➢ Scientists study living things by observing their
(1) ___________________________ (外在特徵) and (2) ________________________ (行為).
2.3 Diversity of living things (Book 1A, p. 72)
➢ There is a (1) _______________ variety of living things on Earth.
➢ The natural environment where a living thing lives is called a (2) _______________ (生境). ➢ Living things have special body features and behaviours that help them (3) _______________ to their habitats. ➢ (4) _______________ exist within the same kind of living things. Examples of variations within humans:
can roll tongue cannot roll tongue free earlobes attached earlobes
➢ We can use a bar chart to show the distribution of certain variations (e.g. range of hand span, height, weight) for easy analysis.
2.4 Classification of living things (Book 1A, p. 81)
A The need for classification (Book 1A, p. 81)
➢ Scientists classify living things according to their (1) _______________.
➢ (2) _______________ (分類) helps scientists study living things in an orderly way.
➢ Scientists classify living things into two large groups: (3) _______________ and (4) _______________. ➢ Animals can be classified into vertebrates and (5) _______________. ➢ Vertebrates have a (6) _______________ while invertebrates do not. ➢ Vertebrates can be further classified into five groups: (7) _______________, (8) _______________, (9) _______________, (10) _______________ and (11) _______________.
1 Classifying vertebrates (Book 1A, p. 86) Extension
Group of vertebrates General characteristics
Fish (魚類) ➢ Live in (12) _______________ ➢ Have (13) _______________ (鰭) and slimy (濕滑的) (14) ________________ (鱗) ➢ Breathe with (15) _______________ (鰓) ➢ Body temperature changes with the environment Shark
Amphibians (兩棲類) ➢ Can live in water and on land ➢ Have moist (濕潤) skin but no (16) _______________ ➢ Breathe with (17) _______________, skin or lungs (肺) ➢ Body temperature changes with the environment
Frog
Reptiles (爬行類) ➢ Body covered with dry, (18) _______________ scales ➢ Breathe with (19) _______________ ➢ (20) ___________________________ changes with the environment
Mammals (哺乳類) ➢ Have mammary glands (乳腺) to produce (26) _______________ for the young ➢ Have fur or hair (毛髮) on the skin ➢ Breathe with (27) _______________ ➢ Can maintain a (28) _______________ body temperature Chimpanzee (黑猩猩)
2 Classifying plants (Book 1A, p. 89)
➢ Scientists classify plants into (29) _____________________________________ and
(30) _____________________________________ according to whether they produce flowers or not.
C The changing classification system (Book 1A, p. 91)
➢ The classification system that scientists are using today is largely based on the work of (31) ________________________ in the 1700s.
➢ The classification system is subject to change when there are new discoveries.
D Using a key to identify living things (Book 1B, p. 92)
➢ Scientists use a (32) _______________ (檢索表) to identify (辨認) unknown living things.
➢ Living things that are in danger of extinction (絕種) are called (1) _______________________ ______________________ (瀕危物種). ➢ Some examples of endangered species: rhinoceros, tigers, giant pandas, Chinese sturgeons, pitcher plants and orchids.
Chinese sturgeon (中華鱘) Orchid (蘭花)
Giant panda (大熊貓) Pitcher plant (豬籠草)
B Effect of human activities on wildlife (Book 1A, p. 97)
➢ The (2) _______________ (絕種) of wildlife (野生生物) can occur naturally because of (3) _______________ or (4) ______________________________. ➢ The rapid decrease in the number and kinds of living things in the past 50 years is caused mainly by (5) ______________________________.
Cause Explanation Destruction of natural habits ➢ Human destroyed the natural habitats of many living things to obtain (6) ______________________ (原料) and new (7) _______________. ➢ Living things (e.g. giant panda) lose their homes (e.g. bamboo forests) and may die.
Destruction of bamboo forest
Excessive hunting and ➢ Some animals (e.g. sharks) are being (8) _________ over-exploitation _________________ (過度獵殺) to make medicinal or commercial products (e.g. dried shark fins). ➢ Some plants (e.g. slipper orchids) are (9) _________ _________________ (過度採摘) for gardening or medicinal purposes.
Fishermen kill sharks
Introduction of (10) ________ ➢ Some living things which are not naturally found in _____________ (外來物種) an area are brought to new places because of (11) ______________ (貿易) or (12) ______________ (運輸).
➢ Some living things are introduced to new areas for
controlling (13) _______________ (害蟲). ➢ These living things may compete with (14) ________ Mosquito fish introduced from South America to Hong Kong __________ (原生物種) for food.
Pollution ➢ Some human activities produce harmful substances
that (15) _______________ (污染) the environment. ➢ Plants cannot live in polluted air and will die. ➢ Rubbish dumped in natural habitats can kill animals.
➢ (16) _______________ (保育) of wildlife and their habitats is important because:
◼ living things are (17) _______________ (互相依賴) for survival (生存). The feeding relationship of living things can be shown by a (18) _______________ (食物鏈). Example:
eaten by eaten by
rotten leaves from crab seabird
mangrove
◼ the loss of any kind of living things can (19) _______________ (干擾) the stable system in nature. ◼ humans are dependent on other living things for the supply of food, medicine, etc.
D Ways of conserving wildlife (Book 1A, p. 105)
Ways of conserving wildlife Measures
I Carrying out studies about wildlife a Set up a visitor centre in the Hong Kong Wetland Park II Protecting wildlife by laws b Reuse metal cans to reduce the amount of waste III Reducing pollution c Set up the Mai Po Nature Reserve for nature conservation IV Educating the public d Require a licence for owning endangered species V Setting up and managing protected e Recycle used materials to make new products areas f Organize tree-planting activities g Reduce the use of electricity h Observe the external features and behaviours of living things
2.4 1 similarities 2 Classification 3 animals 4 plants 5 invertebrates 6 backbone 7 fish 8 amphibians 9 reptiles 10 birds 11 mammals 12 water 13 fins 14 scales 15 gills 16 scales 17 gills 18 hard 19 lungs 20 Body temperature 21 feathers 22 beak 23 lungs 24 wings 25 body temperature 26 milk 27 lungs 28 constant 29 flowering plants 30 non-flowering plants 31 Carolus Linnaeus 32 key 33 black 34 Little egret 35 Great egret 36 black 37 Great cormorant 38 Grey heron
2.5 1 endangered species 2 extinction 3 diseases 4 climate changes 5 human activities 6 raw materials 7 land 8 excessively hunted 9 over-exploited 10 foreign species 11 trade 12 transportation 13 pests 14 native species 15 pollute 16 Conservation 17 interdependent 18 food chain 19 disturb 20 h 21 d 22 b, e, g 23 a, f 24 c
