WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

[Act No. 6 of Year 1974]

This document is available at www.ielrc.org/content/e7402.pdf

An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the
maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water for the establishment, with a view
to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of
water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions
relating thereto and for matters connected therewith

WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution
and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment,
with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and
control of water pollution and for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers
and functions relating thereto;

AND WHEREAS Parliament has no power to make laws for the States with respect to
any of the matters aforesaid except as provided in articles 249 and 250 of the
Constitution;

AND WHEREAS in pursuance of clause (1) of article 252 of the Constitution

resolutions have been passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of the States of
Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal to the effect that the
matters aforesaid should be regulated in those States by Parliament by law;
Be it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-fifth Year of the Republic of India as follows: -

CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1. Short title, application and commencement

(1) This Act may be called the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
(2) It applies in the first instance to the whole of the States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal and the Union Territories; and it shall
apply to such other State which adopts this Act by resolution passed in that behalf
under clause (1) of article 252 of the Constitution.
(3) It shall come into force at once in the States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal and in the Union Territories, and in any other
State which adopts this Act under clause (1) of article 252 of the Constitution on the
date of such adoption and any reference in this Act to the commencement of this Act
shall, in relation to any State or Union Territory, means the date on which this Act
comes into force in such State or Union Territory.

2. Definitions
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) "Board" means the Central Board or a State Board;

1
 1
[(b) "Central Board" means the Central Pollution Control Board constituted
under section 3;]
(c) "member" means a member of a Board and includes the Chairman thereof;
1
[(d) "occupier" in relation to any factory or premises, means the person who has
control over the affairs of the factory or the premises, and includes, in
relation to any substance, the person in possession of the substance;]
2
[(dd) "outlet" includes any conduit pipe or channel, open or closed, carrying
sewage or trade effluent or any other holding arrangement which causes or is
likely to cause, pollution;]
(e) "pollution" means such contamination of water or such alteration of the
physical, chemical or biological properties of water or such discharge of any
sewage or trade effluent or of any other liquid, gaseous or solid substance
into water (whether directly or indirectly) as may, or is likely to, create a
nuisance or render such water harmful or injurious to public health or safety,
or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural or other legitimate uses,
or to the life and health of animals or plants or of aquatic organisms;
(f) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act by the Central
Government or, as the case may be, the State Government;
(g) "sewage effluent" means effluent from any sewerage system or sewage
disposal works and includes sullage from open drains;
2
[(gg)"sewer" means any conduit pipe or channel, open or closed, carrying sewage
or trade effluent;]
1
[(h) "State Board" means a State Pollution Control Board constituted under
section 4;]
(i) "State Government" in relation to a Union Territory means the Administrator
thereof appointed under article 239 of the Constitution;
(j) "stream" includes-
(i) river;
(ii) water course (whether flowing or for the time being dry);
(iii) inland water (whether natural or artificial);
(iv) sub-terranean waters;
(v) sea or tidal waters to such extent or, as the case may be, to such point as
the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
specify in this behalf;
(k) "trade effluent" includes any liquid, gaseous or solid substance which is
discharged from any premises used for carrying on any 3[industry, operation
or process, or treatment and disposal system], other than domestic sewage.

CHAPTER II
THE CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

3. Constitution of Central Board

(1) The Central Government shall, with effect from such date (being a date not later
than six months of the commencement of this Act in the States of Assam, Bihar,
Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal and in the Union Territories) as
it may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, constitute a Central Board to
be called the 4[Central Pollution Control Board] to exercise the powers conferred on
and perform the functions assigned to that Board under this Act.

2
(2) The Central Board shall consist of the following members, namely,-
(a) a full-time Chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical
experience in respect of 5[matters relating to environmental protection] or a
person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions
dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central
Government;
(b) 6[such number of officials, not exceeding five], to be nominated by the
Central Government to represent that government;
(c) such number of persons, not exceeding five to be nominated by the Central
Government, from amongst the members of the State Boards, of whom not
exceeding two shall be from those referred to in clause (c) of sub-section (2)
of section 4;
(d) 7[such number of non-officials, not exceeding three], to be nominated by the
Central Government, to represent the interests of agriculture, fishery or
industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the Central
Government, ought to be represented;
(e) two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or
managed by the Central Government, to be nominated by that government;
8
[(f) a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and
experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution
control, to be appointed by the Central Government.]
(3) The Central Board shall be a body corporate with the name aforesaid having
perpetual succession and a common seal with power, subject to the provisions of this
Act, to acquire, hold and dispose of property and to contract, and may, by the
aforesaid name, sue or be sued.

4. Constitution of State Boards

(1) The State Government shall, with effect from such date 9[***] as it may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, constitute a 10[State Pollution Control
Board,] under such name as may be specified in the notification, to exercise the
powers conferred on and perform the functions assigned to that Board under this Act.
(2) A State Board shall consist of the following members, namely,-
(a) a 11[***] Chairman, being, a person having special knowledge or practical
experience in respect of 5[matters relating to environmental protection] or a
person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions
dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the State
Government:
2
[PROVIDED that the Chairman may be either whole-time or part-time as
the State Government may think fit;]
(b) 6[such number of officials, not exceeding five,] to be nominated by the State
Government to represent that government;
(c) 12[such number of persons, not exceeding five,] to be nominated by the State
Government from amongst the members of the local authorities functioning
within the State;
(d) 7[such number of non-officials, not exceeding three] to be nominated by the
State Government to represent the interests of agriculture, fishery or industry
or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the State Government,
ought to be represented;
(e) two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or
managed by the State Government, to be nominated by that government;

3
 8
[(f) a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and
experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution
control, to be appointed by the State Government.]
(3) Every State Board shall be a body corporate with the name specified by the State
Government in the notification under sub-section (1), having perpetual succession and
a common seal with power, subject to the provisions of this Act, to acquire hold and
dispose of property and to contract, and may, by the said name, sue or be sued.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no State Board shall be
constituted for a Union Territory and in relation to a Union Territory, the Central
Board shall exercise the powers and perform the functions of a State Board for that
Union Territory:
PROVIDED that in relation to any Union Territory the Central Board may delegate all
or any of its powers and functions under this sub-section to such person or body of
persons as the Central Government may specify.

5. Terms and conditions of service of members

(1) Save as otherwise provided by or under this Act, a member of a Board, other than
a member-secretary, shall hold office for a term of three years from the date of his
nomination:
PROVIDED that a member shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term, continue
to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.
13
[(2) The term of office of a member of a Board nominated under clause (b) or
clause (e) of sub-section (2) of section 3 or clause (b) or clause (e) of sub-section (2)
of section 4 shall come to an end as soon as he ceases to hold the office under the
Central Government or the State Government or, as the case may be, the company or
corporation owned, controlled or managed by the Central Government or the State
Government, by virtue of which he was nominated.]
(3) The Central Government or, as the case may be, the State Government may, if it
thinks fit, remove any member of a Board before the expiry of his term of office, after
giving him a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the same.
(4) A member of a Board, other than the member-secretary, may at any time resign his
office by writing under his hand addressed-
(a) in the case of the Chairman, to the Central Government or, as the case may
be, the State Government; and
(b) in any other case, to the Chairman of the Board;
and the seat of the Chairman or such other member shall thereupon become
vacant.
(5) A member of a Board, other than the member-secretary, shall be deemed to have
vacated his seat if he is absent without reason, sufficient in the opinion of the Board,
from three consecutive meetings of the Board, 5[or where he is nominated under
clause (c) or clause (e) of sub-section (2) of section 3 or under clause (c) or clause (e)
of sub-section (2) of section 4, if he ceases to be a member of the State Board or of
the local authority or, as the case may be, of the company or corporation owned,
controlled or managed by the Central Government or the State Government and such
vacation of seat shall, in either case, take effect from such date as the Central
Government or, as the case may be, the State Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, specify.]
(6) A casual vacancy in a Board shall be filled by a fresh nomination and the person
nominated to fill the vacancy shall hold office only for the remainder of the term for
which the member in whose place he was nominated.

4
(7) A member of a Board 14[shall be eligible for renomination.]
(8) The other terms and conditions of service of a member of a Board, other than the
Chairman and member-secretary, shall be such as may be prescribed.
(9) The other terms and conditions of service of the Chairman shall be such as may be
prescribed.

6. Disqualifications
(1) No person shall be a member of Board, who-
(a) is, or at any time has been adjudged insolvent or has suspended payment of
his debts or has compounded with his creditors, or
(b) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court, or
(c) is, or has been, convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the Central
Government or, as the case may be, of the State Government, involves moral
turpitude, or
(d) is, or at any time has been, convicted of an offence under this Act, or
(e) has directly or indirectly by himself or by any partner, any share or interest
in any firm or company carrying on the business of manufacture, sale or hire
of machinery, plant, equipment, apparatus or fittings for the treatment of
sewage or trade effluents, or
(f) is a director or a secretary, manager or other salaried officer or employee of
any company or firm having any contract with the Board, or with the
government constituting the Board, or with a local authority in the State, or
with a company or corporation owned, controlled or managed by the
government, for the carrying out of sewerage schemes or for the installation
of plants for the treatment of sewage or trade effluents, or
(g) has so abused, in the opinion of the Central Government or as the case may
be, of the State Government, his position as a member, as to render his
continuance on the Board detrimental to the interest of the general public.
(2) No order of removal shall be made by the Central Government or the State
Government, as the case may be, under this section unless the member concerned has
been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the same.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (7) of section 5, a
member who has been removed under this section shall not be eligible for
renomination as a member.

7. Vacation of seats by members

If a member of a Board becomes subject to any of the disqualifications specified in
section 6, his seat shall become vacant.

8. Meetings of Boards
A Board shall meet at least once in every three months and shall observe such rules of
procedure in regard to the transaction of business at its meetings as may be prescribed:
PROVIDED that if, in the opinion of the Chairman, any business of an urgent nature
is to be transacted, he may convene a meeting of the Board at such time as he thinks
fit for the aforesaid purpose.

9. Constitution of committees
(1) A Board may constitute as many committees consisting wholly of members or
wholly of other persons or partly of members and partly of other persons, and for such
purpose or purposes as it may think fit.

5
(2) A committee constituted under this section shall meet at such time and at such
place, and shall observe such rules of procedure in regard to the transaction of
business at its meetings, as may be prescribed.
(3) The members of a committee (other than the members of the Board) shall be paid
such fees and allowances, for attending its meetings and for attending to any other
work of the Board as may be prescribed.

10. Temporary association of persons with Board for particular purposes

(1) A Board may associate with itself in such manner, and for such purposes, as may
be prescribed any person whose assistance or advice it may desire to obtain in
performing any of its functions under this Act.
(2) A person associated with the Board under sub-section (1) for any purpose shall
have a right to take part in the discussions of the Board relevant to that purpose, but
shall not have a right to vote at a meeting of the Board, and shall not be a member for
any other purpose.
2
[(3) A person associated with the Board under sub-section (1) for any purpose shall
be paid such fees and allowances, for attending its meetings and for attending to any
other work of the Board, as may be prescribed.]

11. Vacancy in Board not to invalidate acts or proceedings

No act or proceeding of a Board or any committee thereof shall be called in question
on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in, or any defect in the
constitution of, the Board or such committee, as the case may be.
2
[11A. Delegation of powers to Chairman
The Chairman of a Board shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as may
be prescribed or as may, from time to time, be delegated to him by the Board.]

12. Member-secretary and officers and other employees of Board

(1) The terms and conditions of service of the member-secretary shall be such as may
be prescribed.
(2) The member-secretary shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as may
be prescribed or as may, from time to time, be delegated to him by the Board or its
Chairman.
(3) Subject to such rules as may be made by the Central Government or, as the case
may be, the State Government in this behalf, a Board may appoint such officers and
employees as it considers necessary for the efficient performance of its functions.
2
[(3A) The method of recruitment and the terms and conditions of service (including
the scales of pay) of the officers (other than the member-secretary) and other
employees of the Central Board or a State Board shall be such as may be determined
by regulations made by the Central Board or, as the case may be, by the State Board:
PROVIDED that no regulation made under this sub-section shall take effect unless-
(a) in the case of a regulation made by the Central Board, it is approved by the
Central Government; and
(b) in the case of a regulation made by a State Board, it is approved by the State
Government.]
15
[(3B) The Board may, by general or special order, and subject to such conditions
and limitations, if any, as may be specified in the order, delegate to any officer of the
Board such of its powers and functions under this Act as it may deem necessary.]

6
(4) Subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, a Board may from time to time
appoint any qualified person to be a consulting engineer to the Board and pay him
such salaries and allowances and subject him to such other terms and conditions of
service as it thinks fit.

CHAPTER III
JOINT BOARDS

13. Constitution of Joint Boards

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, an agreement may be entered
into-
(a) by two or more governments of contiguous States, or
(b) by the Central Government (in respect of one or more Union Territories) and
one or more governments of States contiguous to such Union Territory or
Union Territories, to be in force for such period and to be subject to renewal
for such further period, if any, as may be specified in the agreement to
provide for the constitution of a Joint Board-
(i) in a case referred to in clause (a), for all the participating States, and
(ii) in a case referred to in clause (b), for the participating Union Territory
or Union Territories and the State or States.
(2) An agreement under this section may-
(a) provide, in a case referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1), for the
apportionment between the participating States and in a case referred to in
clause (b) of that sub-section, for the apportionments between the Central
Government and the participating State Government or State Governments,
of the expenditure in connection with the Joint Board;
(b) determine, in a case referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1), which of the
participating State Governments and in a case referred to in clause (b) of that
sub-section, whether the Central Government or the participating State
Government (if there are more than one participating State, also which of the
participating State Governments) shall exercise and perform the several
powers and functions of the State Government under this Act and the
references in this Act to the State Government shall be construed
accordingly;
(c) provide for consultation, in a case referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1),
between the participating State Governments and in a case referred to in
clause (b) of that sub-section, between the Central Government and the
participating State Government or State Governments either generally or
with reference to particular matters arising under this Act;
(d) make such incidental and ancillary provisions, not inconsistent with this Act,
as may be deemed necessary or expedient for giving effect to the agreement.
(3) An agreement under this section shall be published, in a case referred to in
clause (a) of sub-section (1), in the Official Gazette of the participating States and in a
case referred to in clause (b) of that sub-section, in the Official Gazette of the
participating Union Territory or Union Territories and participating State or States.

14. Composition of Joint Boards

(1) A Joint Board constituted in pursuance of an agreement entered into under
clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 13 shall consist of the following members
namely,-

7
 (a) a full-time chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical
experience in respect of 5[matters relating to environmental protection] or a
person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions
dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central
Government;
(b) two officials from each of the participating States to be nominated by the
concerned participating State Government to represent that government;
(c) one person to be nominated by each of the participating State Governments
from amongst the members of the local authorities functioning within the
State concerned;
(d) one non-official to be nominated by each of the participating State
Governments to represent the interests of agriculture, fishery or industry or
trade in the State concerned or any other interest which, in the opinion of the
participating State Government, is to be represented;
(e) two persons to be nominated by the Central Government to represent the
companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the
participating State Governments;
8
[(f) a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and
experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution
control, to be appointed by the Central Government.]
(2) A Joint Board constituted in pursuance of an agreement entered into under
clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 13 shall consist of the following members,
namely,-
(a) a full-time Chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical
experience in respect of 5[matters relating to environmental protection] or a
person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions
dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central
Government;
(b) two officials to be nominated by the Central Government from the
participating Union Territory or each of the participating Union Territories,
as the case may be, and two officials to be nominated, from the participating
State or each of the participating States, as the case may be, by the
concerned participating State Government;
(c) one person to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst the
members of the local authorities functioning within the participating Union
Territory or each of the participating Union Territories, as the case may be,
and one person to be nominated, from amongst the members of the local
authorities functioning within the participating State or each of the
participating States, as the case may be, by the concerned participating State
Government;
(d) one non-official to be nominated by Central Government and one person to
be nominated by the participating State Government or State Governments
to represent the interests of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade in the
Union Territory or in each of the Union Territories or the State or in each of
the States, as the case may be, or any other interest which in the opinion of
the Central Government or, as the case may be, of the State Government is
to be represented;
(e) two persons to be nominated by the Central Government to represent the
companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the Central
Government and situate in the participating Union Territory or Territories

8
 and two persons to be nominated by the Central Government to represent the
companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the
participating State Governments;
4
[(f) a full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and
experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution
control, to be appointed by the Central Government.
(3) When a Joint Board is constituted in pursuance of an agreement under clause (b)
of sub-section (1) of section 13, the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 4 shall
cease to apply in relation to the Union Territory for which the Joint Board is
constituted.
(4) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), the provisions of sub-section (3) of
section 4 and sections 5 to 12 (inclusive) shall apply in relation to the Joint Board and
its member-secretary as they apply in relation to a State Board and its member-
secretary.
(5) Any reference in this Act to the State Board shall, unless the context otherwise
requires, be construed as including a Joint Board.

15. Special provisions relating to giving of directions

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act where any Joint Board is constituted
under section 13-
(a) the government of the State for which the Joint Board is constituted shall be
competent to give any direction under this Act only in cases where such
direction relates to a matter within the exclusive territorial jurisdiction of the
State;
(b) the Central Government alone shall be competent to give any direction under
this Act where such direction relates to a matter within the territorial
jurisdiction of two or more States or pertaining to a Union Territory.

CHAPTER IV
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS

16. Functions of Central Board

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the main function of the Central Board shall
be to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing function, the
Central Board may perform all or any of the following functions, namely,-
(a) advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and
control of water pollution;
(b) co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among
them;
(c) provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and
sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution
and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution;
(d) plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in
programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution on
such terms and conditions as the Central Board may specify;
(e) organise through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the
prevention and control of water pollution;
15
[(ee) perform such of the functions of any State Board as may be specified in an
order made under sub-section (2) of section 18;]

9
 (f) collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water
pollution and the measures devised for its effective prevention and control
and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of
sewage and trade effluents and disseminate information connected therewith;
(g) lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Government
concerned, the standards for a stream or well:
PROVIDED that different standards may be laid down for the same stream
or well or for different streams or wells, having regard to the quality of
water, flow characteristics of the stream or well and the nature of the use of
the water in such stream or well or streams or wells;
(h) plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention,
control or abatement of water pollution;
(i) perform such other functions as may be prescribed.
(3) The Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable the
Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of
samples of water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade
effluents.

17. Functions of State Board

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the functions of a State Board shall be-
(a) to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement
of pollution of streams and wells in the State and to secure the execution
thereof;
(b) to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention,
control or abatement of water pollution;
(c) to collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the
prevention, control or abatement thereof;
(d) to encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating
to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water
pollution;
(e) to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of persons
engaged or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or
abatement of water pollution and to organise mass education programmes
relating thereto;
(f) to inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of
sewage and trade effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data
relating to plants set up for the treatment of water, works for the purification
thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in
connection with the grant of any consent as required by this Act;
(g) to lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade
effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-
State stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters
of the State;
(h) to evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade
effluents, having regard to the peculiar conditions of soils, climate and water
resources of different regions and more especially the prevailing flow
characteristics of water in streams and wells which render it impossible to
attain even the minimum degree of dilution;
(i) to evolve methods of utilisation of sewage and suitable trade effluents in
agriculture;

10
 (j) to evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on
land, as are necessary on account of the predominant conditions of scant
stream flows that do not provide for major part of the year the minimum
degree of dilution;
(k) to lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be
discharged into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair
weather dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution
permissible in the water of the stream, after the discharge of such effluents;
(l) to make, vary or revoke any order-
(i) for the prevention, control or abatement of discharges of waste into
streams or wells;
(ii) requiring any person concerned to construct new systems for the
disposal of sewage and trade effluents or to modify, alter or extend any
such existing system or to adopt such remedial measures as are
necessary to prevent, control or abate water pollution;
(m) to lay down effluent standards to be complied with by persons while causing
discharge of sewage or sullage or both and to lay down, modify or annul
effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents;
(n) to advise the State Government with respect to the location of any industry
the carrying on of which is likely to pollute a stream or well;
(o) to perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time
to time, be entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government.
(2) The Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable the
Board to perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of
samples of water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade
effluents.

18. Power to give directions

16
[(1)] In the performance of its functions under this Act-
(a) the Central Board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the Central
Government may give to it; and
(b) every State Board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the Central
Board or the State Government may give to it:
PROVIDED that where a direction given by the State Government is
inconsistent with the direction given by the Central Board, the matter shall
be referred to the Central Government for its decision.
15
[(2) Where the Central Government is of the opinion that any State Board has
defaulted in complying with any directions given by the Central Board under sub-
section (1) and as a result of such default a grave emergency has arisen and it is
necessary or expedient so to do in the public interest, it may, by order, direct the
Central Board to perform any of the functions of the State Board in relation to such
area for such period and for such purposes, as may be specified in the order.
(3) Where the Central Board performs any of the functions of the State Board in
pursuance of a direction under sub-section (2), the expenses, if any, incurred by the
Central Board with respect to the performance of such functions may, if the State
Board is empowered to recover such expenses, be recovered by the Central Board
with interest (at such reasonable rate as the Central Government may, by order, fix)
from the date when a demand for such expenses is made until it is paid from the
person or persons concerned as arrears of land revenue or of public demand.

11
(4) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that any directions to perform the
functions of any State Board given under sub-section (2) in respect of any area would
not preclude the State Board from performing such functions in any other area in the
State or any of its other functions in that area.]

CHAPTER V
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

19. Power of State Government to restrict the application of the Act to certain
areas
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, if the State Government, after
consultation with, or on the recommendation of the State Board, is of opinion that the
provisions of this Act need not apply to entire State, it may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, restrict the application of this Act to such area or areas as may be
declared therein as water pollution, prevention and control area or areas and thereupon
the provisions of this Act shall apply only to such area or areas.
(2) Each water pollution, prevention and control area may be declared either by
reference to a map or by reference to the line of any watershed or the boundary of any
district or partly by one method and partly by another.
(3) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette-
(a) alter any water pollution, prevention and control area whether by way of
extension or reduction; or
(b) define a new water pollution, prevention and control area in which may be
merged one or more water pollution, prevention and control areas, or any
part or parts thereof. territorial jurisdiction of order passed by it relating
to This means order pass by the state board will
20. Power to obtain information only be applicable to the areas which are affected
(1) For the purpose of enabling a State Board to perform the functions conferred on it
by or under this Act, the State Board or any officer empowered by it in that behalf,
may make surveys of any area and gauge and keep records of the flow or volume and
other characteristics of any stream or well in such area, and may take steps for the
measurement and recording of the rainfall in such area or any part thereof and for the
installation and maintenance for those purposes of gauges or other apparatus and
works connected therewith, and carry out stream surveys and may take such other
steps as may be necessary in order to obtain any information required for the purposes
aforesaid.
(2) A State Board may give directions requiring any person who in its opinion is
abstracting water from any such stream or well in the area in quantities which are
substantial in relation to the flow or volume of that stream or well or is discharging
sewage or trade effluent into any such stream or well, give such information as to the
abstraction or the discharge at such times and in such form as may be specified in the
directions.
(3) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (2), a State Board may, with a
view to preventing or controlling pollution of water, give directions requiring any
person in charge of any establishment where any 17[industry, operation or process, or
treatment and disposal system] is carried on, to furnish to it information regarding the
construction, installation or operation of such establishment or of any disposal system
or of any extension or addition thereto in such establishment and such other
particulars as may be prescribed.

12
21. Power to take samples of effluents and procedure to be followed in
connection therewith
(1) A State Board or any officer empowered by it in this behalf shall have power to
take for the purpose of analysis samples of water from any stream or well or samples
of any sewage or trade effluent which is passing from any plant or vessel or from or
over any place into any such stream or well.
(2) The result of any analysis of a sample of any sewage or trade effluent taken under
sub-section (1) shall not be admissible in evidence in any legal proceeding unless the
provisions of sub-sections (3), (4) and (5) are complied with.
(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-sections (4) and (5), when a sample (composite or
otherwise as may be warranted by the process used) of any sewage or trade effluent is
taken for analysis under sub-section (1), the person taking the sample shall-
(a) serve on the person in charge of, or having control over, the plant or vessel
or in occupation of the place (which person is hereinafter referred to as the
occupier) or any agent of such occupier, a notice, then and there in such
form as may be prescribed of his intention to have it so analysed;
(b) in the presence of the occupier or his agent, divide the sample into two parts;
(c) cause each Part to be placed in a container which shall be marked and sealed
and shall also be signed both by the person taking the sample and the
occupier or his agent;
(d) send one container forthwith-
(i) in a case where such sample is taken from any area situated in a Union
Territory, to the laboratory established or recognised by the Central
Board under section 16; and
(ii) in any other case, to the laboratory established or recognised by the
State Board under section 17;
(e) on the request of the occupier or his agent, send the second container-
(i) in a case where such sample is taken from any area situated in a Union
Territory, to the laboratory established or specified under sub-section
(1) of section 51; and
(ii) in any other case, to the laboratory established or specified under sub-
section (1) of section 52.
18
[(4) When a sample of any sewage or trade affluent is taken for analysis under sub-
section (1) and the person taking the sample serves on the occupier or his agent, a
notice under clause (a) of sub-section (3) and the occupier or his agent wilfully
absents himself, then-
(a) the sample so taken shall be placed in a container which shall be marked and
sealed and shall also be signed by the person taking the sample and the same
shall be sent forthwith by such person for analysis to the laboratory referred
to in sub-clause (i) or sub-clause (ii), as the case may be, of clause (e) of
sub-section (3) and such person shall inform the government analyst
appointed under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), as the case may be, of
section 53, in writing about the wilful absence of the occupier or his agent; and
(b) the cost incurred in getting such sample analysed shall be payable by the
occupier or his agent and in case of default of such payment, the same shall
be recoverable from the occupier or his agent, as the case may be, as an
arrear of land revenue or of public demand:
PROVIDED that no such recovery shall be made unless the occupier or, as
the case may be, his agent has been given a reasonable opportunity of being
heard in the matter.]

13
(5) When a sample of any sewage or trade effluent is taken for analysis under sub-
section (1) and the person taking the sample serves on the occupier or his agent a
notice under clause (a) of sub-section (3) and the occupier or his agent who is present
at the time of taking the sample does not make a request for dividing the sample into
two parts as provided in clause (b) of sub-section (3), then, the sample so taken shall
be placed in a container which shall be marked and sealed and shall also be signed by
the person taking the sample and the same shall be sent forthwith by such person for
analysis to the laboratory referred to in sub-clause (i) or sub-clause (ii), as the case
may be, of clause (d) of sub-section (3).

22. Reports of the result of analysis on samples taken under section 21

(1) Where a sample of any sewage or trade effluent has been sent for analysis to the
laboratory established or recognised by the Central Board or, as the case may be, the
State Board, the concerned Board analyst appointed under sub-section (3) of section
53 shall analyse the sample and submit a report in the prescribed form of the result of
such analysis in triplicate to the Central Board or the State Board as the case may be.
(2) On receipt of the report under sub-section (1), one copy of the report shall be sent
by the Central Board or the State Board, as the case may be, to the occupier or his
agent referred to in section 21, another copy shall be preserved for production before
the court in case any legal proceedings are taken against him and the other copy shall
be kept by the concerned Board.
(3) Where a sample has been sent for analysis under clause (e) of sub-section (3) or
sub-section (4) of section 21 to any laboratory mentioned therein, the government
analyst referred to in that sub-section shall analyse the sample and submit a report in
the prescribed form of the result of the analysis in triplicate to the Central Board or, as
the case may be, the State Board which shall comply with the provisions of sub-
section (2).
(4) If there is any inconsistency or discrepancy between, or variation in the results of,
the analysis carried out by the laboratory established or recognised by the Central
Board or the State Board, as the case may be, and that of the laboratory established or
specified under section 51 or section 52, as the case may be, the report of the latter
shall prevail.
(5) Any cost incurred in getting any sample analysed at the request of the occupier or
his agent shall be payable by such occupier or his agent and in case of default the
same shall be recoverable from him as arrears of land revenue or of public demand.

23. Power of entry and inspection

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, any person empowered by a State Board
in this behalf shall have a right at any time to enter, with such assistance as he
considers necessary, any place-
(a) for the purpose of performing any of the functions of the Board entrusted to
him;
(b) for the purpose of determining whether and if so in what manner, any such
functions are to be performed or whether any provisions of this Act or the
rules made thereunder of any notice, order, direction or authorisation served,
made, given, or granted under this Act is being or has been complied with;
(c) for the purpose of examining any plant, record, register, document or any
other material object or for conducting a search of any place in which he has
reason to believe that an offence under this Act or the rules made thereunder
has been or is being or is about to be committed and for seizing any such

14
 plant, record, register, document or other material object, if he has reason to
believe that it may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence
punishable under this Act or the rules made thereunder:
PROVIDED that the right to enter under this sub-section for the inspection
of a well shall be exercised only at reasonable hours in a case where such
well is situated in any premises used for residential purposes and the water
thereof is used exclusively for domestic purposes.
(2) The provisions of the 19[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974)], or, in
relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the provisions of any corresponding law
in force in that State, shall, so far as may be, apply to any search or seizure under this
section as they apply to any search or seizure made under the authority of a warrant
issued under 20[section 94] of the said Code, or, as the case may be, under the
corresponding provisions of the said law.
Explanation : For the purposes of this section, "place" includes vessel.

24. Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of polluting matter, etc.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section-
(a) no person shall knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or
polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards as may be
laid down by the State Board to enter (whether directly or indirectly) into
any 21[Stream or well or sewer or on land]; or
(b) no person shall knowingly cause or permit to enter into any stream any other
matter which may tend, either directly or in combination with similar
matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner
leading or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution due to other
causes or of its consequences.
(2) A person shall not be guilty of an offence under sub-section (1), by reason only of
having done or caused to be done any of the following acts, namely,-
(a) constructing, improving or maintaining in or across or on the bank or bed of
any stream any building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier, drain or sewer
or other permanent works which he has a right to construct, improve or
maintain;
(b) depositing any materials on the bank or in the bed of any stream for the
purpose of reclaiming land, or for supporting, repairing or protecting the
bank or bed of such stream provided such materials are not capable of
polluting such stream;
(c) putting into any stream any sand or gravel or other natural deposit which has
flowed from or been deposited by the current of such stream;
(d) causing or permitting, with the consent of the State Board, the deposit
accumulated in a well, pond or reservoir to enter into any stream.
(3) The State Government may, after consultation with, or on the recommendation of,
the State Board, exempt, by notification in the Official Gazette, any person from the
operation of sub-section (1) subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in
the notification and any condition so specified may by a like notification be altered,
varied or amended.

25. Restrictions on new outlets and new discharges

22
[(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, no person shall, without the previous
consent of the State Board-

15
 (a) establish or take any steps to establish any industry, operation or process, or
any treatment and disposal system or any extension or addition thereto,
which is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or
sewer or on land (such discharge being hereafter in this section referred to as
discharge of sewage); or
(b) bring into use any new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage; or
(c) begin to make any new discharge of sewage:
PROVIDED that a person in the process of taking any steps to establish any
industry, operation or process immediately before the commencement of the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1988, for
which no consent was necessary prior to such commencement, may continue
to do so for a period of three months from such commencement or, if he has
made an application for such consent, within the said period of three months,
till the disposal of such application.
(2) An application for consent of the State Board under sub-section (1) shall be made
in such form, contain such particulars and shall be accompanied by such fees as may
be prescribed.]
(3) The State Board may make such inquiry as it may deem fit in respect of the
application for consent referred to in sub-section (1) and in making any such inquiry
shall follow such procedure as may be prescribed.
23
[(4) The State Board may-
(a) grant its consent referred to in sub-section (1), subject to such conditions as
it may impose, being-
(i) in cases referred to in clauses (a) and (b) of sub-section (1) of section
25, conditions as to the point of discharge of sewage or as to the use of
that outlet or any other outlet for discharge of sewage;
(ii) in the case of a new discharge, conditions as to the nature and
composition, temperature, volume or rate of discharge of the effluent
from the land or premises from which the discharge or new discharge
is to be made; and
(iii) that the consent will be valid only for such period as may be specified
in the order, and any such conditions imposed shall be binding on any
person establishing or taking any steps to establish any industry,
operation or process, or treatment and disposal system or extension or
addition thereto, or using the new or altered outlet, or discharging the
effluent from the land or premises aforesaid; or
(b) refuse such consent for reasons to be recorded in writing.
(5) Where, without the consent of the State Board, any industry, operation or process,
or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or addition thereto, is
established, or any steps for such establishment have been taken or a new or altered
outlet is brought into use for the discharge of sewage or a new discharge of sewage is
made, the State Board may serve on the person who has established or taken steps to
establish any industry, operation or process, or any treatment and disposal system or
any extension or addition thereto, or using the outlet, or making the discharge, as the
case may be, a notice imposing any such conditions as it might have imposed on an
application for its consent in respect of such establishment, such outlet or discharge.
(6) Every State Board shall maintain a register containing particulars of the conditions
imposed under this section and so much of the register as relates to any outlet, or to
any effluent, from any land or premises shall be open to inspection at all reasonable
hours by any person interested in, or affected by such outlet, land or premises, as the

16
case may be, or by any person authorised by him in this behalf and the conditions so
contained in such register shall be conclusive proof that the consent was granted
subject to such conditions.]
(7) The consent referred to in sub-section (1) shall, unless given or refused earlier, be
deemed to have been given unconditionally on the expiry of a period of four months
of the making of an application in this behalf complete in all respects to the State
Board.
(8) For the purposes of this section and sections 27 and 30-
(a) the expression "new or altered outlet" means any outlet which is wholly or
partly constructed on or after the commencement of this Act or which
(whether so constructed or not) is substantially altered after such
commencement;
(b) the expression "new discharge" means a discharge which is not, as respects
the nature and composition, temperature, volume, and rate of discharge of
the effluent substantially a continuation of a discharge made within the
preceding twelve months (whether by the same or a different outlet), so
however that a discharge which is in other respects a continuation of
previous discharge made as aforesaid shall not be deemed to be a new
discharge by reason of any reduction of the temperature or volume or rate of
discharge of the effluent as compared with the previous discharge.

26. Provision regarding existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent

Where immediately before the commencement of this Act any person was discharging
any sewage or trade effluent into a 21[stream or well or sewer or on land], the
provisions of section 25 shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to such person as
they apply in relation to the person referred to in that section subject to the
modification that the application for consent to be made under sub-section (2) of that
section 5[shall be made on or before such date as may be specified by the State
Government by notification in this behalf in the Official Gazette.]

27. Refusal or withdrawal of consent by State Board

24
[(1) A State Board shall not grant its consent under sub-section (4) of section 25 for
the establishment of any industry, operation or process, or treatment and disposal
system or extension or addition thereto, or to the bringing into use of a new or altered
outlet unless the industry, operation or process, or treatment and disposal system or
extension or addition thereto, or the outlet is so established as to comply with any
conditions imposed by the Board to enable it to exercise its right to take samples of
the effluent.]
13
[(2) A State Board may from time to time review-
25
[(a) any condition imposed under section 25 or section 26 and may serve on the
person to whom a consent under section 25 or section 26 is granted a notice
making any reasonable variation of or revoking any such condition.]
(b) the refusal of any consent referred to in sub-section (1) of section 25 or
section 26 or the grant of such consent without any condition, and may make
such orders as it deemed fit.]
(3) Any condition imposed under section 25 or section 26 shall be subject to any
variation made under sub-section (2) and shall continue in force until revoked under
that sub-section.

17
28. Appeals
(1) Any person aggrieved by an order made by the State Board under section 25,
section 26 or section 27 may, within thirty days from the date on which the order is
communicated to him, prefer an appeal to such authority (hereinafter referred to as the
Appellate Authority) as the State Government may think fit to constitute:
PROVIDED that the Appellate Authority may entertain the appeal after the expiry of
the said period of thirty days if such authority is satisfied that the appellant was
prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal in time.
13
[(2) An Appellate Authority shall consist of a single person or three persons as the
State Government may think fit, to be appointed by that government.]
(3) The form and manner in which an appeal may be preferred under sub-section (1),
the fees payable for such appeal and the procedure to be followed by the Appellate
Authority shall be such as may be prescribed.
(4) On receipt of an appeal preferred under sub-section (1), the Appellate Authority
shall, after giving the appellant and the State Board an opportunity of being
heard, dispose of the appeal as expeditiously as possible.
(5) If the Appellate Authority determines that any condition imposed, or the variation
of any condition, as the case may be, was unreasonable, then-
(a) where the appeal is in respect of the unreasonableness of any condition
imposed, such authority may direct either that the condition shall be treated
as annulled or that there shall be substituted for it such condition as appears
to it to be reasonable;
(b) where the appeal is in respect of the unreasonableness of any variation of a
condition, such authority may direct either that the condition shall be treated
as continuing in force unvaried or that it shall be varied in such manner as
appears to it to be reasonable.

29. Revision
(1) The State Government may at any time either of its own motion or on an
application made to it in this behalf, call for the records of any case where an order
has been made by the State Board under section 25, section 26 or section 27 for the
purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality or propriety of any such order and may
pass such order in relation thereto as it may think it:
PROVIDED that the State Government shall not pass any order under this sub-section
without affording the State Board and the person who may be affected by such order a
reasonable opportunity of being heard in the matter.
(2) The State Government shall not revise any order made under section 25, section
26, or section 27 where an appeal against that order lies to the Appellate Authority,
but has not been preferred or where an appeal has been preferred such appeal is
pending before the Appellate Authority.

30. Power of State Board to carry out certain works

24
[(1) Where under this Act, any conditions have been imposed on any person while
granting consent under section 25 or section 26 and such conditions require such
person to execute any work in connection therewith and such work has not been
executed within such time as may be specified in this behalf, the State Board may
serve on the person concerned a notice requiring him within such time (not being less
than thirty days) as may be specified in the notice to execute the work specified
therein.]

18
(2) If the person concerned fails to execute the work as required in the notice referred
to in sub-section (1), then, after the expiration of the time specified in the said notice,
the State Board may itself execute or cause to be executed such work.
(3) All expenses incurred by the State Board for the execution of the aforesaid work,
together with interest, at such rate as the State Government may, by order, fix, from
the date when a demand for the expenses is made until it is paid, may be recovered by
that Board from the person concerned, as arrears of land revenue, or of public
demand.

31. Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases
24
[(1) If at any place where any industry, operation or process, or any treatment and
disposal system or any extension or addition thereto is being carried on, due to
accident or other unforeseen act or event, any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter
is being discharged, or is likely to be discharged into a stream or well or sewer or on
land and, as a result of such discharge, the water in any stream or well is being
polluted, or is likely to be polluted, then the person in charge of such place shall
forthwith intimate the occurrence of such accident, act or event to the State Board and
such other authorities or agencies as may be prescribed.]
(2) Where any local authority operates any sewerage system or sewage works, the
provisions of sub-section (1) shall apply to such local authority as they apply in
relation to the person in charge of the place where any industry or trade is being
carried on.

32. Emergency measures in case of pollution of stream or well

(1) Where it appears to the State Board that any poisonous, noxious or polluting
matter is present in 26[any stream or well or on land by reason of the discharge of such
matter in such stream or well or on such land] or has entered into that stream or well
due to any accident or other unforeseen act or event, and if the Board is of opinion
that it is necessary or expedient to take immediate action, it may for reasons to be
recorded in writing, carry out such operations, as it may consider necessary for all or
any of the following purposes, that is to say-
(a) removing that matter from the 21[stream or well or on land] and disposing it
of in such manner as the Board considers appropriate;
(b) remedying or mitigating any pollution caused by its presence in the stream
or well;
(c) issuing orders immediately restraining or prohibiting the person concerned
from discharging any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter 27[into the
stream or well or on land] or from making insanitary use of the stream or
well.
(2) The power conferred by sub-section (1) does not include the power to construct
any works other than works of a temporary character which are removed on or before
the completion of the operation.

33. Power of Board to make application to courts for restraining apprehended

pollution of water in streams or wells
24
[(1) Where it is apprehended by a Board that the water in any stream or well is likely
to be polluted by reason of the disposal or likely disposal of any matter in such stream
or well or in any sewer or on any land, or otherwise, the Board may make an
application to a court, not inferior to that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial

19
Magistrate of the first class, for restraining the person who is likely to cause such
pollution from so causing.]
(2) On receipt of an application under sub-section (1) the court may make such order
as it deems fit.
(3) Where under sub-section (2) the court makes an order restraining any person from
polluting the water in any stream or well, it may in that order-
(i) direct the person who is likely to cause or has caused the pollution of the
water in the stream or well, to desist from taking such action as is likely
to cause pollution or, as the case may be, to remove from such stream or
well, such matter, and
(ii) authorise the Board, if the direction under clause (i) (being a direction
for the removal of any matter from such stream or well) is not complied
with by the person to whom such direction is issued, to undertake the
removal and disposal of the matter in such manner as may be specified
by the court.
(4) All expenses incurred by the Board in removing any matter in pursuance of the
authorisation under clause (ii) of sub-section (3) or in the disposal of any such matter
may be defrayed out of any money obtained by the Board from such disposal and any
balance outstanding shall be recoverable from the person concerned as arrears of land
revenue or of public demand.
15
[33A. Power to give directions
Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, but subject to the provisions of
this Act, and to any directions that the Central Government may give in this behalf, a
Board may, in the exercise of its powers and performance of its functions under this
Act, issue any directions in writing to any person, officer or authority, and such
person, officer or authority shall be bound to comply with such directions.
Explanation : For the avoidance of doubts, it is hereby declared that the power to
issue directions under this section includes the power to direct-
(a) the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process; or
(b) the storage or regulation of supply of electricity, water or any other service.]

CHAPTER VI
FUNDS, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT

34. Contributions by Central Government

The Central Government may, after due appropriation made by Parliament by law in
this behalf, make in each financial year such contributions to the Central Board as it
may think necessary to enable the Board to perform its functions under this Act.

35. Contributions by State Government

The State Government may, after due appropriation made by the Legislature of the
State by law in this behalf, make in each financial year such contributions to the State
Board as it may think necessary to enable that Board to perform its functions under
this Act.

36. Fund of Central Board

(1) The Central Board shall have its own fund, and all sums which may, from time to
time, be paid to it by the Central Government and all other receipts (by way of gifts,

20
grants, donations, benefactions 2[fees] or otherwise) of that Board shall be carried to
the fund of the Board and all payments by the Board shall be made therefrom.
(2) The Central Board may expend such sums as it thinks fit for performing its
functions under this Act, 2[and, where any law for the time being in force relating to
the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution provides for the performance of
any function under such law by the Central Board, also for performing its functions
under such law] and such sums shall be treated as expenditure payable out of the fund
of the Board.

37. Fund of State Board

(1) The State Board shall have its own fund, and the sums which may, from time to
time, be paid to it by the State Government and all other receipts (by way of gifts,
grants, donations, benefactions 2[fees] or otherwise) of that Board shall be carried to
the fund of the Board and all payments by the Board shall be made therefrom.
(2) The State Board may expend such sums as it thinks fit for performing its functions
under this Act, 2[and, where any law for the time being in force relating to the
prevention, control or abatement of air pollution provides for the performance of any
function under such law by the State Board, also for performing its functions under
such law] and such sums shall be treated as expenditure payable out of the fund of the
Board.
15
[37A. Borrowing powers of Board
A Board may, with the consent of, or in accordance with, the terms of any general or
special authority given to it by the Central Government or, as the case may be, the
State Government, borrow money from any source by way of loans or issue of bonds,
debentures or such other instruments, as it may deem fit, for the performance of all or
any of its functions under this Act.]

38. Budget
The Central Board or, as the case may be, the State Board shall, during each financial
year, prepare, in such form and at such time as may be prescribed, a budget in respect
of the financial year next ensuing showing the estimated receipt and expenditure, and
copies thereof shall be forwarded to the Central Government or, as the case may be,
the State Government.
4
[39. Annual report
(1) The Central Board shall, during each financial year, prepare, in such form as may
be prescribed, an annual report giving full account of its activities under this Act
during the previous financial year and copies thereof shall be forwarded to the Central
Government within four months from the last date of the previous financial year and
that government shall cause every such report to be laid before both Houses of
Parliament within nine months from the last date of the previous financial year.
(2) Every State Board shall, during each financial year, prepare, in such form as may
be prescribed, an annual report giving full account of its activities under this Act
during the previous financial year and copies thereof shall be forwarded to the State
Government within four months from the last date of the previous financial year and
that government shall cause every such report to be laid before the State Legislature
within a period of nine months from the last date of the previous financial year.]

21
40. Accounts and audit
(1) Every Board shall maintain proper accounts and other relevant records and prepare
an annual statement of accounts in such form as may be prescribed by the Central
Government or, as the case may be, the State Government.
(2) The accounts of the Board shall be audited by an auditor duly qualified to act as an
auditor of companies under section 226 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956).
(3) The said auditor shall be appointed by the Central Government or, as the case may be,
the State Government on the advice of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
(4) Every auditor appointed to audit the accounts of the Board under this Act shall
have the right to demand the production of books, accounts, connected vouchers and
other documents and papers and to inspect any of the offices of the Board.
(5) Every such auditor shall send a copy of his report together with an audited copy of
the accounts to the Central Government or, as case may be, the State Government.
(6) The Central Government shall, as soon as may be after the receipt of the audit
report under sub-section (5), cause the same to be laid before both Houses of
Parliament.
(7) The State Government shall, as soon as may be after the receipt of the audit report
under sub-section (5), cause the same to be laid before the State Legislature.

CHAPTER VII
PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE
4
[41. Failure to comply with directions under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of
section 20, or orders issued under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 32 or
directions issued under sub-section (2) of section 33 or section 33A
(1) Whoever fails to comply with the direction given under sub-section (2) or sub-
section (3) of section 20 within such time as may be specified in the direction shall, on
conviction, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three
months or with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees or with both and in case
the failure continues, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand
rupees for every day during which such failure continues after the conviction for the
first such failure.
(2) Whoever fails to comply with any order issued under clause (e) of sub-section (1)
of section 32 or any direction issued by a court under sub-section (2) of section 33 or
any direction issued under section 33A shall, in respect of each such failure and on
conviction, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than
one year and six months but which may extend to six years and with fine, and in case
the failure continues, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand
rupees for everyday during which such failure continues after the conviction for the
first such failure.
(3) If the failure referred to in sub-section (2) continues beyond a period of one year
after the date of conviction, the offender shall, on conviction, be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend
to seven years and with fine.]

42. Penalty for certain acts

(1) Whoever-
(a) destroys, pulls down, removes, injures or defaces any pillar, post or stake
fixed in the ground or any notice or other matter put up, inscribed or placed,
by or under the authority of the Board, or

22
 (b) obstructs any person acting under the orders or directions of the Board from
exercising his powers and performing his functions under this Act, or
(c) damages any works or property belonging to the Board, or
(d) fails to furnish to any officer or other employee of the Board any
information required by him for the purpose of this Act, or
(e) fails to intimate the occurrence of any accident or other unforeseen act or
event under section 31 to the Board and other authorities or agencies as
required by that section, or
(f) in giving any information which he is required to give under this Act,
knowingly or wilfully makes a statement which is false in any material
particular, or
(g) for the purpose of obtaining any consent under section 25 or section 26,
knowingly or wilfully makes a statement which is false in any material
particular, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may
extend to three months or with fine which may extend to 28[ten thousand
rupees] or with both.
(2) Where for the grant of a consent in pursuance of the provisions of section 25 or
section 26 the use of meter or gauge or other measure or monitoring device is required
and such device is used for the purposes of those provisions, any person who
knowingly or wilfully alters or interferes with that device so as to prevent it from
monitoring or measuring correctly shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to three months or with fine which may extend to 28[ten thousand
rupees] or with both.

43. Penalty for contravention of provisions of section 24

Whoever contravenes the provisions of section 24 shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 29[one year and six months] but
which may extend to six years and with fine.

44. Penalty for contravention of section 25 or section 26

Whoever contravenes the provisions of section 25 or section 26 shall be punishable
with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 29[one year and six months]
but which may extend to six years and with fine.

45. Enhanced penalty after previous conviction

If any person who has been convicted of any offence under section 24 or section 25 or
section 26 is again found guilty of an offence involving a contravention of the same
provision, he shall, on the second and on every subsequent conviction, be punishable
with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 30[two years] but which
may extend to seven years and with fine:
PROVIDED that for the purpose of this section no cognizance shall be taken of any
conviction made more than two years before the commission of the offence which is
being punished.
15
[45A. Penalty for contravention of certain provisions of the Act
Whoever contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or fails to comply with any
order or direction given under this Act, for which no penalty has been elsewhere
provided in this Act, shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to
three months or with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees or with both and
in the case of a continuing contravention or failure, with an additional fine which may

23
extend to five thousand rupees for every day during which such contravention or
failure continues after conviction for the first such contravention or failure.]

46. Publication of names of offenders

If any person convicted of an offence under this Act commits a like offence
afterwards it shall be lawful for the court before which the second or subsequent
conviction takes place to cause the offender's name and place of residence, the offence
and the penalty imposed to be published at the offender's expense in such newspapers
or in such other manner as the court may direct and the expenses of such publication
shall be deemed to be part of the cost attending the conviction and shall be
recoverable in the same manner as a fine.

47. Offences by companies

(1) Where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company, every person
who at the time the offence was committed was in charge of, and was responsible to
the company for the conduct of, the business of the company, as well as the company,
shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against
and punished accordingly:
PROVIDED that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person
liable to any punishment provided in this Act if he proves that the offence was
committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the
commission of such offence.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under
this Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been
committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the
part of, any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such
director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that
offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Explanation : For the purposes of this section-
(a) "company" means any body corporate, and includes a firm or other
association of individuals; and
(b) "director" in relation to a firm means a partner in the firm.

48. Offences by government departments

Where an offence under this Act has been committed by any Department of
Government, the Head of the Department shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence
and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:
PROVIDED that nothing contained in this section shall render such Head of the
Department liable to any punishment if he proves that the offence was committed
without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the
commission of such offence.

49. Cognizance of offences

24
[(1) No court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act except on a
complaint made by-
(a) a Board or any officer authorised in this behalf by it; or
(b) any person who has given notice of not less than sixty days, in the manner
prescribed, of the alleged offence and of his intention to make a complaint,
to the Board or officer authorised as aforesaid, and no court inferior to that

24
 of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class shall
try any offence punishable under this Act.]
15
[(2) Where a complaint has been made under clause (b) of sub-section (1), the Board
shall, on demand by such person, make available the relevant reports in its possession
to that person:
PROVIDED that the Board may refuse to make any such report available to such
person if the same is in its opinion, against the public interest.]
31
[(3)] Notwithstanding anything contained in section 29 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), it shall be lawful for any 5[Judicial Magistrate of the first
class or for any Metropolitan Magistrate] to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a
term exceeding two years or of fine exceeding two thousand rupees on any person
convicted of an offence punishable under this Act.

50. Members, officers and servants of Board to be public servants

All members, officers and servants of a Board when acting or purporting to act in
pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder shall be
deemed to be public servants within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal
Code (45 of 1860).

CHAPTER VII
MISCELLANEOUS

51. Central Water Laboratory

(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette-
(a) establish a Central Water Laboratory; or
(b) specify any laboratory or institute as a Central Water Laboratory, to carry
out the functions entrusted to the Central Water Laboratory under this Act.
(2) The Central Government may, after consultation with the Central Board, make
rules prescribing-
(a) the functions of the Central Water Laboratory;
(b) the procedure for the submission to the said laboratory of samples of water
or of sewage or trade effluent for analysis or tests, the form of the
laboratory's report thereunder and the fees payable in respect of such report;
(c) such other matters as may be necessary or expedient to enable that
laboratory to carry out its functions.

52. State Water Laboratory

(1) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette-
(a) establish a State Water Laboratory; or
(b) specify any laboratory or institute as a State Water Laboratory, to carry out
the functions entrusted to the State Water Laboratory under this Act.
(2) The State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, make rules
prescribing-
(a) the functions of the State Water Laboratory;
(b) the procedure for the submission to the said laboratory of samples of water
or of sewage or trade effluent for analysis or tests, the form of the
laboratory's report thereon and the fees payable in respect of such report;
(c) such other matters as may be necessary or expedient to enable that
laboratory to carry out its functions.

25
53. Analysts
(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint such
persons as it thinks fit and having the prescribed qualifications to be government
analysts for the purpose of analysis of samples of water or of sewage or trade effluent
sent for analysis to any laboratory established or specified under sub-section (1) of
section 51.
(2) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint such
persons as it thinks fit and having the prescribed qualifications to be government
analysts for the purpose of analysis of samples of water or of sewage or trade effluent
sent for analysis to any laboratory established or specified under sub-section (1) of
section 52.
(3) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (3) of section 12, the Central
Board or, as the case may be, the State Board may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, and with the approval of the Central Government or the State Government, as
the case may be, appoint such persons as it thinks fit and having the prescribed
qualifications to be Board analysts for the purpose of analysis of samples of water or
of sewage or trade effluent sent for analysis to any laboratory established or
recognised under section 16, or, as the case may be, under section 17.

54. Reports of analysts

Any document purporting to be a report signed by a government analyst or, as the
case may be, a Board analyst may be used as evidence of the facts stated therein in
any proceeding under this Act.

55. Local authorities to assist

All local authorities shall render such help and assistance and furnish such
information to the Board as it may require for the discharge of its functions, and shall
make available to the Board for inspection and examination such records, maps, plans
and other documents as may be necessary for the discharge of its functions.

56. Compulsory acquisition of land for the State Board

Any land required by a State Board for the efficient performance of its functions
under this Act shall be deemed to be needed for a public purpose and such land shall
be acquired for the State Board under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act,
1894 (1 of 1894), or under any other corresponding law for the time being in force:

57. Returns and reports

The Central Board shall furnish to the Central Government, and a State Board shall
furnish to the State Government and to the Central Board such reports, returns,
statistics, accounts and other information with respect to its fund or activities as that
government, or, as the case may be, the Central Board may, from time to time,
require.

58. Bar of jurisdiction

No civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of
any matter which an Appellate Authority constituted under this Act is empowered by
or under this Act to determine, and no injunction shall be granted by any court or
other authority in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power
conferred by or under this Act.

26
59. Protection of action taken in good faith
No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie against the government or any officer of
government or any member or officer of a Board in respect of anything which is in
good faith done or intended to be done in pursuance of this Act or the rules made
thereunder.

60. Overriding effect

The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent
therewith contained in any enactment other than this Act.

61. Power of Central Government to supersede the Central Board and Joint
Boards
(1) If at any time the Central Government is of opinion-
(a) that the Central Board or any Joint Board has persistently made default in
the performance of the functions imposed on it by or under this Act; or
(b) that circumstances exist which render it necessary in the public interest so to
do, the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
supersede the Central Board or such Joint Board, as the case may be, for
such period, not exceeding one year, as may be specified in the notification:
PROVIDED that before issuing a notification under this sub-section for the
reasons mentioned in clause (a), the Central Government shall give a
reasonable opportunity to the Central Board or such Joint Board, as the case
may be, to show cause why it should not be superseded and shall consider
the explanations and objections if any, of the Central Board or such Joint
Board, as the case may be.
(2) Upon the publication of a notification under sub-section (1) superseding the
Central Board or any Joint Board-
(a) all the members shall, as from the date of supersession vacate their offices as
such;
(b) all the powers, functions and duties which may, by or under this Act, be
exercised, performed or discharged by the Central Board or such Joint board
shall, until the Central Board or the Joint Board, as the case may be, is
reconstituted under sub-section (3) be exercised, performed or discharged by
such person or persons as the Central Government may direct;
(c) all property owned or controlled by the Central Board or such Joint Board
shall, until the Central Board or the Joint Board, as the case may be, is
reconstituted under sub-section (3) vest in the Central Government.
(3) On the expiration of the period of supersession specified in the notification issued
under sub-section (1), the Central Government may-
(a) extend the period of supersession for such further term, not exceeding six
months, as it may consider necessary; or
(b) reconstitute the Central Board or the Joint Board, as the case may be, by
fresh nomination or appointment, as the case may be, and in such case any
person who vacated his office under clause (a) of sub-section (2) shall not be
deemed disqualified for nomination or appointment:
PROVIDED that the Central Government may at any time before the
expiration of the period of supersession, whether originally specified under
sub-section (1) or as extended under this sub-section, take action under
clause (b) of this sub-section.

27
62. Power of State Government to supersede State Board
(1) If at any time the State Government is of opinion-
(a) that the State Board has persistently made default in the performance of the
functions imposed on it by or under this Act; or
(b) that circumstances exist which render it necessary in the public interest so to
do, the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
supersede the State Board for such period, not exceeding one year, as may
be specified in the notification:
PROVIDED that before issuing a notification under this sub-section for the
reasons mentioned in clause (a), the State Government shall give a
reasonable opportunity to the State Board to show cause why it should not
be superseded and shall consider the explanations and objections, if any, of
the State Board.
(2) Upon the publication, of a notification under sub-section (1) superseding the State
Board, the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 61 shall apply in relation
to the supersession of the State Board as they apply in relation to the supersession of
the Central Board or a Joint Board by the Central Government.

63. Power of Central Government to make rules

(1) The Central Government may, simultaneously with the constitution of the Central
Board, make rules in respect of the matters specified in sub-section (2):
PROVIDED that when the Central Board has been constituted, no such rule shall be
made, varied, amended or repealed without consulting the Board.
(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such
rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely,-
(a) the terms and conditions of service of the members (other than the Chairman
and member-secretary) of the Central Board under sub-section (8) of section 5;
(b) the intervals and the time and place at which meetings of the Central Board
or of any committee thereof constituted under this Act, shall be held and the
procedure to be followed at such meetings, including the quorum necessary
for the transaction of business under section 8, and under sub-section (2) of
section 9;
(c) the fees and allowances to be paid to such members of a committee of the
Central Board as are not members of the Board under sub-section (3) of
section 9;
32
[(d) the manner in which and the purposes for which persons may be associated
with the Central Board under sub-section (1) of section 10 and the fees and
allowances payable to such persons;]
(e) the terms and conditions of service of the Chairman and the member-
secretary of the Central Board under sub-section (9) of section 5 and under
sub-section (1) of section 12;
(f) conditions subject to which a person may be appointed as a consulting
engineer to the Central Board under sub-section (4) of section 12;
(g) the powers and duties to be exercised and performed by the Chairman and
the member-secretary of the Central Board;
9
[(h) ***
(i) ***]
(j) the form of the report of the Central Board analyst under sub-section (1) of
section 22;

28
 (k) the form of the report of the government analyst under sub-section (3) of
section 22;
4
[(l) the form in which and the time within which the budget of the Central Board
may be prepared and forwarded to the Central Government under section 38;
(ll) the form in which the annual report of the Central Board may be prepared
under section 39;]
(m) the form in which the accounts of the Central Board may be maintained
under section 40;
15
[(mm) the manner in which notice of intention to make a complaint shall be given
to the Central Board or officer authorised by it under section 49;]
(n) any other matter relating to the Central Board, including the powers and
functions of that Board in relation to Union Territories;
(o) any other matter which has to be, or may be, prescribed.
(3) Every rule made by the Central Government under this Act shall be laid, as soon
as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a
total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more
successive sessions, and if, 5[before the expiry of the session immediately following
the session or the successive sessions aforesaid], both Houses agree in making any
modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the
rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the
case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without
prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule.

64. Power of State Government to make rules

(1) The State Government may, simultaneously with the constitution of the State
Board, make rules to carry out the purposes of this Act, in respect of matters not
falling within the purview of section 63:
PROVIDED that when the State Board has been constituted, no such rule shall be
made, varied, amended or repealed without consulting that Board.
(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such
rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely,-
(a) the terms and conditions of service of members (other than the Chairman
and the member-secretary) of the State Board under sub-section (8) of
section 5;
(b) the time and place of meetings of the State Board or of any committee of
that Board constituted under this Act and the procedure to be followed at
such meeting, including the quorum necessary for the transaction of business
under section 8 and under sub-section (2) of section 9;
(c) the fees and allowances to be paid to such members of a committee of the
State Board as are not members of the Board under sub-section (3) of section 9;
(d) the manner in which and the purposes for which persons may be associated
with the State Board under sub-section (1) of section 10 2[and the fees and
allowances payable to such persons;]
(e) the terms and conditions of service of the Chairman and the member-
secretary of the State Board under sub-section (9) of section 5 and under
sub-section (1) of section 12;
(f) the conditions subject to which a person may be appointed as a consulting
engineer to the State Board under sub-section (4) of section 12;
(g) the powers and duties to be exercised and discharged by the Chairman and
the member-secretary of the State Board;

29
 (h) the form of the notice referred to in section 21;
(i) the form of the report of the State Board analyst under sub-section (1) of
section 22;
(j) the form of the report of the government analyst under sub-section (3) of
section 22;
(k) the form of application for the consent of the State Board under sub-section
(2) of section 25, and the particulars it may contain;
(l) the manner in which inquiry under sub-section (3) of section 25 may be
made in respect of an application for obtaining consent of the State Board
and the matters to be taken into account in granting or refusing such consent;
(m) the form and manner in which appeals may be filed, the fees payable in
respect of such appeals and the procedure to be followed by the Appellate
Authority in disposing of the appeals under sub-section(3) of section 28;
33
[(n) the form in which and the time within which the budget of the State Board
may be prepared and forwarded to the State Government under section 38;
(nn) the form in which the annual report of the State Board may be prepared
under section 39;]
(o) the form in which the accounts of the State Board may be maintained under
sub-section (1) of section 40;
15
[(oo) the manner in which notice of intention to make a complaint shall be given
to the State Board or officer authorised by it under section 49;]
(p) any other matter which has to be, or may be, prescribed.

Foot Notes
1 Substituted by Act No. 53 of 1988, for clauses (b), (d) and (h).
2 Inserted by Act No. 44 of 1978.
3 Substituted for the words "trade or industry" by Act No. 53 of 1988.
4 Substituted by Act No. 53 of 1988.
5 Substituted by Act No. 44 of 1978.
6 Substituted for the words "five officials" by Act No. 44 of 1978.
7 Substituted for the words "three non-officials" by Act No. 44 of 1978.
8 Substituted for clause (f) by Act No. 53 of 1988.
9 Omitted by Act No. 44 of 1978.
10 Substituted by Act No. 53 of 1988, for the words "State Board".
11 The words "full time" omitted by Act No. 44 of 1978.
12 Substituted by Act No. 44 of 1978, for the words "five persons".
13 Substituted for sub-section (2) by Act No. 44 of 1978.
14 Substituted by Act No. 53 of 1988, for the words "shall not be eligible for
renomination for more than two terms".
15 Inserted by Act No. 53 of 1988.
16 Section 18 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act No. 53 of 1988.
17 Substituted by Act No. 53 of 1988, for the words "industry or trade".

30