CLOUD COMPUTING Notes

UNIT-1 (Introduction to Cloud Computing)

Cloud Computing
• The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet
• In other words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote
location.
• Cloud can provide services over network, i.e., on public networks or on private
networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
• Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the
applications online.
• It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.
• Cloud Computing is both a combination of software and hardware based
computing resources delivered as a network service.
• Cloud computing is a technology that delivers various computing services over the
internet, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence.
• It allows us to create, configure, and customize applications online.
Architecture of Cloud Computing :-
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts:-
• Frontend
• Backend

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

1. Frontend:
• Client-side interface for cloud access.
• Includes user interfaces and applications.
• Example: Web browser used to access cloud services.
• Client Infrastructure: GUI for accessing the cloud.
 2. Backend:
• Manages resources, security, and storage.
• Includes virtual applications, machines, traffic control, and deployment models.
• Application: Backend software/platform accessed by the client.
• Service: Manages cloud services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS).
• Runtime Cloud: Provides execution environment for VMs.
• Storage: Scalable storage and data management.
• Infrastructure: Includes servers, storage, and network devices.
• Management: Oversees backend components and security.
• Security: Implements mechanisms to protect cloud resources.
• Internet: Bridge between frontend and backend.
• Database: Manages data storage (SQL, NoSQL).
• Networking: Supports load balancing, DNS, VPNs.
• Analytics: Provides data analytics capabilities in the cloud.

Advantages of Cloud Computing Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1. Cost Efficiency 1.Security and Privacy Concerns

2. Scalability 2.Limited Control
3. Flexibility 3.Internet Dependency
4. Accessibility 4.Data Transfer Costs
5. Data Security 5.Compliance Issues
6. Automatic Updates
7. Collaboration

Cloud Provider
▪ Five major activities of Cloud Provider’s
• Service deployment
• Service orchestration
• Cloud service management
• Security
• Privacy
 Service Models
• Service Models are the reference models on which the Cloud Computing is based.
• These can be categorized into three basic service models as listed below:
(1)SAAS
(2)PAAS
(3)IAAS
SAAS
● SAAS stands for Software as a service.
● SAAS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis.
● SAAS model allows to use software applications as a service to end users.
● Users can access these applications through a web browser, without needing to
install or maintain the software on their devices.
● SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides licensed multitenant access
to software and its functions remotely as a Web-based service.
• Usually billed based on usage
• Usually multi tenant environment
• Highly scalable architecture
How It Works: The cloud service provider manages everything from the hardware and
software to data storage and security. Users simply log in and use the software through a web
interface.
SAAS EXAMPLES:-
◘ Google Workspace ◘ FaceBook
◘ SalesForce ◘ Microsoft Office 365
◘ NETSUITE
 PAAS
● PAAS stands for Platform as a service
● PAAS provides the runtime environment for applications, development &
deployment tools, etc.
● It includes tools and services for development, testing, deployment, and
maintenance.
● Typically applications must be developed with a particular platform in mind
• Multi tenant environments
• Highly scalable multi tier architecture
How It Works:
● PaaS offers a comprehensive environment for software development that includes
programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the cloud provider.
● Developers can focus on writing code and creating applications, while the provider
manages servers, storage, and networking.
PAAS EXAMPLES:-
◘ Amazon
◘ SalesForce
◘ Google App Engine
◘ Microsoft Azure App Services

IAAS
● IAAS stands for Infrastructure as a Service.
● IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, including servers,
storage, and networking.
● It is the most fundamental level of cloud service, offering essential infrastructure
components.
● IAAS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on demand scalable service.
● IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual
machines, virtual storage, etc.
• Usually billed/cost based on usage
• Usually multi tenant virtualized environment
• Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and application support
How It Works:
● IaaS provides a virtual data center for users, where they can run and manage
virtual machines (VMs) and other resources.
● The users have control over the operating system, applications, and storage while
the cloud provider manages the hardware.
 EXAMPLES OF IAAS:-
◘ Amazon Web Services (AWS EC2)
◘ Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
◘ Google Cloud Platform (Compute Engine)
◘ at&t

Cloud Computing Platforms

● Cloud computing platforms provide the infrastructure, tools, and services necessary
to build, deploy, and manage applications over the internet.
● These platforms offer scalable and flexible computing resources that can be
accessed on-demand, reducing the need for on-premises hardware and software.
● Cloud computing platforms provide a range of services to users, and they are
typically categorized into service models such as Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
● The two main types of cloud computing platforms are:-
(i) Platform as a Service (PaaS)
(ii) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

(i) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

● IAAS offers fundamental computing resources like virtual machines, storage,
networks, and other basic infrastructure components.
● IaaS provides the most control over the hardware, allowing companies to create
their own custom environments to meet their unique needs.
Example: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

(ii) Platform as a Service (PaaS):

• It provides a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud.
• It provides a platform that includes hardware, software, and tools needed to build,
develop, and deploy applications.
• PaaS platforms typically come with built-in tools for software development, database
management, and application deployment.
Examples: (1) Google App Engine:- Managed platform for building and deploying
applications (PaaS).
(2)Microsoft Azure:- Cloud platform offering a range of services including IaaS and
PaaS.
 (3)Utility Computing: Provides on-demand computing resources.
(4)Elastic Computing: Scalable computing power to meet demand.

Advantages of Cloud Computing Platforms:- Disadvantages

(1) Scalability (1)Can be slow
(2) Reduced software costs (2)Downtime and Reliability Issues
(3) Flexibility and Customization (3) Complexity in Management
(4) Improved performance (4) Stored data can be lost

Cloud Storage
● Cloud storage is a key component of cloud computing that enables users to store,
manage, and access data over the internet.
● Unlike traditional local storage on personal computers or physical servers, cloud
storage provides a scalable, secure, and flexible solution for data management.
● Create an Account User name and password.
● Content lives with the account in the cloud.
● Log onto any computer with Wi-Fi to find your content.
● Data is stored in a virtual environment and can be managed through web-based
interfaces or APIs.
● Users can access their data via the internet, using various devices such as
computers, smartphones, and tablets.

Architecture of Cloud Storage:-

1. Client Layer
○ Users interact with cloud storage through web browsers, mobile apps, or APIs.
○ This layer provides interfaces for data upload, retrieval, and management.
2. Application Layer
○ This layer includes applications and services that manage data storage, retrieval,
and processing.
○ It may involve APIs that allow developers to integrate cloud storage into their
applications.
3. Storage Layer
○ The actual storage infrastructure resides here, including storage devices,
databases, and file systems.
○ Data is distributed across multiple physical servers to ensure redundancy and high
availability.
4. Network Layer
 ○ This layer encompasses the network connections that enable communication
between clients and the storage infrastructure, ensuring data is transmitted securely and
efficiently.

Types of Cloud Storage:-

1. Object Storage
○ Stores data as objects, which include the data itself, metadata, and a unique
identifier.
○ This is suitable for unstructured data like images, videos, and backups.
○ Example: Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage.
2. Block Storage
○ Divides data into blocks and stores it as separate units, similar to traditional storage
on hard drives.
○ It is typically used for applications that require fast access to data, such as
databases.
○ Example: Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store), Azure Managed Disks.
3. File Storage
○ Provides a hierarchical file system for storing and managing files.
○ This is ideal for shared file storage and collaborative applications.
○ Example: Azure Files, Google Cloud Filestore.

Popular Cloud Storage Providers

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

2. Microsoft Azure
3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
4. Dropbox Box

Advantage of Cloud Storage Providers:- Disadvantage

(1) Cost Efficiency (1)Data Transfer Speeds

(2) Scalability (2)Downtime Risks

(3) Accessibility (3)Limited Control

(4) Enhanced Security

 Organizational scenarios of clouds

1. Startups and Small Businesses:

• Limited capital and resources.

• Use public cloud services (e.g., AWS, GCP, Azure) for scalable resources.

• Pay-as-you-go model minimizes financial risk.

2. Large Enterprises:

• Need to modernize and reduce costs while managing existing infrastructure.

• Hybrid cloud models for critical workloads (private) and public cloud for less sensitive
tasks.

• Multi-cloud strategies to avoid vendor lock-in.

3. E-commerce Companies:

• Handle fluctuating traffic, especially during peak times.

• Use public cloud services for elastic computing (e.g., AWS EC2).

• CDNs and global data centers improve performance and reduce latency.

4. Healthcare Organizations:

• Manage large volumes of sensitive patient data with compliance needs.

• Use private or hybrid clouds for security and regulatory compliance.

• Support for telemedicine, medical imaging, and patient portals.

5. Educational Institutions:

• Offer online learning and manage large student information systems.

• Use SaaS solutions (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft 365) for collaboration tools.

• Host learning management systems (LMS) and virtual classrooms on public clouds.

6. Financial Services:
• Require secure, compliant, and resilient infrastructure for transactions.
 • Hybrid clouds with critical systems on-premises/private and non-critical in public clouds.
• Use of AWS Outposts or Azure Stack for private cloud environments.

7. Media and Entertainment:

• Manage and distribute large digital content globally.
• Public cloud services for storage, processing, and content delivery networks (CDNs).
• Cloud platforms (e.g., AWS Media Services) for video streaming services.

8. Government Agencies:
• High security, data sovereignty, and compliance needs.
• Use of government clouds (e.g., AWS GovCloud, Azure Government) for secure
environments.
• Modernize IT, deploy citizen-facing applications, and manage big data securely.

9. Manufacturing and Supply Chain:

• Real-time monitoring of production lines and supply chains.
• IoT solutions combined with cloud platforms (e.g., Azure IoT, AWS IoT Core).
• Integration of ERP systems with real-time data analytics.

10. Research and Development:

• Need vast computing resources for simulations, data analysis, and machine learning.
• Public clouds provide scalable computing power and storage.
• Use platforms like Google Cloud AI and AWS Machine Learning for R&D tasks.

Administering & Monitoring cloud services Administering:

Administering :
• Administering cloud computing services is an important process when you have hosted
your business data on the cloud.
• The business owners need to know whether the performance is at the right level and
whether the deleted data is permanently gone.
• Investigating the Reliability and Visibility of a cloud provider should be handled well when
hosting data on the cloud.
• Business owners need to enable administration in terms of monitoring every dimension
of the service they are getting.
• Cloud services can definitely build and provide stable services that are cost effective and
efficient.
 Administering cloud services
1. Importance of Administration:
• Efficient Management: Ensures that cloud resources are managed effectively to meet
organizational needs.
• Security and Compliance: Maintains security protocols and compliance with regulatory
requirements.
• Cost Control: Monitors and optimizes cloud usage to control costs.

2. Key Administration Tasks:

(i) User and Access Management:
• Use Identity and Access Management (IAM) to control who can access cloud resources.
• Implement Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to assign appropriate permissions.
(ii) Resource Provisioning:
• Allocate and configure cloud resources (e.g., virtual machines, storage) as needed.
• Automate resource provisioning to quickly respond to changing demands.
(iii) Monitoring and Logging:
• Implement monitoring tools to track performance, security, and usage.
• Maintain logs for auditing, troubleshooting, and compliance purposes.
(iv) Security Management:
• Apply security patches and updates to cloud resources.
• Implement encryption for data at rest and in transit.
• Use firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and other security measures.
(v) Backup and Disaster Recovery:
• Set up regular backups for critical data and applications.
• Develop and test disaster recovery plans to ensure business continuity.

3. Cloud Management Tools:

(i) Native Tools:
• AWS Management Console for managing AWS services.
• Azure Portal for administering Microsoft Azure resources.
• Google Cloud Console for managing Google Cloud resources.
(ii) Third-Party Tools:
• Terraform or Ansible for infrastructure as code (IaC) and automation.
• Cloud management platforms like Right Scale or Scalr for multi-cloud administration.

4. Conclusion:
 • Effective Administration: Leads to improved performance, security, and cost efficiency.
• Continuous Improvement: Regularly update strategies and tools to adapt to evolving cloud
technologies and business needs.

Monitoring:
There are some types of cloud monitoring :
1. Database monitoring : Analyzes data integrity availability, querying, access, and how
your application uses this data.
2. Virtual machine monitoring: Includes monitoring health, as well as traffic logs and
scalability.
3. Cloud storage monitoring: Tracks and manages the data stored in a cloud
environment. 4. Virtual network monitoring: Creates virtual versions of important network
elements, namely firewalls, routers, and load balancers.
5. Cloud sever monitoring: Tracks metrics such as CPU utilization, memory usage, and
disk input to identify potential problems early.

Monitoring cloud services

1. Importance of Monitoring:
(i) Performance Assurance: Ensures that cloud applications and services run smoothly.
(ii) Early Issue Detection: Identifies potential problems like downtime, latency, or security
threats.
(iii) Resource Optimization: Helps in efficiently managing cloud resources to avoid
wastage and reduce costs.

2. Key Metrics to Monitor:

• Uptime and Availability: Tracks service availability to ensure high uptime.
• Latency: Measures response times for applications and services.

3. Monitoring Tools:
(i) Cloud-Native Tools:
• AWS CloudWatch for AWS environments.
• Azure Monitor for Microsoft Azure services.
• Google Cloud Operations for Google Cloud environments.

(ii) Third-Party Tools:

• Datadog, New Relic, Prometheus for multi-cloud or hybrid cloud monitoring.
3. Benefits of Monitoring:
(i)Proactive Management: Resolves issues before they impact users.
(ii)Enhanced Security: Identifies and mitigates security threats quickly.

4. Best Practices:
(i) Automation: Automate monitoring and alerting to ensure continuous oversight.
(ii) Set Clear Thresholds: Define thresholds for key metrics to trigger alerts.

Benefits Limitation
(1) Cost Efficiency (1)Data Lock
(2) Scalability and Flexibility (2)Recovery and Backup
(3) Collaboration and Accessibility (3)Deletion of data
(4) Security (4)Data segregation
(5) Performance and Reliability (5)Availability of Services

Comparison among SAAS, PAAS, IAAS Cloud computing platforms

Aspect SAAS PAAS IAAS

(1)Definition Software via the Platform for app Virtualized

internet. development. infrastructure.

(2)Management Users manage Developers Users manage

software only. manage apps; provider everything except
handles infrastructure. hardware.

(3)Target Users End-users and Developers and IT admins and

businesses. teams. businesses.

(4)Customization limited options. Moderate High

customization. customization.

(5)Cost Subscription- Pay for resources Pay for

based. used. infrastructure.

(6)Use cases Email, CRM, file App development, Hosting, storage,

storage. testing. backup.

(7)Examples Google Heroku, Google Amazon EC2,

Workspace, Dropbox App Engine Azure VMs
 Deploy Application Over Cloud
• Deploying an application in cloud computing involves several steps, depending on the
cloud service provider you choose (like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, etc.) and the architecture of
your application.
• Deploying applications in cloud computing involves hosting and running software
applications on cloud infrastructure rather than on local servers or personal computers.
• This practice offers scalability, flexibility, and a range of services that can enhance
application performance and management.
Cloud Deployment Models:-
(1)Public
(2)Private
(3)Hybrid
(4)Community

(1)Public Cloud
Definition: Resources are owned and managed by a third-party provider.
→ Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public.
Characteristics: Shared among multiple organizations.
Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform

(2)Private Cloud
Definition: Resources are dedicated to a single organization.
→ Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization.
Characteristics: Offers more control and security.
Hosting Options: Can be on-premises or managed by a third-party provider.
 (3) Hybrid Cloud

○ Definition: Combines public and private clouds.

○ Characteristics: Allows data and applications to be shared between the two.
○ Benefits: Provides flexibility and various deployment options.

(4) Community Cloud

Definition: Community Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by
group of organizations.
→ It falls between category of private and public cloud.
Example:- Google( “Gov Cloud”) NASA(“Nebula cloud”)

Service Models
(1)SAAS (2)PAAS (3)IAAS

Deployment Steps

● Preparation: Assess application requirements, choose the appropriate cloud

service model, and select a cloud provider.
● Development: Build the application using cloud-compatible technologies and
frameworks. Consider microservices architecture for better scalability.
● Testing: Conduct thorough testing in a staging environment to ensure application
performance, security, and reliability.
● Deployment: Deploy the application to the chosen cloud environment, using
automated tools and scripts for continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD).
● Monitoring and Maintenance: Utilize monitoring tools to track application
performance, availability, and security. Regular updates and maintenance ensure the application
runs smoothly.

UNIT-2 (INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES)

SOAP And REST WEB SERVICE

SOAP WEB SERVICE

● SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol.
● It is a network platform used in a web service to exchange or communicate data
between two different machines on a network.
● It uses the XML format of data to transfer messages over the HTTP protocol.
 ● SOAP works with the XML data format to handle the complex data.

● In Web services, SOAP allows the user request to interact with other programming
languages.
● SOAP is a protocol as it has some strict rules for data format &Communication.

● It manages the recods and maintain the state between the requests.

Usage of SOAP:- Features of SOAP :-

● Interoperability (1) Security

● Cloud Platforms (2) Platform-independent

● Security-Critical Applications (3) Extensibility

● Enterprise-Level Services (4) Reliability

Advantage of SOAP:- Disadvantage of SOAP:-

(1)Security (1)Complexity

(2)Reliability (2)Performance Overhead

(3)Standardized (3)Slower development

(4)Protocol Flexibility
 Components of SOAP in Cloud Computing:

(1) Envelope:- Defines the message structure and wraps the entire SOAP message.

(2)Header:- Contains optional metadata like authentication and transaction data.

(3)Body: Holds the actual message or request content.

(4)Fault: Manages error handling and reporting in the message.

REST WEB SERVICE

• REST stands for Representational State Transfer web service.

• It is an architectural style that provides standards between computer systems on a web

service.

• All web services are based on the REST; hence it is called a RESTful service.

• The purpose of developing a RESTful web service is to make the web service more

effective.

• It does not depend on a specific protocol to use, but it's used HTTP/HTTPS.

• It is a set of constraints used to create a lightweight, scalable, and maintainable web service
t that facilitates easy communication.

HTTP Methods Of REST Web service:

• GET: Retrieve data from the server (e.g., reading a resource).

• POST: Create new data on the server (e.g., adding a new resource).

• PUT: Update existing data on the server (e.g., modifying a resource).

• DELETE: Remove data from the server (e.g., deleting a resource).

Constraint and the Principles of REST

○ Client-Server

○ Stateless Server

○ Cacheable

○ Uniform Interface

○ Layered System

1. Client-Server Model:
 ○ Client: Client machines or users send a special request to the webserver and wait

for the web server's response.

○ Server: Server is the collection of web resources that provides different services to

multiples clients. It receives multiples requests from the client machines and responds to that

request to the client.

2.Stateless Server :- Each request from the client contains all necessary information.

3. Cache Response:- Responses indicate whether they can be cached.

4. Uniform Interface:- Standardized way of interacting with resources using HTTP methods

(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

5. Layered System:- Supports layers like proxy servers, firewalls, and caches to improve

scalability and security.

SOAP vs REST

Aspect SOAP REST

(1) Purpose Strict protocol with Architectural style,

specific rules (XML-based). flexible with formats (JSON,
XML, etc.).

(2)Complexity More complex and Simpler and lighweight

heavyweight.
 (3) Message Format Always XML(envelopes) JSON, XML, plain text,
etc.

(4) Statefulness Can be stateful or Always stateless

stateless.

(5) Transport Layer Uses HTTP,SMTP, TCP. Uses only HTTP/HTTPS.

(6) Caching No Catcheable Supports caching (helps

improve performance).

(7) Flexibility Rigid, requires strict Flexible, allowing

format adherence. different formats and
methods.

AJAX

● AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.

● It is a group of inter-related technologies like JavaScript, DOM, XML, HTML/XHTML,
CSS, XMLHttpRequest etc.
● AJAX allows you to send and receive data asynchronously without reloading the
web page. So it is fast.
● It makes your application interactive and faster.
● AJAX allows you to send only important information to the server not the entire
page.
● AJAX is a crucial technique in cloud computing for building rich, responsive, and
interactive web interfaces.
AJAX Technologies
● HTML/XHTML and CSS . XMLHttpRequest
● DOM .JavaScript
● XML or JSON

(1)HTML/XHTML and CSS:- These technologies are used for displaying content and
style. It is mainly used for presentation.
(2)DOM:- It is used for dynamic display and interaction with data.
 (3) XML or JSON :- For carrying data to and from server. JSON (Javascript Object
Notation) is like XML but short and faster than XML.
(4) XMLHttpRequest:- For asynchronous communication between client and server. For
more visit next page.
(5) JavaScript:- It is used mainly for client-side validation.

Where it is used?
There are too many web applications running on the web that are using ajax technology
like gmail, facebook,twitter, google map, youtube etc.

Features of AJAX: Usage of AJAX:-

1. Asynchronous Processing 1. Real time data update

2. JSON/XML Support 2. Dynamic Content Loading
3. Increased Speed and Performance 3. Fetching data from API
4. Integration with Web APIs 4. Interactive user dashboard
5. Cross-Browser Support 5. Data Validation in forms
6. Client-Side Interactions

MASHUP:- User interface service virtualization technology: virtual machine

technology
 ● Mashup refers to the integration of different services and data sources to create a
new application or service, often enhancing user experience and functionality.
● In the context of user interface service virtualization technology, especially related
to virtual machine (VM) technology in cloud computing, the following points highlight its
significance:

Key Concepts

1. Service Virtualization:
○ Enables developers to mimic the behavior of services that are unavailable or hard
to access.
○ Allows for smoother testing processes by providing access to service-like
behaviors.
2. User Interface (UI) Mashups:
○ Combines data from multiple sources (APIs, web services).
○ Enables the creation of applications that integrate various functionalities.
○ Allows for creative and diverse application designs.
3. Virtual Machine Technology:
○ Multiple VMs run on a single physical server, maximizing hardware utilization.
○ Easy to scale applications up or down by adding or removing VMs as needed.
○ Simplifies backup and recovery processes by enabling snapshots and cloning of
VMs.

Example Use Cases:

1. Business Dashboards 3. E-commerce application
2. Social Media Aggregators 4. Collaboration Tools

Unit-3 (Data in the cloud)

 Relational Database

● RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

● RDBMS is a type of database system that is based upon a model called relational
model.
● RDBMS is used to store, manipulate and handle structured databases that forms
relation with each other through tables.
● RDBMS database uses tables to store data.
● A table has rows that are also called Tuples or Records and columns that are
called Attributes or Fields.
● RDBMS is the most popular Database Management System because of its easy
implementation and its ability to store and retrieve a large amount of data.
● All modern database management systems like SQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2,
ORACLE, My-SQL, and Microsoft Access are based on RDBMS.
 Examples of Cloud-Based Relational Databases

1. Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)

2. Google Cloud SQL
3. Microsoft Azure SQL Database
4. IBM Db2 on Cloud

Table/Relation:- A table is a collection of related data entries and contains rows and
columns to store data.
Row or record:- A row of a table is also called a record or tuple.
Column/attribute:- Column is a vertical entity in the table which contains all information
associated with a specific field in a table.
Cloud file system
● Cloud file systems and related technologies like GFS, HDFS, BigTable, HBase,
and Dynamo in cloud computing:

(1) Google File System (GFS):- A distributed file system designed to provide efficient,
reliable access to data across large-scale data processing workloads.
Key Fetaures:-
(1)Scalability
(2)Fault Tolerance
(3)Optimized for Large Files

(2)Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS):- A distributed file system that is part of the
Apache Hadoop project, designed to store large files reliably and to stream those files at high
bandwidth.
Key Features:-
(i) Scalability
(ii) Data Replication
(iii)High Throughput

NoSQL Databases
 (3)Bigtable:- A distributed storage system developed by Google for managing structured
data that is designed to scale horizontally.
Key Features
(1) Wide-Column Store
(2)Scalable
(3)Integration with GFS

(4)HBase:- An open-source, distributed, scalable big data store modeled after Bigtable
and part of the Hadoop ecosystem.
Key Features:-
(1) Column-oriented
(2) Random access
(3) Integration with HDFS

(5)Dynamo:- A highly available key-value store developed by Amazon, designed to

provide fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability.
Key features:-
(1) Eventual consistency
(2) Decentralized architecture
(3) Flexible data mode

PARALLEL COMPUTING
● Parallel computing refers to the process of executing several processors an
application or computation simultaneously.’
● It is done by multiple CPUs communicating via shared memory, which combines
results upon completion.
● There are many reasons to use parallel computing, such as save time and money,
provide concurrency, solve larger problems, etc.
● parallel computing reduces complexity.
● In the real-life example of parallel computing, there are two queues to get a ticket
of anything; if two cashiers are giving tickets to 2 persons simultaneously, it helps to save time
as well as reduce complexity.
Models of Parallel Computing:- Examples of Parallel Computing:-
 (1) Increased performance (1)Apache Hadoop
(2) Handling Large Datasets (2) Apache spark
(3) Flexibility and Elasticity (3)Google Cloud Dataflow
(4) Improved Collaboration (4)Microsoft Azure Batch
(5) Reduced Time-to-Market
MAP-REDUCE MODEL
● Map-Reduce model is a programming model designed for processing and
generating large data sets with a parallel, distributed algorithm on a cluster.
● MapReduce is a paradigm which has two phases, the mapper phase, and the
reducer phase.
● Takes input data and transforms it into a set of intermediate key-value pairs.
Workflow of Map-Reduce
1. Input Data: Load data from a distributed file system (like HDFS or GFS).
2. Mapping: Split input data into chunks and apply the map function in parallel.
3. Shuffling: Shuffle and sort intermediate key-value pairs by keys.
4. Reducing: Apply the reduce function to each group of key-value pairs.
5. Output: Store the final results in a distributed file system or a database.

Use Cases of Map-reduce:-

● Data Analysis
● Log Processing
● Machine Learning
● Search Indexing

Applications of Map-Reduce in Cloud Computing

1. Data Analytics 4. Image Processing

2. Log Processing 5. Financial Data Analysis
3. Machine Learning 6. Social Media Analysis
 Relational Operations Using MapReduce in Cloud Computing

1. Selection (Filtering)
○ Map: Emit records that meet specific criteria.
○ Reduce: Not usually needed unless further aggregation is required.
2. Projection
○ Map: Emit only the specified columns (attributes).
○ Reduce: Often not needed; output comes directly from the map phase.
3. Join
○ Map: Create key-value pairs from both tables, tagging with source.
○ Shuffle and Sort: Group records by key for related processing.
○ Reduce: Perform the join operation on grouped records.
4. Aggregation
○ Map: Emit key-value pairs with group identifiers.
○ Reduce: Sum, average, or aggregate grouped values.
5. Sorting
○ Map: Emit key-value pairs for sorting.
○ Shuffle and Sort: Automatically sort output from mappers.
○ Reduce: Emit sorted output or directly write to output.
6. Grouping
○ Map: Emit key-value pairs with group identifiers.
○ Shuffle and Sort: Group records by key.
○ Reduce: Process grouped records to produce final output

CLOUD DEVELOPMENT
● Cloud development revolutionizes how applications are built, deployed, and
managed.
● Cloud development refers to the process of building and deploying applications
and services that leverage cloud computing infrastructure and platforms.
Key Features:- Development Models:- Use Cases
(1) Scalability (1) SAAS (1)Web Applications
(2) Flexibility (2)PAAS (2) mobile Applictaions
(3) Cost Efficiency (3) IAAS (3)Machine Learning
(4) Collaboration (4) Data Analytics
 (5) Security
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR CLOUD

● Vulnerability assessment tools for cloud computing help organizations identify,

analyze, and mitigate security weaknesses in their cloud infrastructure and applications.
● Here are some popular vulnerability assessment tools used in cloud environments:
1. Qualys Cloud Platform: Continuous monitoring and vulnerability scanning for cloud
assets.
2. Nessus: Widely-used tool for detailed vulnerability scanning and reporting.
3. AWS Inspector: Automated security assessment service for AWS applications.
4. CloudPassage Halo: Cloud security platform for vulnerability management and
compliance monitoring.
5. Tenable.io: Cloud-based solution for identifying and prioritizing cloud vulnerabilities.
6. OpenVAS: Open-source vulnerability scanner for cloud and networked systems.
7. Burp Suite: Web application security tool for identifying vulnerabilities in
cloud-hosted apps.
8. Acunetix: Web application scanner for vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS.
9. Microsoft Azure Security Center: Integrated security monitoring for Azure
resources.

Privacy and Security in Cloud Computing

1. Data Encryption:- Encrypt data at rest and in transit to protect against

unauthorized access.
2. Access Control:- Use Identity and Access Management (IAM) and Multi-Factor
Authentication (MFA) to restrict access to authorized users.
3. Data Privacy Regulations:- Comply with laws like GDPR, HIPAA, and CCPA
regarding data protection.
4. Security Monitoring:- Implement Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) for threat detection.
5. Secure APIs:- Ensure API security to protect against vulnerabilities when
interacting with cloud services.
6. Backup and Recovery:- Regularly back up data and have a disaster recovery
plan in place.
7. Vendor Security:- Assess third-party providers’ security and establish Service
Level Agreements (SLAs).
8. User Awareness and Training:- Educate employees on security best practices and
conduct regular training.
 9. Data Loss Prevention (DLP):- Use DLP solutions to prevent unauthorized data
sharing.

IDENTITY MANAGEMENT & ACCESS CONTROL- Identity management

● IAM stands for Identity Access Management.

● IAM allows you to manage users and their level of access to the aws console.
● Identity management in cloud computing involves managing user identities and
their access to cloud resources and services.
● It is used to set users, permissions and roles. It allows you to grant access to the
different parts of the aws platform.
● AWS IAM is a web service that enables AWS customers to manage users and user
permissions in AWS.

Features:- Application Usage

(1) User Authentication (1)Identity as a Service (1)Data Protection
(2) Single sign-on(SSO) (2)Cloud storage service (2)Risk
management
(3) Multi-Factor authentication(MFA) (3)Healthcare Systems (3)Pasword
management
(4)Role-based access control (4)Financial service (4)Identity Analytics
(5)Educational Platform