosopher and More about the news :
educator, played a pivotal role in shaping modern • Salt pan lands are low-lying areas where seawater
Hindu thought and bridging the gap between evaporates, leaving behind salt and minerals, and
Eastern and Western philosophies. are crucial for flood prevention in Mumbai.
• As one of the leading figures in 20th-century Indian • Classified under CRZ-1B by the Coastal
philosophy, Radhakrishnan was a staunch Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification of 2011, these
advocate of the non-dualist Advaita Vedanta areas are protected except for salt extraction and
tradition.

AMIGOS IAS 106

 natural gas exploration. Mumbai has 5,378 acres collectors, with payment managed by fintech
of salt pan land, with about 1,672 acres deemed companies. Non-GNSS vehicles in these lanes will
developable. incur double the toll as a penalty.
• The drive to develop these lands stems from • Initially, GNSS and FASTag systems will operate
Mumbai's land scarcity and the need for affordable concurrently. Eventually, all lanes will transition to
housing. GNSS. FASTag, using Radio Frequency
• However, environmentalists warn that Identification (RFID), has been mandatory for toll
construction on salt pans could worsen flooding payments since February 2021.
in Mumbai's eastern suburbs, as these lands • By March 2024, FASTag accounted for over 98%
absorb excess rainwater and manage tidal flows. of toll payments at 1,200 plazas covering 45,000
They also support diverse flora and fauna. km of National Highways and expressways.

GNSS-Based toll collection system Port Blair renamed as Sri Vijaya

Why is it in the news? Puram
• The government plans to implement a new Global Why is it in the news?
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for toll • Port Blair, the capital city of the Andaman and
collection by April 2025. Vehicles equipped with Nicobar Islands, will now be renamed 'Sri Vijaya
GNSS will be able to travel up to 20 km in each Puram', as announced by Union Home Minister.
direction daily on national highways and • He explained that the change reflects Prime
expressways for free. Minister Narendra Modi's vision of removing
• Unlike the current FASTag system, which charges colonial legacies, with the new name symbolizing
fixed amounts for specific distances, GNSS will the victories achieved in India's freedom struggle
charge users based on the actual distance and acknowledging the unique role of the A&N
travelled, tracked via satellite.
Islands in that history.
More about the news :
More about the news :
• The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
• The city of Port Blair was originally named after
(MoRTH) has updated the National Highways Fee
Archibald Blair, a naval surveyor and lieutenant in
(Determination of Rates and Collection) Rules,
the Bombay Marine, who conducted a
2008, to incorporate GNSS-based tolling. This
comprehensive survey of the Andaman Islands.
includes designating specific lanes for GNSS and
mandating its use. • Blair, who joined the Bombay Marine in 1771,
embarked on a survey mission in 1779 along the
• On July 2, the Indian Highways Management
Company Ltd (IHMCL) issued a tender for coasts of India, Iran, and Arabia. His work included
constructing GNSS lanes at toll plazas, with the surveying the Andamans, where he initially named
process currently ongoing. Pilot studies for GNSS the natural harbour as Port Cornwallis in honour
have been completed on the Bengaluru-Mysuru of Commodore William Cornwallis.
section of NH-275 in Karnataka and the Panipat- • Later, the harbour was renamed Port Blair. Blair's
Hisar section of NH-709 in Haryana. detailed report on his findings was well-received
• GNSS will allow for toll collection without vehicle by the East India Company (EIC), which soon
stoppage at toll booths, thereby reducing decided to colonize the islands for strategic
congestion and delays. Vehicles will need a non- purposes, including protection against Malay
transferable "on-board unit" (OBU), which might pirates and as a refuge for shipwrecked people.
eventually be factory-fitted in new vehicles. The islands also became a penal colony with
• GNSS lanes will feature advanced signage, convicts being transported there.
markings, and lighting to ensure smooth traffic flow. • In December 1792, the colony was relocated to
As vehicles pass through GNSS lanes, the OBU Port Cornwallis, but this settlement struggled due
will send distance and time stamps to toll to disease and was abandoned in 1796.

AMIGOS IAS 107

 • The 1857 Revolt led to the establishment of Port used to produce LFP batteries, which made up
Blair as a penal colony once again, where many over 40% of global EV capacity in 2023, up from
convicts, including freedom fighters such as Veer just 6% in 2020.
Damodar Savarkar, endured harsh conditions. • LFP batteries are gaining market share from nickel-
• A significant cellular jail, known as Kaala Paani, based NMC and NCA batteries due to their lower
was built in 1906 to house political prisoners. Blair, cost and improved safety, despite their lower
having returned to England in 1795, later energy density.
presented an account of the Andaman Islands to
• In India, which consumes 10.5-11 million tonnes
the Royal Society of London in 1799.
of DAP annually, over half is imported. Further, it
• Historically, some records suggest a connection
also imports phosphoric acid and rock phosphate
between Port Blair and the imperial Cholas. The
to produce DAP and other phosphorus-containing
Andaman Islands were strategically used by 11th
fertilizers.
century Chola emperor Rajendra I during his
• In 2022-23, India imported 6.7 million tonnes of
campaign against Srivijaya, located in present-day
DAP, 2.7 million tonnes of phosphoric acid, and
Indonesia.
3.9 million tonnes of rock phosphate, totalling over
• An inscription from Thanjavur, dated to 1050 CE,
$10 billion in imports. With phosphoric acid
referred to the island as Ma-Nakkavaram land,
increasingly used in LFP batteries-primarily in
possibly influencing the modern name Nicobar
China, which supplies a significant amount of DAP
under the British.
to India-the availability for fertilizers is reduced,
• Historians, including Herman Kulke in
creating a food versus cars dilemma.
"Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa" (2010), view the
Chola invasion of Srivijaya as a significant event • China, which produced two-thirds of EVs with LFP
in India's interaction with Southeast Asia. batteries in 2023, is a major supplier of DAP to

• Scholars suggest various motivations for this India and a leading exporter of phosphatic

campaign, including disrupting Srivijaya's trade fertilizers. As more phosphoric acid is diverted to
or expanding Chola influence. battery production, the supply of fertilizers could

• After defeating Srivijaya, Rajendra I captured King diminish, impacting global markets.

Sangrama Vijayottunggavarman and looted • India's DAP imports dropped significantly from
treasures, including the Vidhyadara Torana, a April-August 2024 due to export restrictions from
jewelled war gate of Srivijaya. China. This decline in imports has led to reduced
sales of DAP, with a 20.5% fall in the kharif season
The Food vs. Cars dilemma compared to the previous year.
Why is it in the news? • The government's fixed retail price for DAP has
• The "food versus fuel" debate is well-known in the led to losses for companies, making it financially
context of using crops for ethanol and biodiesel, unfeasible to import and sell DAP. Consequently,
but a new "food versus cars" dilemma is emerging firms are shifting towards complex fertilizers with
due to increased use of phosphoric acid. lower phosphorus content.
• This acid, a key ingredient in di-ammonium
• Despite this, the lack of domestic rock phosphate
phosphate (DAP)-India's second most con-sumed
and other critical inputs necessitates securing raw
fertilizer after urea-is now also crucial in the
material supplies through international
production of lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP)
partnerships. Indian companies have established
batteries for electric vehicles (EVs).
phosphoric acid production facilities in Senegal,
More about the news
Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia, and more such
• DAP relies on phosphoric acid, derived from rock
ventures may be needed to ensure future fertilizer
phosphate ore treated with sulphuric acid, to
supply stability.
provide phosphorus, which is vital for early crop
growth stages. Meanwhile, phosphoric acid is also

AMIGOS IAS 108

 The Impact of Climate Change on rainfall events could occur 1.7 times per decade
and be 14% wetter.
flooding worldwide
• In Europe, a 3°C temperature rise could lead to 48
About the news billion in annual flood damages by 2100 and triple
• Climate change is increasingly impacting flooding
the number of people exposed to flooding.
worldwide, with severe weather events becoming
more common. Recent flooding in Europe, Anti-Naxal Operation in
including Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Dantewada, Chhattisgarh
Romania, has forced widespread evacuations due
Why is it in the news?
to heavy rainfall. This pattern extends globally, with
• In a significant anti-Naxal operation, security
record rainfall in the UAE and Oman, deadly floods
forces killed nine Maoists in the forests along the
in Kenya, and extensive flooding in Brazil,
border of Dantewada, Chhattisgarh. This action is
displacing over half a million people.
part of ongoing efforts to dismantle Naxalite
• Coastal flooding is driven by tides and winds, but influence in the region.
river, groundwater, and flash floods are linked to
Anti-Naxal Operation in Dantewada
intense rainfall. Rising temperatures from fossil fuel
• Dantewada, located in the Bastar region of
emissions are making heavy rainfall events more
Chhattisgarh, is known for its persistent Naxal
frequent and severe.
(Maoist) insurgency. The area's dense forests and
• Since pre-industrial times, global temperatures rugged terrain have made it a stronghold for
have risen by about 1.3°C, resulting in more intense Naxalite cadres, prompting numerous anti-Naxal
rainfall. Higher temperatures also shift operations over the years.
precipitation from snow to rain, increasing flood
Key Anti-Naxal Operations
risks in high-altitude areas.
• Operation Gre yho unds (1989 - Ongoing):
• A 2022 study found that in snowy regions of the A specialized force aimed at combating Naxal
Northern Hemisphere, rainfall extremes have insurgency in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
increased by 15% per 1°C of warming. • Ope ra tion Gree n Hu nt (200 9 - On go ing):
• Climate change is altering rainfall patterns by Aimed at flushing out Naxalite insurgents from their
increasing the frequency of heavy downpours. At strongholds in the "Red Corridor."
a 1.5°C temperature rise, extreme precipitation • Operation Thunderst orm (20 10): Targeted
events could occur 1.5 times per decade and be Naxal cadres in the dense forests of Lalgarh, West
10% wetter. Bengal.
• Europe saw a 7% increase in rainfall last year, • Ope ra ti o n Oct opus (2 0 14): Focused on
with several countries experiencing record- eliminating Maoist influence in the Sukma district
breaking precipitation and floods. of Chhattisgarh.
• Flooding affects about 1.8 billion people globally, • Ope ra tio n All Ou t (2 015 - Ongoin g): A
with Europe having the highest risk, especially coordinated offensive against Naxalites in
Germany, France, and the Netherlands. In 2023, a Jharkhand and Bihar.
third of Europe's rivers experienced high flood • Operation Samadhan (2017 - Ongoing): A
levels. comprehensive strategy addressing both security
• Most high-risk populations live in low- and middle- and developmental issues to combat Left-Wing
income countries, with rapid urbanization Extremism (LWE).
contributing to increased flood risk. Since 1985, • Operation Prahar (2017 - Ongoing): Aimed
the number of people in high flood-risk areas has at eliminating top Maoist leaders and dismantling
risen by 122%. support networks in the Bastar region.
• Looking ahead, the risk of extreme flooding will • Operation Monsoon (2018): Targeted Maoist
continue to rise if global warming persists. The groups during the monsoon season when their
IPCC predicts that at 2°C of warming, extreme activities are typically restricted.

AMIGOS IAS 109

 PRELIMS & MAINS QUESTIONS (October 2024 Magazine)

PRELIMS
Which of the statements given above is/are
1) Under which Schedule of the Constitution of correct?
India can the transfer of tribal land to private (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
parties for mining be declared null and void? (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(2019)
(a) Third Schedule b) Fifth Schedule 5) With reference to the Delimitation Commission
(c) Ninth Schedule d) Twelfth Schedule consider the following statements: (2012)
1) The orders of the Delimitation Commission
2) Which of the following are the objectives of
cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
'National Nutrition Mission'? (2017)
1) To create awareness relating to malnutrition 2) When the orders of the Delimitation

among pregnant women and lactating Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or
mothers. State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect
2) To reduce the incidence of anaemia among any modification in the orders.
young children, adolescent girls and women. Which of the statements given above is/are
3) To promote the consumption of millets, coarse correct?
cereals and unpolished rice. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
4) To promote the consumption of poultry eggs. (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Select the correct answer using the code given
6) According to India's National Policy on Biofuels,
below:
which of the following can be used as raw
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 only
materials for the production of biofuels? (2020)
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only
1) Cassava
3) Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part 2) Damaged wheat grains
of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of 3) Groundnut seeds
the following in the Constitution of India
4) Horse gram
correctly and appropriately imply the above
5) Rotten potatoes
statement? (2018)
a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd 6) Sugar beet
Amendment to the Constitution. Select the correct answer using the code given
b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State below:
Policy in Part IV. a) 1,2,5 and 6 only b) 1,3,4 and 6 only
c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in c) 2,3,4 and 5 only d) 1,2,3,4,5 and 6
Part III.
7) Who among the following can join the National
d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th
Pension System (NPS)? (2017)
Amendment to the Constitution.
a) Resident Indian citizens only
4) With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only
the following statements: (2021)
c) All State Government employees joining the
1) Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India
services after the date of notification by the
can be called back to sit and act as a
respective State Governments
Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of
d) All Central Government employees including
India with the prior permission of the President
those of Armed Forces joining the services
of India.
on or after 1st April, 2004
2) A High Court in India has the power to review
its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.

AMIGOS IAS 110

 b) The UNEP Secretariat
8) Which of the following gives 'Global Gender Gap
Index' ranking to the countries of the world? c) The UNFCCC Secretariat
(2017) d) The World Meteorological Organisation
a) World Economic Forum
14) Consider the following: (2012)
b) UN Human Rights Council
1) Black-necked crane
c) UN Women
2) Cheetah
d) World Health Organization
3) Flying squirrel
9) Inclusive growth as enunciated in the Eleventh 4) Snow leopard
Five Year Plan does not include one of the Which of the above are naturally found in India?
following: (2010) a) 1, 2 and 3 only b) 1, 3 and 4 only
a) Reduction of poverty c) 2 and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
b) Extension of employment opportunities
15) Consider the following pairs: (2018)
c) Strengthening of capital market
1) Catalonia - Spain
d) Reduction of gender inequality
2) Crimea - Hungary
10) Local self-government can be best explained as 3) Mindanao - Philippines
an exercise in: (2017) 4) Oromia - Nigeria
a) Federalism Which of the pairs given above are correctly
b) Democratic decentralization matched?
c) Administrative delegation a) 1, 2 and 3 b) 3 and 4 only
d) Direct democracy c) 1 and 3 only d) 2 and 4 only

11) Which one of the following is likely to be the 16) Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of
most inflationary in its effect? (2021) global community over space and time as a geo-
a) Repayment of public debt strategically significant region. Which among the
b) Borrowing from the public to finance a budget following is the most convincing explanation for
deficit this global perspective? (2011)
c) Borrowing from the banks to finance a budget a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World
deficit War
d) Creation of new money to finance a budget b) Its location between the Asian powers of China
deficit and India
c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation
12) Which of the following statements is/are correct
during the Cold War period
about the deposits of 'methane hydrate'? (2019)
d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian
1) Global warming might trigger the release of
oceans and its preeminent maritime character
methane gas from these deposits.
17) 'Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action',
2) Large deposits of 'methane hydrate' are found
often seen in the news, is: (2015)
in Arctic Tundra and under the sea floor.
a) a strategy to tackle regional terrorism, an
3) Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon
outcome of a meeting of the Shanghai
dioxide after a decade or two.
Cooperation Organisation
Select the correct answer using the code given
b) a plan of action for sustainable economic
below.
growth in the Asia-Pacific Region, an outcome
a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only
of the deliberations of the Asia-Pacific
c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 Economic Forum
13) "Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now" c) an agenda for women's empowerment, an
is an initiative launched by (2018) outcome of a World Conference convened
a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate by the United Nations
Change d) a strategy to combat wildlife trafficking, a
declaration of the East Asia Summit

AMIGOS IAS 111

18) Siachen Glacier is situated to the: (2020) Mains PYQs
a) East of Aksai Chin b) East of Leh
c) North of Gilgit d) North of Nubra Valley 1) Reforming the government delivery system
19) La Nina is suspected to have caused recent through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a
floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from progressive step, but it has its limitations too.
El Nino? (2011) Comment. (2022)
1) La Nina is characterised by an usually cold
2) Discuss how emerging technologies and
ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean
whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually globalisation contribute to money laundering.

warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of
Pacific Ocean. money laundering both at national and
2) El Nino has adverse effect on south-west international levels. (2021)
monsoon of India but La Nina has no effect on
3) "A system of morality which is based on relative
monsoon climate.
emotional values is a mere illusion, a thoroughly
Which of the statements given above is/are
vulgar conception which has nothing sound in it
correct?
and nothing true." - Socrates (2020)
a) 1 only b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 4) Critically examine the Supreme Court's
judgement on 'National Judicial Appointments
20) International Labour Organization's Conventions
138 and 182 are related to: (2018) Commission Act, 2014' with reference to
a) Child Labour appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
b) Adaptation of agricultural practices to global (2017)
climate change
5) The banning of 'Jamaat-e-Islami' in Jammu and
c) Regulation of food prices and food security
Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground
d) Gender parity at the workplace
workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist
organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs
in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency-
Answers affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize

1) b 2) a 3) c 4) c 5) c the influence of OGWs. (2019)

6) a 7) c 8) a 9) c 10) b 6) "Empowering women is the key to control

11) d 12) d 13) c 14) b 15) c population growth". Discuss. (2019)
16) d 17) c 18) d 19) d 20) a
7) COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class
inequalities and poverty in India. Comment.
(2020)

8) Do you agree with the view that steady GDP

growth and low inflation have left the Indian
economy in good shape? Give reasons in support
of your arguments. (2019)

9) Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue

Budget. Explain the components of both these
Budgets. (2021)

10) What is India's plan to have its own space station

and how will it benefit our space program? (2019)

AMIGOS IAS 112