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ICT (Report) A2

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13 views5 pages

ICT (Report) A2

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hehe79628
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad

Introduction to Computing
Assignment # 2

Name: Zainab Younis


Reg No: SP22-BSO-055
Class: Bioscience
Submitted To: Ms. Hilal Jan
A Report on operating System
Main purpose of OS
 The operating system act as a communication bridge
between user and computer hardware.
 The purpose is to provide platform on which a user can
execute programs in convenient and different manner.

Types of OS
 Distributed OS
 Real Time OS
 Linux
 Mac OS
 iOS
 Time Sharing OS
 Embedded OS
 Android
 Chrome OS
 Fedora

Benefits of Multiprocessor System


 More reliable systems
 If one processor fails system wont halt
 Enhanced throughout
 More Economic system

Graphical User Inerface


Short form is GUI.
It is a form of users interface that allows user to interact with
electronic devices through graphical icons and audio indicator
such as primary notation instead of text based user interfaces
typed command labels or text navigations.

Bootstrap Program in OS
A program that initializes the OS during startup
It refered to a bootstrap load button that was used to initiate a
hard wired bootstrap program or smaller program that executed a
larger program such as OS.

Kernal in OS
The Kernal is the essential center of computer OS.
It is the core that provides basic services for all other parts of OS
It is the main layer between OS and hardware and it helps with
process and memory management, file systems, device control
and networking.

Types of Kernals
Monolithic Kernals
Monolithic Kernels are those Kernels where the user services and
the kernel services are implemented in the same memory space
i.e. different memory for user services and kernel services are
not used in this case. By doing so, the size of the Kernel is
increased and this, in turn, increases the size of the Operating
System. As there is no separate User Space and Kernel Space, so
the execution of the process will be faster in Monolithic Kernels.
MicroKernals
A Microkernel is different from Monolithic kernel because in a
Microkernel, the user services and kernel services are
implemented into different spaces i.e. we use User Space and
Kernel Space in case of Microkernels. As we are using User Space
and Kernel Space separately, so it reduces the size of the Kernel
and this, in turn, reduces the size of Operating System. As we
are using different spaces for user services and kernel service,
so the communication between application and services is done
with the help of message parsing and this, in turn, reduces the
speed of execution.
Hybrid Kernals
A Hybrid Kernel is a combination of both Monolithic Kernel and
Microkernel. It makes the use of the speed of Monolithic Kernel
and the modularity of Microkernel. Hybrid kernels are micro
kernels that have some "non-essential" code in kernel-space in
order for the code to run more quickly than it would be in user-
space. So, some services such as network stack or file system
are run in Kernel space to reduce the performance overhead, but
still, it runs kernel code as servers in the user-space.

NanoKernals

In a Nanokrnel, as the name suggests, the whole code of the


kernel is very small i.e. the code executing in the privileged
mode of the hardware is very small. The term nanokernel is used
to describe a kernel that supports a nanosecond clock resolution.

ExoKernals
Exokernel is an Operating System kernel that is developed by
the MIT parallel and the Distributed Operating Systems group.
Here in this type of kernel, the resource protection is separated
from the management and this, in turn, results in allowing us to
perform application-specific customization.

In the Exokernel, the idea is not to implement all the


abstractions. But the idea is to impose as few abstractions as
possible and by doing so the abstraction should be used only
when needed. So, no force abstraction will be there in Exokernel
and this is the feature that makes it different from a Monolithic
Kernel and Microkernel. But the drawback of this is the complex
design. The design of the Exokernel is very complex.

Difference between Main Memory


And Secondary Memory
Main Memory Secondary Memory
 The main memory where  Refers to external memory
data where data is stored
and information are permanently.
stored
temporarily.

 Data is directly accessed  Data cant be accessed directly


by the by processor.
processing unit.

 It is volatile memory.  It is non-volatile memory.

 Stored in semiconductor  Memory is stored in external


chips. storage devices such as hard
disks, flash drives etc.
 Can be categorized in  They are permanent storage
cache devices such as CD, DVD etc.
memory and RAM.

 Faster than secondary  Slower than primary memory.


memory
due to volatile nature.

 Holds Data or information that is  It stores substantial amount of


currently being used by the data and information ranging
processing unit. from GBs to TBs.

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