Chem

INDEX
1. Aim
2. Introduction
3. Theory
4. Requirements
5. Test for foaming capacity(procedure and obs)
11. Result
12. Conclusion
13. Precaution
14. Bibliograph
AIM
To study the foaming capacity of soaps.
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INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic,
palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They
contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one
carboxylic acid group as the functional group. A soap molecule a
tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one
end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non- polar
and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other
end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water
soluble but insoluble in oil and grease. Long Hydrocarbon Chain
contain Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic end. When soap is shaken with
water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating
it tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes foaming.
This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the
surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of
a soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround
the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end
containing the carboxylate ion, face the water away from the dirt. A
number of soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in a
clustered structure called ‘micelles’, which encircles such particles
and emulsify them. Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water.
Hard water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with
sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty
acids. This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium
Carbonate.
THEORY
The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap
and its concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal
volumes of solutions of different samples having the same
concentration with same force for the same amount of time. The
solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam produced during
shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to
disappear in each sample is determined. The longer the time taken for
the disappearance of the foam for the given sample of soap, greater is
its foaming capacity or cleansing action.
REQUIREMENTS
Five 100ml conical flasks, five test tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder,
test tube stand, weighing machine, stop watch.
Chemicals recquired: Five different soap samples, distilled water, tap
water.
TEST FOR FOAMING CAPACITY

Procedure
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1,2,3,4,5. Put
16ml of water in each flask and add 8 grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water.
Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tubes.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a minute.
Do the same for all test tubes and with equal force.
5.The foam would be formed in the empty space above the container.
6.Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of disappearance of
the froth
6. Record the observation in tabular form
Observation
Amount of each soap sample taken = 8 grams

Amount of distilled water taken= 16ml
Volume of each soap solution take= 1ml
Volume of distilled water added= 3ml
The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the
experiment
RESULT
The foaming capacity of the soaps taken is in the order:
Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux

CONCLUSION
From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest
foaming capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity. Lux, on
the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the
disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be having the least
foaming capacity and cleansing capacity.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Use distilled water for each sample because foaming of
a soap solution does not take place in hard water.
2. Stir the mixture carefully while dissolving soap in water so as to
avoid spilling of soap solution.
3. The quantity of soap samples in all solutions must be same.
4. The amount of distilled water added in every soap sample must
be same.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
https://www.icbse.com
Lab Manual Chemistry-XII

Comprehensive Chemistry – 12

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INDEX

TEST FOR FOAMING CAPACITY

6. Record the observation in tabular form

Amount of each soap sample taken = 8 grams

Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux

Lab Manual Chemistry-XII

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