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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 500 Q-PRACTICE (UGC NET)

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1. Which of the following is the first step in conducting research?

A) Formulating a hypothesis
B) Identifying the research problem
C) Conducting a literature review
D) Data analysis

2. A hypothesis is a...

A) Theory
B) Fact
C) Tentative statement
D) Law

3. The purpose of a literature review is to...

A) Find gaps in research

B) Write the introduction
C) Publish a book
D) Collect data

4. Which of these is a qualitative research method?

A) Experimental research
B) Case study
C) Survey research
D) Quasi-experimental research

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5. A variable that is manipulated in an experiment is known as...

A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Control variable
D) Extraneous variable

6. In a research context, reliability refers to...

A) Consistency of results
B) Validity of results
C) Flexibility in methods
D) Subjectivity in data

7. A null hypothesis states that...

A) There is a relationship between variables

B) There is no relationship between variables
C) The research will prove a theory
D) The research is invalid

8. Which research design is most suitable for establishing cause and

effect?

A) Correlational research
B) Case study research
C) Experimental research
D) Descriptive research

9. The term "triangulation" in research refers to...

A) The use of three types of data

B) Verification using multiple methods
C) Three researchers collaborating
D) Collecting data from three locations
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10. What is the primary purpose of a pilot study?

A) To explore the research question

B) To test research instruments
C) To conduct the main study
D) To analyze data

11. What type of research focuses on solving specific problems?

A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Descriptive research
D) Fundamental research

12. Which of the following sampling techniques is a type of

probability sampling?

A) Snowball sampling
B) Purposive sampling
C) Random sampling
D) Quota sampling

13. A longitudinal study is best defined as...

A) A study conducted over a long period

B) A study focused on long-term changes
C) A study with large sample sizes
D) A study with varied research methods

14. What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A) The effect of a researcher’s bias on results

B) The impact of observation on participants' behavior
C) The influence of cultural factors on data
D) The placebo effect in experimental studies
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15. The term “operational definition” in research refers to...

A) How a concept is measured

B) The theoretical framework
C) The research hypothesis
D) The dependent variable

16. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

A) Use of statistical tools

B) Emphasis on numerical data
C) Subjective interpretation
D) Randomized control trials

17. Which of the following is NOT a method of data collection?

A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Experiments
D) Hypothesis

18. In content analysis, the unit of analysis refers to...

A) The number of respondents

B) The smallest element of content
C) The research hypothesis
D) The data collection method

19. Which of these is an example of a non-probability sampling

technique?

A) Stratified sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Cluster sampling
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20. What is the role of an abstract in a research paper?

A) To provide an in-depth analysis

B) To summarize the research
C) To include all findings
D) To review literature

21. Which of these is a characteristic of quantitative research?

A) Focus on meanings and experiences

B) Use of numeric data
C) Open-ended questions
D) Case study approach

22. The purpose of inferential statistics in research is to...

A) Summarize data
B) Generalize findings
C) Create hypotheses
D) Collect data

23. Which research method involves in-depth exploration of a single

case?
A) Ethnography
B) Grounded theory
C) Case study
D) Phenomenology

24. Which research approach involves the generation of new theory

from data?

A) Deductive
B) Inductive
C) Descriptive
D) Analytical
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25. What is meant by the "internal validity" of a study?

A) Accuracy of conclusions drawn

B) Generalizability of findings
C) The replicability of results
D) Use of multiple data sources

26. In which type of research is a hypothesis usually formulated

after data collection?

A) Quantitative research
B) Qualitative research
C) Experimental research
D) Longitudinal research

27. The p-value in statistical testing is used to determine...

A) Sample size
B) Statistical significance
C) Reliability
D) Confidence intervals

28. What is the primary function of a control group in an

experiment?

A) To increase sample size

B) To control variables
C) To compare with the experimental group
D) To test the hypothesis

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29. Which type of research design involves the manipulation of
variables?

A) Correlational design
B) Descriptive design
C) Experimental design
D) Exploratory design

30. What is the difference between correlation and causation?

A) Correlation implies direct effect, causation does not

B) Causation implies direct effect, correlation does not
C) Both imply a cause-effect relationship
D) Neither involves a relationship between variables

31. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using surveys for

data collection?

A) Time-consuming
B) Costly
C) Difficult to generalize
D) Potential for response bias

32. A Likert scale is primarily used to measure...

A) Opinions or attitudes
B) Physical characteristics
C) Time
D) Correlations

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33. In mixed methods research, data are...
A) Collected using both qualitative and quantitative approaches
B) Always collected using experiments
C) Analyzed using statistical tools only
D) Theoretical rather than empirical

34. Which method is most commonly used for coding qualitative

data?

A) Statistical analysis
B) Grounded theory
C) Thematic analysis
D) Content analysis

35. In grounded theory, the researcher...

A) Tests an existing theory

B) Develops a theory based on data
C) Uses deductive reasoning
D) Focuses on hypothesis testing

36. Which of the following is an example of inductive research?

A) Testing a theory through experiments

B) Observing patterns and forming a theory
C) Developing a hypothesis based on prior studies
D) Conducting a survey to confirm a theory

37. What is the primary goal of action research?

A) To develop theory
B) To test hypotheses
C) To solve practical problems
D) To generate new questions
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38. Which of the following is a characteristic of an experimental
design?

A) Lack of control group

B) Random assignment of participants
C) Focus on qualitative data
D) No manipulation of variables

39. What is a literature gap?

A) A missing piece in data collection

B) An unaddressed area in previous research
C) A hypothesis not yet tested
D) A conclusion based on limited findings

40. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of case study research?

A) In-depth investigation
B) Focus on a single subject or case
C) Extensive use of statistics
D) Context-specific results

41. Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?

A) Standard deviation
B) Mean
C) Variance
D) Correlation coefficient

42. What is the primary focus of ethnographic research?

A) Statistical analysis
B) Cultural interpretation
C) Experimental manipulation
D) Literature review
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43. The use of random assignment in experiments is meant to...

A) Reduce researcher bias

B) Ensure a large sample
C) Enhance generalizability
D) Control for extraneous variables

44. Which of the following best describes "action research"?

A) Research done solely by professional researchers

B) Research conducted to solve practical problems
C) Research that develops new theories
D) Research for exploring personal opinions

45. What is the importance of sampling in research?

A) It ensures every individual is surveyed

B) It helps in selecting a representative group from the population
C) It guarantees accurate results
D) It minimizes research time

46. What is the main characteristic of a hypothesis?

A) It is always a fact
B) It is a proven statement
C) It is a testable prediction
D) It cannot be changed

47. Which of these research methods is best suited for exploratory

research?

A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Case studies
D) Meta-analysis
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48. Which of the following terms describes the extent to which a
research study measures what it claims to measure?

A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Consistency
D) Reproducibility

49. What is meant by "sampling error"?

A) The difference between the population parameter and the sample

statistic
B) A mistake made during data collection
C) Inaccuracy in random sampling
D) A flaw in the research design

51. Which of these techniques is used to ensure the credibility of

qualitative research?

A) Hypothesis testing
B) Peer debriefing
C) Statistical analysis
D) Random sampling

52. What is the primary purpose of using control variables in

research?

A) To make the experiment more interesting

B) To isolate the effects of the independent variable
C) To increase the number of participants
D) To speed up the data collection process

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53. What is a key feature of action research?

A) It seeks to confirm existing theories

B) It involves collaborative problem-solving
C) It only uses quantitative data
D) It is always conducted in laboratories

54. What is a "double-blind" experiment?

A) When only the participants know the research hypothesis

B) When both researchers and participants are unaware of the
group assignments
C) When the research is conducted twice
D) When the experiment involves two independent variables

55. What is the main purpose of using random sampling in

research?

A) To reduce the time spent collecting data

B) To ensure every individual has an equal chance of being selected
C) To increase the reliability of the research
D) To focus on specific subgroups of the population

56. Which of the following is an example of secondary data?

A) Interview transcripts
B) Observational notes
C) Census reports
D) Experimental results

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57. Which statistical test is used to examine the relationship between
two categorical variables?
A) ANOVA
B) t-test
C) Chi-square test
D) Pearson correlation

58. What is a "literature review" in research?

A) A summary of findings
B) A compilation of theoretical frameworks
C) An analysis of existing research on a topic
D) A list of primary data sources

59. In research, what does "external validity" refer to?

A) The ability to generalize findings to other contexts
B) The control of extraneous variables
C) The accuracy of the data collection methods
D) The ability to replicate the research

60. The process of coding in qualitative research refers to...

A) Quantifying qualitative data

B) Assigning labels or tags to data segments
C) Statistical data analysis
D) Developing a hypothesis

61. Which type of research is focused on addressing a specific policy

or societal issue?

A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Fundamental research
D) Conceptual research

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62. In survey research, what is the purpose of pilot testing the
questionnaire?

A) To test the hypotheses

B) To finalize the research results
C) To identify and fix issues before full-scale deployment
D) To gather data from the sample

63. What is the primary objective of grounded theory research?

A) To confirm existing theories
B) To develop theory from data
C) To apply theory to practice
D) To test a specific hypothesis

64. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

A) Test scores
B) Temperature measurements
C) Interview transcripts
D) Age in years

65. In mixed-methods research, the researcher...

A) Uses both qualitative and quantitative data

B) Chooses one method after testing both
C) Focuses solely on qualitative data
D) Only tests a single hypothesis

66. Which of these refers to the total set of elements from which a
sample is drawn?

A) Population
B) Sample
C) Parameter
D) Universe
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67. What is the significance of informed consent in research?

A) It allows researchers to control the sample

B) It ensures that participants are aware of their rights and the
research's purpose
C) It guarantees the validity of the data
D) It increases the reliability of the research

68. What does a "correlation coefficient" indicate?

A) The sample size

B) The strength and direction of a relationship between two
variables
C) The standard deviation
D) The level of measurement error

69. Which of the following is NOT a common method of data

collection in qualitative research?

A) Participant observation
B) Focus groups
C) Structured surveys
D) In-depth interviews

70. What is the main goal of meta-analysis in research?

A) To conduct original research

B) To summarize and statistically analyze the results of multiple
studies
C) To collect primary data
D) To test a single hypothesis

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71. What is "inter-rater reliability"?

A) The consistency of results obtained by different researchers

rating the same phenomenon
B) The accuracy of a research instrument over time
C) The ability of a study to be replicated
D) The generalizability of the research findings

72. Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable?

A) Hours of study
B) Test performance
C) Time spent exercising
D) Type of study materials used

73. What does the term "bias" in research refer to?

A) Objectivity in data collection

B) Systematic error that affects the results
C) The accuracy of the research method
D) Generalization of findings

74. In research, "sampling bias" occurs when...

A) The sample does not represent the population

B) The data collection method is flawed
C) The sample size is too large
D) The hypothesis is incorrect

75. Which type of validity assesses whether a test measures the

construct it claims to measure?

A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Construct validity
D) Criterion validity
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76. A positivist research paradigm is based on...

A) Subjective reality
B) Objective, observable facts
C) Socially constructed meanings
D) Qualitative data

77. The Delphi method is used in research to...

A) Test hypotheses in experiments

B) Gather expert opinions and reach consensus
C) Analyze quantitative data
D) Collect observational data

78. What is the main advantage of using secondary data?

A) It is always more accurate

B) It is already available and cost-effective
C) It involves direct interaction with participants
D) It is easier to generalize

79. What is the main purpose of using control groups in

experiments?

A) To improve external validity

B) To reduce research costs
C) To isolate the effect of the independent variable
D) To ensure random sampling

80. What does the "margin of error" in survey research refer to?

A) The sample size

B) The level of precision in the results
C) The number of participants
D) The research hypothesis
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81. Which of these methods is typically associated with qualitative
research?

A) Controlled experiments
B) Statistical surveys
C) Case studies
D) Randomized trials

82. In qualitative research, the researcher's role is often...

A) Objective and detached

B) Subjective and involved
C) Focused on numerical data
D) Removed from the data collection process

83. In research, "cross-sectional studies" refer to...

A) Studies that analyze the same subjects over a period of time

B) Studies that collect data at a single point in time
C) Studies that use both qualitative and quantitative methods
D) Studies that focus on a single case or event

84. What is the main purpose of inferential statistics?

A) To summarize large datasets

B) To test hypotheses and make generalizations about a population
C) To describe sample characteristics
D) To develop theoretical models

85. What is "operationalization" in research?

A) Defining a concept in measurable terms

B) Collecting and analyzing data
C) Testing the research hypothesis
D) Summarizing the literature review
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86. Which of the following is a non-probability sampling technique?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Systematic sampling

87. What is the main advantage of using structured interviews in

research?

A) They allow flexibility in questioning

B) They provide uniform data for analysis
C) They are time-efficient
D) They involve in-depth responses

88. Which of the following is a characteristic of a hypothesis?

A) It cannot be tested
B) It is always correct
C) It is a tentative prediction
D) It is a proven fact

89. What is "regression analysis" used for in research?

A) To test the hypothesis

B) To analyze the relationship between variables
C) To summarize qualitative data
D) To determine the sample size

90. What does "random assignment" in experimental research help

ensure?

A) Equal distribution of characteristics across groups

B) Larger sample sizes
C) More detailed qualitative data
D) Shorter data collection periods
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91. In research, what is a "null hypothesis"?

A) A hypothesis that supports the research question

B) A hypothesis that contradicts the main theory
C) A statement that there is no effect or relationship between
variables
D) A hypothesis that is always rejected

92. What is "sampling frame" in research?

A) The process of selecting samples

B) A list of all elements in the population from which a sample is
drawn
C) A type of sampling method
D) A method of data analysis

93. What is the purpose of "factor analysis" in statistical research?

A) To identify underlying variables or factors

B) To test for significance
C) To measure central tendency
D) To determine sample size

95. What is the purpose of reliability testing in research?

A) To ensure the accuracy of the data

B) To test the consistency of a measurement tool
C) To confirm a hypothesis
D) To establish external validity

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96. What is "content analysis" used for in research?
A) To analyze statistical data
B) To interpret themes and patterns in textual data
C) To measure the impact of the independent variable
D) To compare experimental and control groups

97. What does "triangulation" in research refer to?

A) Using a single method of data collection
B) Using multiple methods or perspectives to validate findings
C) Collecting data from a single source
D) Testing a hypothesis using quantitative methods

98. Which type of variable can be manipulated in experimental

research?

A) Dependent variable
B) Independent variable
C) Control variable
D) Extraneous variable

99. In research, what does "ethnography" primarily focus on?

A) Testing hypotheses in a laboratory setting

B) Exploring cultural phenomena through fieldwork
C) Collecting numerical data from large samples
D) Generalizing findings to larger populations

100. Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal study?

A) Observing a group of participants at one point in time

B) Surveying different individuals each year
C) Studying the same group of participants over an extended period
D) Conducting experiments in a controlled environment
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1. What does research primarily involve?

A) Mere data collection

B) Systematic investigation
C) Casual inquiry
D) Personal assumptions

2. What is the most important aspect of thinking in research?

A) Curiosity
B) Critical analysis
C) Empathy
D) Imagination

3. What is the first step in the research process?

A) Data collection
B) Reviewing literature
C) Formulating a research problem
D) Identifying variables

4. Why is reviewing the literature important?

A) It makes the research more complicated

B) It helps in refining the research problem
C) It reduces the need for further research
D) It justifies the chosen research method

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5. What does formulating a research problem involve?

A) Finding the easiest topic

B) Selecting a broad area of interest
C) Defining a specific issue or question
D) Using available data for conclusions

6. Which is NOT a key feature of a variable in research?

A) Measurability
B) Variability
C) Stability
D) Operationalization

7. Which of the following differentiates a concept from a variable?

A) A variable can be measured

B) A concept is measurable
C) Variables are always abstract
D) Concepts are independent

8. When a concept is converted into a variable, what is this process

called?

A) Hypothesizing
B) Conceptualization
C) Operationalization
D) Data collection

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9. What type of variable changes due to the influence of another
variable?

A) Dependent variable
B) Independent variable
C) Control variable
D) Confounding variable

10. Which variable is manipulated in an experiment?

A) Dependent
B) Control
C) Independent
D) Confounding

11. From the viewpoint of a causal relationship, how can variables

be categorized?

A) Observable and unobservable

B) Qualitative and quantitative
C) Dependent and independent
D) Nominal and ordinal

12. What type of study design involves manipulating an independent

variable?

A) Descriptive
B) Experimental
C) Observational
D) Longitudinal

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13. A variable based on the unit of measurement can be classified as:

A) Conceptual
B) Nominal
C) Continuous
D) Causal

14. What type of scale only classifies data into categories without
any order?

A) Nominal scale
B) Ordinal scale
C) Interval scale
D) Ratio scale

16. Which scale ranks data but does not indicate the magnitude of
differences between the ranks?

A) Nominal scale
B) Ordinal scale
C) Interval scale
D) Ratio scale

17. Which scale allows for the ranking of variables and measures the
precise difference between units?

A) Nominal scale
B) Ordinal scale
C) Interval scale
D) Ratio scale

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18. Which measurement scale has a true zero point, allowing for the
comparison of absolute magnitudes?

A) Nominal scale
B) Ordinal scale
C) Interval scale
D) Ratio scale

19. A hypothesis must always be:

A) Testable
B) Complicated
C) Simple
D) Ethical

20. What is the primary function of a research design?

A) To provide entertainment
B) To ensure the research is cost-effective
C) To facilitate data collection and analysis
D) To guarantee the research outcomes are positive

21. What is causality in research design concerned with?

A) Establishing a correlation between variables

B) Understanding the cause-and-effect relationship
C) Observing random variables
D) Comparing unrelated phenomena

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22. Which study design involves making contact with participants
multiple times?

A) Cross-sectional design
B) Longitudinal design
C) Experimental design
D) Blind study

23. What distinguishes a qualitative study design from a

quantitative one?

A) Use of numerical data

B) Focus on understanding human experiences
C) Statistical analysis
D) Control over variables

24. Which design is based on collecting data from the same

participants at different points in time?

A) Cross-sectional design
B) Longitudinal design
C) Panel study
D) Experimental design

25. A trend study aims to:

A) Follow the same individuals over time

B) Observe changes within a population over time
C) Compare two distinct groups
D) Analyze a single case in depth

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26. What is the purpose of a double-blind study?

A) To deceive participants
B) To prevent bias from both participants and researchers
C) To increase the sample size
D) To speed up data collection

27. Which of the following is NOT commonly used in qualitative

research designs?

A) Case study
B) Oral history
C) Experimental design
D) Focus groups

28. Participant observation is typically used in:

A) Qualitative research
B) Quantitative research
C) Experimental research
D) Correlational research

29. Community discussion forums are an example of:

A) A quantitative study design

B) A qualitative study design
C) A longitudinal study
D) A cross-sectional study

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30. Which method of data collection is most suitable for gathering
attitudinal data?

A) Observational methods
B) Attitudinal scales
C) Experimental techniques
D) Descriptive surveys

31. Which of the following is a common type of attitudinal scale?

A) Likert scale
B) Metric scale
C) Experimental scale
D) Descriptive scale

32. What is a key benefit of using a Likert scale in research?

A) It provides ordinal-level data

B) It allows for complex qualitative analysis
C) It offers precise interval-level measurement
D) It simplifies data collection

33. Which of the following methods is best for selecting a

representative sample?

A) Convenience sampling
B) Purposive sampling
C) Random sampling
D) Snowball sampling

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34. What is the purpose of a sampling frame?

A) To display research results

B) To serve as a list of the population to be sampled
C) To analyze qualitative data
D) To organize data into categories

35. Which type of sampling is most likely to reduce bias in a

research study?

A) Convenience sampling
B) Random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Purposive sampling

36. In qualitative research, how is the sampling size typically

determined?

A) Based on statistical significance

B) By achieving data saturation
C) Using random selection
D) According to the number of variables

37. A research proposal must include:

A) A list of interviewees
B) A detailed plan for conducting the research
C) All possible outcomes
D) A thorough review of previous research

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38. What is one of the first steps in writing a research proposal?

A) Finalizing the research report

B) Defining the research problem
C) Collecting data
D) Writing the conclusion

39. What should a research proposal’s objectives focus on?

A) Justifying the research funding

B) Specifying the aim of the study
C) Listing past research errors
D) Detailing the results before data collection

40. Which of the following is typically part of a research proposal’s

hypothesis section?

A) A review of literature
B) A tentative answer to the research problem
C) A detailed methodology
D) A list of all possible outcomes

41. In a quantitative research proposal, which section discusses the

variables to be
studied?

A) Study design
B) Hypothesis
C) Objectives
D) Problem statement

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42. What is one of the ethical concerns in research?

A) Sampling errors
B) Access to previous studies
C) Obtaining informed consent
D) Choosing the correct hypothesis

43. Why is confidentiality important in research?

A) To increase the reliability of results

B) To protect participants' privacy
C) To simplify data collection
D) To avoid ethical review

44. What is one of the key ethical concerns when conducting

research with vulnerable populations?

A) Generalizability
B) Method selection
C) Informed consent
D) Funding restrictions

45. How can a researcher avoid bias in the study?

A) By using random sampling methods

B) By selecting a specific group to study
C) By ensuring the research hypothesis is correct
D) By using qualitative research techniques

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46. Which ethical principle relates to providing full information to
participants before a study?

A) Beneficence
B) Confidentiality
C) Informed consent
D) Justice

47. Ethical issues involving the sponsoring organization may

include:

A) Bias in reporting results

B) Conflicts over the sample size
C) Restrictions on the publication of findings
D) The choice of statistical tools

48. A key ethical concern regarding data collection is:

A) Using the latest research technology

B) Avoiding harm to participants
C) Ensuring the research hypothesis is correct
D) Reducing costs

49. When writing a research report, what is the purpose of an

outline?

A) To keep the report concise

B) To organize the content logically
C) To provide all possible outcomes
D) To finalize the research design

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50. What is the function of referencing in a research report?

A) To avoid plagiarism
B) To add extra content
C) To confuse readers
D) To make the report longer

51. Which of the following is essential for writing a research

bibliography?

A) Listing all the books read by the researcher

B) Citing only major works in the field
C) Listing all sources used in the research
D) Including only articles written by the researcher

52. What is an impact/outcome evaluation concerned with?

A) The methodology of the study

B) The process of delivering interventions
C) The results achieved by the program
D) The size of the sample used in the study

53. Which of the following is used to assess cost-effectiveness in

evaluation studies?

A) Cost-benefit analysis
B) Random sampling
C) Hypothesis testing
D) Outcome evaluation

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54. Process evaluation focuses on:

A) Long-term program impacts

B) How well a program is implemented
C) The cost of the program
D) The ethical concerns of the study

55. An intervention-development evaluation primarily examines:

A) The hypothesis of the study

B) The steps of developing and improving a program
C) The ethics of the research
D) The sample size

56. Which of the following is a key focus of monitoring evaluation?

A) Measuring long-term outcomes

B) Tracking ongoing project activities
C) Collecting qualitative data
D) Identifying new research problems

57. Evaluation for program planning typically involves:

A) Identifying the research hypothesis

B) Assessing the needs of the population
C) Monitoring data collection
D) Developing ethical guidelines

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58. What is the primary goal of a cost-benefit evaluation?

A) To maximize ethical considerations

B) To determine the economic efficiency of a program
C) To improve participant engagement
D) To measure the social impact of a study

59. In qualitative research, a case study is most likely used to:

A) Generalize findings to a larger population

B) Explore a specific instance or phenomenon in detail
C) Quantify data
D) Test a hypothesis

60. Which of the following is an important aspect of oral history as a

qualitative method?

A) Collecting numerical data

B) Recording personal experiences and narratives
C) Creating experimental designs
D) Focusing solely on current events

61. The term "participant observation" in qualitative research

refers to:

A) Observing without interacting with participants

B) Actively engaging with participants while observing
C) Using statistical tools to analyze observations
D) Writing a research proposal based on observation

36 | P a g e
62. Focus groups are best suited for:

A) Generating large amounts of quantitative data

B) Exploring participants’ views and experiences
C) Controlling variables in a lab setting
D) Conducting hypothesis testing

63. What is a holistic research approach?

A) Focusing on a single variable

B) Examining a phenomenon in its entirety, considering all aspects
C) Using only quantitative data
D) Testing a single hypothesis

64. Community discussion forums in research are primarily used

for:

A) Collecting statistical data

B) Gathering insights from diverse community members
C) Testing experimental hypotheses
D) Ensuring research is cost-effective

65. What is the first step in developing an outline for a research

report?

A) Writing the conclusion

B) Organizing the main sections of the report
C) Testing the hypothesis
D) Reviewing the literature

37 | P a g e
66. A variable discussed in a research report should:

A) Be described only briefly

B) Be thoroughly explained and linked to the study
C) Be the main focus of the literature review
D) Always be controlled

67. Which referencing style is commonly used in academic research?

A) APA
B) MLA
C) Chicago
D) All of the above

68. What is the difference between a reference list and a

bibliography?

A) A reference list includes all sources used in the research, while a

bibliography may include additional sources.
B) A bibliography includes only books, while a reference list
includes all types of sources.
C) A reference list is optional, but a bibliography is required.
D) There is no difference between the two.

69. What is one of the final steps in writing a research report?

A) Collecting data
B) Writing a bibliography
C) Formulating a hypothesis
D) Conducting an ethical review

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70. In evaluation studies, what is the primary focus of an impact
evaluation?

A) Tracking the cost-effectiveness of a program

B) Assessing the outcomes and effectiveness of a program
C) Monitoring the implementation process
D) Developing new research questions

71. Which type of evaluation assesses the quality and quantity of

services provided to the target population?

A) Process evaluation
B) Outcome evaluation
C) Service delivery evaluation
D) Cost-benefit analysis

72. A program evaluation that focuses on the direct effects of a

program on participants is known as:

A) Process evaluation
B) Impact evaluation
C) Formative evaluation
D) Cost-effectiveness evaluation

73. Why is it important to evaluate the participation of the target

population in a study?

A) To determine if the hypothesis was correct

B) To measure the success of participant engagement strategies
C) To avoid bias in the data
D) To minimize research costs

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74. Which of the following best describes a cost-effectiveness
evaluation?

A) Assessing the financial costs of a program compared to its

outcomes
B) Reviewing the ethical implications of a study
C) Monitoring the impact on participants
D) Evaluating participant satisfaction

75. In qualitative research, which method is often used to explore

cultural phenomena?

A) Ethnography
B) Case study
C) Cross-sectional design
D) Random sampling

76. In a cross-over comparative experimental design, the

participants:

A) Are exposed to all treatments or conditions in different sequences

B) Are randomly assigned to one treatment group
C) Are not aware of which group they are in
D) Participate in a single intervention only

77. What is the main focus of a cohort study in research?

A) Studying a specific group over a period of time

B) Comparing different groups at one point in time
C) Conducting randomized trials
D) Analyzing historical data

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78. Which type of study is characterized by gathering data at
multiple points in time from the same participants?

A) Cross-sectional study
B) Trend study
C) Panel study
D) Experimental study

79. What is the primary characteristic of a blind study?

A) Participants do not know which group they belong to

B) The researcher does not know the hypothesis
C) All variables are measured indirectly
D) Data is collected anonymously

80. Which study design involves both the researcher and the
participants being unaware of which group is receiving the
treatment?

A) Single-blind study
B) Double-blind study
C) Cross-sectional study
D) Longitudinal study

81. What is the main purpose of a trend study?

A) To observe patterns of change within a population over time

B) To track individual participants' progress over time
C) To test the effectiveness of an intervention
D) To compare two unrelated groups

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82. Why is participant observation useful in qualitative research?

A) It allows the researcher to collect rich, detailed data from direct

interaction with participants
B) It enables statistical analysis of variables
C) It controls for all external variables
D) It minimizes researcher bias

83. Focus groups are typically used to:

A) Test hypotheses in a controlled environment

B) Facilitate open discussions on specific topics among participants
C) Collect numerical data for analysis
D) Compare outcomes between different treatment groups

84. Which of the following is an example of a holistic research

approach?

A) Focusing only on one variable to study its effects

B) Examining a phenomenon in its entirety, considering multiple
perspectives
C) Using only quantitative data collection methods
D) Testing a single hypothesis using controlled experiments

85. Oral history as a research method is primarily concerned with:

A) Analyzing statistical trends in past events

B) Recording and interpreting personal narratives and experiences
C) Generating large samples for quantitative analysis
D) Testing experimental hypotheses

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86. What is the key feature of qualitative research?

A) It focuses on measuring numerical variables

B) It seeks to understand meanings, experiences, and perspectives
C) It uses controlled experiments
D) It emphasizes hypothesis testing over exploration

87. How is data saturation achieved in qualitative research?

A) By increasing the sample size

B) By collecting data until no new information emerges
C) By randomizing the sample
D) By using statistical techniques

88. Which of the following is a method commonly used for data

collection in qualitative research?

A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Interviews
D) Random sampling

89. In a double-blind study, who is unaware of the treatment

assignment?

A) Only the participants

B) Only the researchers
C) Both the participants and the researchers
D) The data analysts

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90. The primary focus of outcome evaluation is to:

A) Assess the cost-effectiveness of a program

B) Determine the overall impact of a program or intervention
C) Monitor the daily operations of a program
D) Identify the ethical issues in a research study

91. Which of the following is a characteristic of a case study?

A) It aims to generalize findings to a larger population

B) It focuses on in-depth analysis of a specific case or instance
C) It relies on randomized control groups
D) It uses statistical analysis to test a hypothesis

92. What is the main goal of a process evaluation?

A) To examine how a program is implemented

B) To assess long-term program outcomes
C) To determine the financial costs of a program
D) To analyze the theoretical framework of a study

93. Which of the following research designs is best suited for

studying changes in attitudes over time?

A) Cross-sectional study
B) Experimental study
C) Longitudinal study
D) Case study

44 | P a g e
94. What is the primary characteristic of qualitative data?

A) It is numerical and measurable

B) It focuses on subjective experiences and perspectives
C) It is collected through randomized sampling
D) It is always generalized to a larger population

95. The purpose of developing an outline in a research report is to:

A) Summarize the literature review

B) Organize the content and structure of the report
C) Test the research hypothesis
D) Define the ethical issues in the study

96. Why is it important to provide references in a research report?

A) To show the author's opinions

B) To give credit to the sources used in the study
C) To avoid writing a literature review
D) To list all books on the topic

97. Which evaluation type assesses the effectiveness of services

provided?

A) Outcome evaluation
B) Process evaluation
C) Service delivery evaluation
D) Cost-benefit evaluation

45 | P a g e
98. Which of the following methods is most appropriate for
measuring participant attitudes?

A) Participant observation
B) Focus groups
C) Attitudinal scales
D) Experimental design

99. Which measurement scale is used when categories are ranked in

order but without equal intervals between them?

A) Nominal scale
B) Ordinal scale
C) Interval scale
D) Ratio scale

100. In research ethics, informed consent refers to:

A) Ensuring participants are paid for their time

B) Providing participants with all relevant information about the
study
C) Guaranteeing positive outcomes for participants
D) Collecting data anonymously

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—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Which of the following is the correct format for citing a book in

MLA 9th edition?

A) Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year

of Publication.
B) Author's First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Date.
C) Author’s Last Name, Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
D) First Name Last Name. Title. Publisher, Year of Publication.

2. In MLA 9th edition, when citing a source with three or more

authors, which format is correct?

A) First Author's Last Name et al.

B) All authors' names listed.
C) First Author’s Name and Last Author's Name only.
D) First Author and Second Author.

3. Which section of a research paper contains the objective of the

study?

A) Introduction
B) Literature Review
C) Methodology
D) Conclusion

4. What is the primary purpose of a literature review in a research

paper?

A) To introduce the study

B) To provide a summary of findings
C) To situate the research within existing knowledge
D) To present data analysis
47 | P a g e
5. What type of research focuses on examining relationships
between variables using statistical tools?

A) Quantitative Research
B) Qualitative Research
C) Experimental Research
D) Case Study

6. Which of the following is an example of a secondary source?

A) An interview with a subject

B) A research article summarizing previous findings
C) A survey
D) A dataset from an experiment

7. In MLA 9th edition, how is an article in an academic journal

cited?

A) Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of

Journal, vol., no., year, pp.
B) Last Name, First Name. Journal Name, Year, Pages.
C) Author Name. "Title of Article." Year, Journal Title.
D) Title of Article. Journal Name, Year of Publication.

8. Which is the correct order for listing sources in a bibliography in

MLA format?

A) Alphabetical by author's first name

B) Alphabetical by the title of the work
C) Alphabetical by author’s last name
D) Chronological by publication date

48 | P a g e
9. What is the role of sampling in research?

A) To collect secondary data

B) To generalize the findings to the whole population
C) To avoid biased results
D) To form research hypotheses

10. What type of interview collects in-depth, qualitative data from a

small group of participants?

A) Structured Interview
B) Focus Group Interview
C) Survey
D) Telephone Interview

11. Which data collection method is most appropriate for studying

behavioral patterns over time?

A) Surveys
B) Interviews
C) Longitudinal studies
D) Case studies

12. What is a research gap?

A) The theoretical basis of the study

B) The lack of research in a specific area
C) A missing element in data analysis
D) The aim of the research

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13. In MLA 9th edition, how should a website be cited when no
author is provided?

A) Title of the Webpage. Website Name, Publisher, Date of

Publication. URL.
B) Website Title, Publisher, Year, URL.
C) URL, Date, Name of Website.
D) Title of Webpage. Publisher, Year.

14. What should a good research question be?

A) Broad and general

B) Specific, clear, and researchable
C) Based on existing data
D) Unrelated to the literature review

15. In quantitative research, what does random sampling aim to

achieve?

A) Equal representation of all population segments

B) Control over variables
C) Higher reliability of findings
D) Greater depth of participant responses

16. What is the purpose of a citation in academic writing?

A) To summarize the author's ideas

B) To give credit to original sources
C) To show the researcher’s opinion
D) To reduce plagiarism

50 | P a g e
17. Which research method involves studying existing documents
and literature to support findings?

A) Experimental research
B) Archival research
C) Case study
D) Field research

18. Which is the correct format for citing a magazine article in MLA
9th edition?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Magazine

Title, date, pages.
B) Author's Last Name. "Title of Article." Magazine Name, Year.
C) First Name Last Name. Title. Magazine Title, Year, Pages.
D) Title of Article. Magazine Title, Publisher.

19. How do you avoid bias in research when selecting a sample?

A) Use random sampling

B) Select participants with similar characteristics
C) Choose participants who are easily available
D) Avoid statistical analysis

20. What is the difference between a thesis and a dissertation?

A) A thesis is for a PhD, and a dissertation is for a master’s degree

B) A dissertation is for a PhD, and a thesis is for a master’s degree
C) Both are the same in every institution
D) A dissertation is more research-based than a thesis

51 | P a g e
21. What is the correct format for citing a dissertation in MLA
format?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Dissertation. Year,

University, Dissertation.
B) Author’s Last Name, First Name. Dissertation, University, Year.
C) Author’s Name. Dissertation Title. University.
D) Last Name, First Name. University, Year.

22. What method is used in a critical analysis of a text?

A) Summarizing the main points of the text

B) Evaluating and interpreting the text's deeper meaning
C) Reporting what the text says
D) Listing facts about the text

23. What is the correct MLA format for citing a periodical?

A) Author’s Last Name. "Article Title." Periodical Name, Date,

Page Numbers.
B) Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of
Periodical, vol. no., Date, pages.
C) Title of Article. Periodical Title, Year, Pages.
D) Author, Date, Title, Pages.

24. How should a thesis statement be formulated?

A) It should be an open-ended question

B) It should state the main argument or purpose of the paper
C) It should summarize the literature review
D) It should describe the data collection methods

52 | P a g e
25. How should you organize sources in the works cited page using
MLA 9th edition?

A) By publication date
B) By the author’s last name
C) By the title of the work
D) Randomly

26. What is the primary advantage of using peer-reviewed journals

as sources?

A) They are easily accessible

B) They provide reliable and rigorously tested information
C) They offer opinions and perspectives from non-experts
D) They are free of charge

27. What is the significance of research questions in a study?

A) To generate data
B) To focus the research and guide the methodology
C) To provide context for the literature review
D) To introduce the research problem

28. When citing a source with two authors in MLA 9th edition, what
is the correct format?

A) Author A and Author B.

B) Author A & Author B.
C) Author A, Author B.
D) Author A and Author B, First Name Last Name.

53 | P a g e
29. What is a primary source in research?

A) A source that summarizes previous findings

B) Original data or evidence used in the research
C) An analysis of previous literature
D) A secondary interpretation of data

30. In MLA 9th edition, how should a source be cited in the text
when there is no author?

A) Use the first word of the title in italics

B) Use a shortened title of the work in quotation marks
C) Use "Anonymous" in the citation
D) Do not cite the source

31. Which research method involves the researcher participating in

the activities of the group being studied?

A) Case Study
B) Ethnography
C) Survey
D) Content Analysis

32. How should you cite a source in MLA 9th edition if the work has
no page numbers?

A) Do not include a page number in the in-text citation

B) Use "n.p." in place of the page number
C) Include the chapter or section number
D) List the entire URL in the in-text citation

54 | P a g e
33. What is the purpose of a research hypothesis?

A) To provide background on the topic

B) To propose a testable explanation for a phenomenon
C) To collect data
D) To interpret research findings

34. Which is an example of qualitative data collection?

A) Interview transcripts
B) Numerical survey results
C) Statistical graphs
D) Experimental findings

35. What is the primary difference between primary and secondary

sources?

A) Primary sources provide firsthand evidence; secondary sources

interpret primary sources
B) Secondary sources provide more reliable data
C) Primary sources are peer-reviewed
D) Secondary sources are published before primary sources

36. In MLA 9th edition, what punctuation is used to separate the

elements of a citation on the Works Cited page?

A) Semicolons
B) Periods
C) Commas
D) Colons

55 | P a g e
37. What is a common method for identifying a research gap?

A) Conducting a thorough literature review

B) Formulating research hypotheses
C) Creating research questions
D) Random sampling

38. Which data collection method is appropriate for a study

requiring large-scale, quantitative data?

A) Surveys
B) Interviews
C) Case studies
D) Focus groups

39. What is the role of a literature review in establishing the context

of research?

A) To analyze experimental results

B) To identify previous research and the gaps in the field
C) To conclude the research
D) To discuss the statistical tools used

40. In MLA 9th edition, how do you format the title of a standalone
book in the Works Cited page?

A) Italicized
B) In quotation marks
C) Underlined
D) In bold

56 | P a g e
41. What is the correct order of components in an MLA 9th edition
book citation?

A) Title, Author, Publisher, Year

B) Author, Title, Publisher, Year
C) Author, Publisher, Title, Year
D) Title, Publisher, Author, Year

42. Which research method is typically used to explore attitudes,

opinions, or feelings?

A) Quantitative research
B) Qualitative research
C) Experimental research
D) Archival research

43. What is one advantage of using interviews as a data collection

method?

A) They provide large-scale statistical data

B) They offer detailed, in-depth responses
C) They eliminate all forms of bias
D) They are cost-effective

44. What are the two main types of sampling in research?

A) Random and Non-random

B) Stratified and Cluster
C) Purposive and Snowball
D) Probability and Non-probability

57 | P a g e
45. What is the correct format for citing an eBook in MLA 9th
edition?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. E-book ed.,

Publisher, Year.
B) Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title, Publisher.
C) Author Name. eBook Title. URL.
D) Author Name, Date, Title.

46. How does MLA 9th edition recommend handling block quotes?

A) Indent the entire quote 1 inch from the left margin and do not
use quotation marks
B) Place the quote in italics
C) Enclose the quote in quotation marks
D) Place the quote in the center of the page

47. What is the significance of using peer-reviewed sources in

research?

A) They have been evaluated by experts for accuracy and quality

B) They are easily accessible
C) They are always primary sources
D) They offer a summary of public opinions

48. In a research paper, where should research questions be

introduced?

A) Abstract
B) Literature Review
C) Introduction
D) Methodology
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49. What is the difference between an annotated bibliography and a
works cited page?

A) Annotated bibliography includes a summary and analysis of each

source; works cited lists only the citations
B) Works cited is used only for websites
C) Annotated bibliography includes only primary sources
D) There is no difference

50. What does "sampling bias" refer to in research?

A) Using too few samples

B) The tendency for a sample to misrepresent the population
C) A focus on qualitative methods
D) Including too many diverse participants

51. What is the primary goal of critical analysis in literature?

A) To summarize the plot

B) To evaluate and interpret the text’s deeper meanings and themes
C) To assess the author's background
D) To create an alternative ending to the text

52. When should you use italics in MLA 9th edition?

A) For titles of longer works like books, films, and websites

B) For article titles
C) For block quotes
D) For all citations

59 | P a g e
53. What is the correct format for citing a video in MLA 9th
edition?

A) Title of Video. Directed by Director’s Name, Publisher, Year,

URL.
B) Title of Video. Year, URL.
C) Title of Video. Producer's Name, Year.
D) Title of Video. Directed by Director's Name.

54. What is a conceptual framework in research?

A) Theoretical ideas that guide the research

B) The method of data collection
C) The statistical analysis method
D) The final conclusion of the study

55. In MLA 9th edition, how is a work with no author listed on the
Works Cited page?

A) Use the title of the work and alphabetize by title

B) Use "Anonymous"
C) Leave the author's name blank
D) Cite it at the end of the list

56. Which data collection method is best for an exploratory study?

A) Experiments
B) Interviews
C) Questionnaires
D) Case studies

60 | P a g e
57. What is a major limitation of secondary sources in research?

A) They are not based on firsthand data

B) They are difficult to find
C) They provide unreliable information
D) They are not published in journals

58. What is a dependent variable in an experimental study?

A) A variable that changes as a result of the independent variable

B) A variable that remains constant
C) A variable that is manipulated
D) A random variable

59. How should online sources without page numbers be cited in

MLA 9th edition?

A) Use the paragraph number or section heading if available

B) Omit the page number completely
C) Use "n.p." in place of a page number
D) Provide the full URL instead of page numbers

60. What distinguishes a journal from a magazine?

A) A journal is peer-reviewed and academic, while a magazine is for

general audiences
B) Journals are published weekly; magazines are published monthly
C) Magazines contain only primary sources
D) Journals are not useful for academic research

61 | P a g e
61. What is the primary purpose of a thesis statement in a research
paper?

A) To introduce the research topic

B) To summarize the entire paper
C) To present the main argument or claim of the paper
D) To list the research methods used

62. In which section of a research proposal would you typically

outline the research methods?

A) Literature Review
B) Objectives
C) Methodology
D) Conclusion

63. What is a research gap?

A) A lack of relevant literature

B) A section in a research paper
C) A void in existing knowledge on a particular topic
D) A methodological flaw in a study

64. Which of the following is an example of a mixed-methods

approach?

A) Conducting only surveys

B) Using both interviews and surveys to collect data
C) Relying solely on existing literature
D) Performing only quantitative analysis

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65. What does “data triangulation” refer to in research?

A) Using three different data collection methods to validate findings

B) Collecting data from three different locations
C) Analyzing three separate studies
D) Comparing data from three researchers

66. How should you handle sensitive information obtained during

research?

A) Share it openly with colleagues

B) Report it only if it supports your hypothesis
C) Maintain confidentiality and secure consent
D) Use it to promote your findings

67. What type of sampling involves selecting participants based on

specific characteristics?

A) Random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Systematic sampling
D) Convenience sampling

68. Which of the following best describes a case study?

A) A quantitative research design

B) An in-depth analysis of a single case or a small number of cases
C) A method that uses statistical techniques
D) A survey distributed to a large population

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69. In MLA 9th edition, how do you cite a work by two authors?

A) Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title.
B) Last Name, First Name, and Last Name, First Name. Title.
C) Last Name, First Name. Title. Last Name, First Name.
D) First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name. Title.

70. What is the main focus of an abstract in a research paper?

A) To provide a detailed methodology

B) To summarize the key points and findings
C) To list references
D) To critique the literature

71. Which of the following describes a longitudinal study?

A) A study that collects data at one point in time

B) A study that collects data over an extended period
C) A study focused on historical data
D) A study involving only qualitative data

72. What is the purpose of conducting a pilot study?

A) To test the feasibility of the research design

B) To collect final data
C) To determine the statistical significance of results
D) To publish findings

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73. In MLA 9th edition, how do you format the title of an article in a
journal citation?

A) Italicized
B) In quotation marks
C) Underlined
D) Bolded

74. Which of the following is considered a primary source?

A) A textbook summarizing research

B) A scholarly article analyzing previous studies
C) A diary or journal entry
D) A magazine article

75. What is the primary role of the methodology section in a

research paper?

A) To present the research findings

B) To outline how the research was conducted
C) To review relevant literature
D) To discuss the implications of the research

76. In MLA 9th edition, how is a work with three or more authors
cited?

A) List all authors’ names in the Works Cited entry

B) Use "et al." after the first author’s name
C) List the first author followed by "and others"
D) Cite only the first author’s name

65 | P a g e
77. What is one disadvantage of using surveys as a data collection
method?

A) They can reach a large audience

B) They provide standardized responses
C) They may lack depth and detail in responses
D) They are cost-effective

78. Which of the following best describes a literature review?

A) A summary of the main points of a study

B) An analysis of existing research relevant to a specific topic
C) A discussion of research methods
D) A detailed description of the research findings

79. What is the purpose of the discussion section in a research

paper?

A) To introduce the topic

B) To analyze the results and their implications
C) To list references
D) To present the methodology

80. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

A) It relies on numerical data

B) It emphasizes understanding participants' perspectives
C) It tests hypotheses
D) It uses statistical analysis

66 | P a g e
81. How do you properly cite a webpage in MLA 9th edition?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page." Website

Name, Publisher, Date of Publication, URL.
B) "Title of Page." Website Name, Date of Publication, URL.
C) Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Page. URL.
D) Website Name. "Title of Page." URL.

82. What is the significance of ethical considerations in research?

A) To enhance the quality of data

B) To protect the rights and welfare of participants
C) To ensure accurate results
D) To promote the research findings

83. What is a systematic review?

A) A literature review focused on a single study

B) A review that uses systematic methods to collect and analyze data
from multiple studies
C) A summary of research findings
D) A critique of one research article

84. How is a secondary source different from a primary source?

A) Secondary sources are more reliable

B) Secondary sources analyze or interpret primary sources
C) Secondary sources are always peer-reviewed
D) Secondary sources provide firsthand evidence

67 | P a g e
85. What is an operational definition in research?

A) A definition based on personal opinion

B) A definition that specifies how a variable will be measured
C) A vague description of a concept
D) A theoretical explanation of a variable

86. In MLA 9th edition, how should a citation for a film be

formatted?

A) Title of Film. Directed by Director’s Name, Production

Company, Year.
B) Title of Film. Director’s Name. Year.
C) Title of Film. Year, Director’s Name.
D) Director’s Name. Title of Film. Production Company, Year.

87. What is the significance of random sampling in research?

A) It guarantees a representative sample of the population

B) It eliminates all bias
C) It allows for more qualitative data
D) It is easier to execute than other methods

88. What does "peer review" entail in the context of academic

publishing?

A) An informal review by colleagues

B) A formal assessment of research by experts in the field
C) A review process conducted by the author
D) An evaluation by non-experts

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89. Which of the following best describes a correlational study?

A) It determines cause-and-effect relationships

B) It measures the relationship between two or more variables
C) It involves manipulation of variables
D) It focuses on a single case

90. In which section of a research paper would you discuss the

limitations of your study?

A) Introduction
B) Methodology
C) Discussion
D) Conclusion

91. How do you determine the reliability of a measurement tool in

research?

A) By checking its validity

B) By conducting a pilot study
C) By analyzing the consistency of results over time
D) By reviewing the literature

92. What is a research question?

A) A question that outlines the methodology

B) A question that guides the focus of the research
C) A question that summarizes the findings
D) A question that concludes the research

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93. How should you organize a research paper?

A) There is no specific format

B) Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Results,
Discussion, Conclusion
C) Random order based on preference
D) Title page, References, Appendices

94. What is the main purpose of a research proposal?

A) To conduct the research

B) To present the findings
C) To outline the planned research and seek approval or funding
D) To write the final report

95. In MLA 9th edition, how is a book with no publication date

cited?

A) Include "n.d." in place of the date

B) Omit the date from the citation
C) Use the last updated date
D) Include the access date

96. What is one method for ensuring valid data collection in

research?

A) Using only secondary sources

B) Pre-testing the data collection instrument
C) Avoiding statistical analysis
D) Limiting the sample size

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97. Which of the following is true about focus groups?

A) They are a form of qualitative research that gathers diverse

perspectives
B) They always require a large sample size
C) They are only used in quantitative research
D) They exclude participant interaction

98. In qualitative research, what is thematic analysis?

A) A statistical analysis method

B) A method for identifying patterns and themes in qualitative data
C) A way to quantify data
D) A technique for designing surveys

99. What is the purpose of footnotes in academic writing?

A) To provide citations and additional information

B) To summarize the main points
C) To introduce new topics
D) To list references

100. What is a dissertation?

A) A short research paper

B) An extensive written work based on original research submitted
for a degree
C) A summary of existing literature
D) A type of article published in a magazine

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

101. How do you ensure a research study is ethical?

A) By following a strict methodology

B) By obtaining informed consent from participants
C) By publishing findings regardless of the results
D) By focusing solely on quantitative data

102. What does "data saturation" mean in qualitative research?

A) The point at which no new information is being found

B) Collecting as much data as possible
C) The maximum number of participants needed
D) The point at which data collection stops

103. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative

research?

A) Qualitative research focuses on numbers; quantitative research

focuses on words
B) Qualitative research involves statistical analysis; quantitative
research involves interviews
C) Qualitative research seeks to understand experiences;
quantitative research seeks to measure variables
D) There is no difference; they are interchangeable terms

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104. How should you format an MLA citation for a book with two
authors?

A) Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title.
Publisher, Year.
B) Last Name, First Name, and Last Name, First Name. Title.
Publisher, Year.
C) Last Name, First Name. Title. Last Name, First Name. Publisher,
Year.
D) First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name. Title.
Publisher, Year.

105. What is a literature review used for in research?

A) To collect primary data

B) To identify gaps in existing research and provide context for the
study
C) To summarize the findings of a study
D) To write the conclusion of a paper

106. In qualitative research, what does coding refer to?

A) The process of statistical analysis

B) Assigning labels to data segments to identify themes
C) Summarizing findings in a report
D) Developing hypotheses

107. Which of the following is a key characteristic of an empirical

research study?

A) It relies on subjective opinions

B) It is based on observed and measured phenomena
C) It focuses on theoretical perspectives
D) It exclusively uses secondary data

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108. How do you properly cite an article from an academic journal
in MLA 9th edition?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal

Name, vol. number, no. number, Year, pages.
B) Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Journal Name,
Year, pages.
C) "Title of Article." Journal Name, Author’s Last Name, Year.
D) Author’s First Name Last Name. Journal Name. Year, pages.

109. What is the primary goal of a hypothesis in research?

A) To summarize the research findings

B) To provide a detailed methodology
C) To propose a testable statement about the relationship between
variables
D) To outline the research process

110. In research methodology, what is a conceptual framework?

A) A detailed plan for data collection

B) A theoretical structure that supports the research
C) A summary of previous research
D) A list of references used in the study

111. What is the difference between primary and secondary data?

A) Primary data is collected for the first time; secondary data is

previously collected data
B) Primary data is quantitative; secondary data is qualitative
C) Primary data is less reliable; secondary data is more reliable
D) There is no significant difference; they serve the same purpose
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112. Which of the following is an appropriate method for collecting
qualitative data?

A) Surveys with closed-ended questions

B) Structured interviews
C) Experiments with control groups
D) Statistical analysis of numerical data

113. What is the purpose of the conclusion section in a research

paper?

A) To introduce new ideas

B) To summarize key findings and their implications
C) To present the methodology
D) To list all references used in the study

114. What does "confounding variable" mean in research?

A) A variable that is measured directly

B) A variable that influences both the independent and dependent
variables
C) A variable that is manipulated during the study
D) A variable that does not affect the outcome of the study

115. How is plagiarism defined in academic writing?

A) The use of quotations without citation

B) The presentation of someone else's work or ideas as your own
without proper acknowledgment
C) The repetition of your own work
D) The incorrect formatting of citations

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116. What is the function of a research design?

A) To summarize findings
B) To outline the procedures for collecting and analyzing data
C) To review relevant literature
D) To write the research proposal

117. In qualitative research, what is an interview guide?

A) A tool used to randomly select participants

B) A list of questions and topics to cover during interviews
C) A format for writing the research report
D) A summary of the research findings

118. How is a research paper typically structured?

A) Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion,

Conclusion, References
B) Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Findings,
Recommendations, References
C) Title, Methods, Results, Discussion, References
D) Abstract, Introduction, Discussion, Conclusion

119. Which of the following is a feature of qualitative research?

A) It uses statistical methods for analysis

B) It seeks to understand human experiences and perspectives
C) It involves large sample sizes
D) It produces generalizable findings

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120. How do you format an MLA citation for a website?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Name. "Title

of Webpage." Website Name, Publisher, Date of Publication, URL.
B) "Title of Webpage." Website Name, Date of Publication, URL.
C) Author’s Last Name, First Name. Website Name. URL.
D) Website Name. "Title of Webpage." URL.

121. What does "validity" refer to in research?

A) The extent to which a study can be replicated

B) The degree to which a measurement accurately reflects the
concept it is intended to measure
C) The reliability of data collection methods
D) The breadth of the literature review

122. What is the significance of using a control group in an

experimental study?

A) To increase the sample size

B) To ensure that the results are not influenced by external factors
C) To gather qualitative data
D) To manipulate the independent variable

123. Which section of a research paper provides a summary of

findings and their implications?

A) Introduction
B) Methodology
C) Discussion
D) Conclusion

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124. What is the role of a literature review in a research proposal?

A) To introduce the methodology

B) To justify the need for the study by identifying gaps in existing
research
C) To summarize the findings
D) To present the research questions

125. How do you ensure the reliability of a research instrument?

A) By using multiple data sources

B) By pre-testing the instrument and ensuring consistent results
C) By limiting the sample size
D) By avoiding qualitative data

126. What is the purpose of informed consent in research?

A) To ensure researchers have funding

B) To protect the rights and welfare of participants by ensuring they
understand the study and its risks
C) To summarize the research findings
D) To increase the sample size

127. What is an example of a qualitative data collection method?

A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Interviews
D) Statistical analysis

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128. What is the significance of using a random sample in research?

A) It eliminates bias and increases generalizability

B) It simplifies the data collection process
C) It guarantees accuracy in data
D) It allows for qualitative analysis

129. In MLA 9th edition, how do you cite a government publication?

A) Government Name. Title. Publisher, Year.

B) Title. Government Name, Year.
C) Government Name. Title. Year, Publisher.
D) Title of Document. Year. Government Name.

130. What is the purpose of a theoretical framework in research?

A) To provide a summary of findings

B) To guide the research design and analysis based on existing
theories
C) To present the research questions
D) To critique previous literature

131. How do you determine the appropriateness of a research topic?

A) By selecting a popular subject

B) By considering personal interests and gaps in the literature
C) By focusing solely on quantitative methods
D) By choosing a topic that guarantees funding

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132. What is the primary function of a hypothesis in research?

A) To summarize findings
B) To propose a testable statement about the relationship between
variables
C) To define the research question
D) To outline the literature review

133. In qualitative research, what does "member checking" involve?

A) Asking participants to verify the accuracy of the findings

B) Checking the research instruments for errors
C) Comparing findings with existing literature
D) Ensuring the sample size is sufficient

134. Which of the following best describes an experimental study?

A) A study that observes participants in a natural setting

B) A study that manipulates an independent variable to observe its
effect on a dependent variable
C) A study that collects qualitative data through interviews
D) A study that reviews existing literature on a specific topic

135. What is the role of a researcher in a qualitative study?

A) To remain completely detached from the research participants

B) To actively engage with participants and interpret their
perspectives
C) To focus only on statistical analysis
D) To conduct experiments under controlled conditions

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136. How do you format an APA citation for a journal article?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of

Journal, volume number(issue number), page range.
B) Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Title of Article. Title of
Journal, Year, pages.
C) Author’s First Initial. Last Name. Year. Title of Article. Title of
Journal.
D) Title of Article. Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Year. Title of
Journal.

137. What is a research question?

A) A question that guides the entire research process and inquiry

B) A summary of the research findings
C) A list of hypotheses
D) A conclusion drawn from the literature review

138. In qualitative research, what does "data triangulation" refer

to?

A) The use of multiple data sources or methods to enhance

credibility
B) The collection of data from three different populations
C) The use of quantitative and qualitative methods simultaneously
D) The repetition of the same data collection process

139. How do you define a case study in research?

A) A type of survey
B) An in-depth examination of a specific individual, group, or event
C) A quantitative analysis of data
D) A brief literature review
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140. What is the purpose of a research proposal?

A) To summarize the research findings

B) To outline the planned research, methodology, and significance
of the study
C) To present the results of the study
D) To critique existing literature

141. How do you ensure that your research findings are

generalizable?

A) By using a small sample size

B) By using a random sample from a larger population
C) By focusing on qualitative data
D) By limiting the study to one location

142. What does "ethnography" refer to in qualitative research?

A) The study of statistical data

B) The in-depth study of cultural practices and perspectives through
observation
C) The analysis of literature reviews
D) The development of theories based on experiments

143. Which of the following is an appropriate qualitative sampling

method?

A) Simple random sampling

B) Stratified sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Systematic sampling

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144. What is the purpose of a findings section in a research paper?

A) To summarize the research design

B) To present the results of the data analysis clearly and objectively
C) To critique the methodology
D) To review the existing literature

145. How do you ensure the credibility of qualitative research

findings?

A) By using a large sample size

B) By relying on statistical analysis
C) By employing strategies like member checking, triangulation,
and thick description
D) By limiting the scope of the study

146. What is the significance of peer review in academic publishing?

A) It is a mandatory requirement for all articles

B) It helps improve the quality and credibility of research by
allowing experts to evaluate and critique it
C) It guarantees publication of the article
D) It focuses solely on qualitative research

147. In what section of a research paper would you find the research
methodology?

A) Introduction
B) Literature Review
C) Methods
D) Discussion

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148. What is a significant challenge of qualitative research?

A) Difficulty in obtaining large sample sizes

B) Limited ability to collect in-depth data
C) Challenges in interpreting and analyzing subjective data
D) Lack of established methodologies

149. How is a systematic review different from a traditional

literature review?

A) A systematic review is more subjective

B) A systematic review follows a structured methodology to identify,
evaluate, and synthesize all relevant studies
C) A traditional literature review focuses solely on qualitative data
D) There is no significant difference; they are the same.

150. What is the significance of "sampling" in research?

A) It refers to the process of choosing a population

B) It is the process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger
population for study
C) It ensures that qualitative data is collected
D) It involves the analysis of quantitative data only

151. How do you format a book reference in APA style?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of book.

Publisher.
B) Title of Book. Author’s Last Name, Year. Publisher.
C) Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
D) Author’s First Initial. Last Name. Title of Book. Year, Publisher.

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152. What is the function of the abstract in a research paper?

A) To provide a detailed methodology

B) To summarize the main points and findings of the study
C) To present the literature review
D) To critique other studies

153. Which of the following best describes qualitative research?

A) It relies on numerical data and statistical analysis

B) It seeks to understand human experiences and behaviors through
detailed descriptions
C) It focuses solely on large sample sizes
D) It produces generalizable findings across populations

154. In research, what is a "dependent variable"?

A) A variable that is manipulated by the researcher

B) A variable that is measured and affected in the study
C) A variable that remains constant
D) A variable that has no impact on the outcome

155. How do you structure a research question?

A) It should be vague and open-ended

B) It should be clear, focused, and researchable
C) It should be a statement rather than a question
D) It should not relate to the literature review

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156. What is an "operational definition" in research?

A) A definition based on theoretical concepts

B) A clear explanation of how a concept will be measured or
identified in the study
C) A summary of existing literature
D) A method for analyzing data

157. In qualitative research, what is a focus group?

A) A group of researchers discussing methodologies

B) A method of data collection involving guided discussions with a
group of participants
C) A statistical analysis technique
D) A type of survey

158. What is "bias" in research?

A) A systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of research

that leads to incorrect conclusions
B) A method of ensuring objectivity
C) A type of qualitative data
D) A way to increase sample size

159. How can researchers mitigate potential biases in their studies?

A) By ignoring contradictory data

B) By ensuring transparency, using random sampling, and
employing multiple methods of data collection
C) By focusing solely on qualitative data
D) By only publishing positive results

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160. In APA style, how do you cite a book with three or more
authors?

A) List all authors in the citation

B) Use the first author's last name followed by "et al."
C) Cite the first three authors and then "et al."
D) Cite only the first author's name.

161. What is a "mixed methods" approach in research?

A) A focus on qualitative data only

B) The integration of both qualitative and quantitative research
methods in a single study
C) A type of literature review
D) A method of conducting experiments only

162. In research methodology, what does "pilot testing" refer to?

A) The process of conducting a full-scale study

B) Testing a small version of the study to identify potential issues
before the main research
C) A method for data collection
D) The analysis of qualitative data

163. How do you define "theoretical sampling" in qualitative

research?

A) Sampling based on random selection

B) Sampling based on theoretical considerations to develop a deeper
understanding of a phenomenon
C) Sampling that focuses only on large populations
D) A method of statistical sampling
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164. What is the purpose of a discussion section in a research paper?

A) To present the methodology

B) To interpret the findings and discuss their implications in
relation to the literature
C) To summarize the abstract
D) To introduce new topics

165. In qualitative research, what is the term "rich description"

referring to?

A) A detailed and thorough account of research findings

B) A brief summary of the methodology
C) A simple explanation of the results
D) A summary of existing literature

166. How do you determine the ethical considerations in a research

study?

A) By following institutional guidelines and obtaining necessary

approvals
B) By focusing solely on data collection methods
C) By limiting the scope of the study
D) By avoiding qualitative data

167. What does "longitudinal study" mean in research?

A) A study that focuses on a specific event

B) A study that collects data at multiple points over time
C) A study conducted over a short period
D) A study that only focuses on qualitative data

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168. What is the significance of "data analysis" in research?

A) To summarize existing literature

B) To interpret and make sense of the data collected in the study
C) To conduct interviews with participants
D) To write the methodology

169. In qualitative research, what is "thematic analysis"?

A) A statistical analysis of quantitative data

B) A method of identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns
(themes) within data
C) A way to summarize literature reviews
D) A form of experimental research

170. What does "validity" refer to in the context of research?

A) The consistency of a measure over time

B) The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the
concept it is intended to measure
C) The size of the sample used in a study
D) The method used to collect data

171. In the context of research, what is an "independent variable"?

A) A variable that is measured in the study

B) A variable that is manipulated to observe its effect on the
dependent variable
C) A variable that has no impact on the outcome
D) A constant factor in the study

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172. What is the purpose of conducting a literature review?

A) To collect data
B) To summarize existing research and identify gaps in knowledge
C) To analyze qualitative data
D) To formulate research questions

173. How is reliability defined in the context of research?

A) The degree to which research findings can be generalized

B) The extent to which a measure produces consistent results over
time
C) The ability to obtain a large sample size
D) The thoroughness of data analysis

174. What is the purpose of conducting interviews in qualitative

research?

A) To gather statistical data

B) To collect in-depth information and insights from participants
C) To test hypotheses
D) To observe participants in a controlled environment

175. In research, what does "saturation" refer to?

A) The point at which additional data collection yields little or no

new information
B) The process of collecting data until the study is complete
C) The use of multiple methods of data collection
D) The analysis of quantitative data only

90 | P a g e
176. What is a "control group" in an experimental study?

A) A group that receives no treatment or intervention

B) A group that receives the full treatment
C) A group that only participates in qualitative interviews
D) A group that is randomly selected for the study

177. In a research context, what is "generalizability"?

A) The ability to apply findings from a study to broader populations

B) The accuracy of the research findings
C) The consistency of data collection methods
D) The thoroughness of the literature review

178. How do you define "ethics" in research?

A) A set of statistical guidelines for data analysis

B) Principles guiding the conduct of research, including honesty,
integrity, and respect for participants
C) Methods of qualitative data collection
D) Techniques for data visualization

179. What does "informed consent" mean in the context of

research?

A) Participants are coerced into joining the study

B) Participants are fully informed about the study's purpose and
procedures and voluntarily agree to participate
C) Participants are paid for their involvement
D) Participants are only told the results of the study

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180. In qualitative research, what is a "narrative inquiry"?

A) A method of analyzing statistical data

B) A qualitative research method focused on personal stories and
experiences to understand a phenomenon
C) A survey-based data collection method
D) A form of literature review

181. How do you differentiate between "qualitative" and

"quantitative" research?

A) Qualitative research focuses on numerical data, while

quantitative research focuses on non-numerical data
B) Qualitative research seeks to understand human behavior and
experiences, while quantitative research seeks to measure and
analyze numerical data
C) There is no difference; they are interchangeable
D) Qualitative research uses random sampling, while quantitative
research does not

182. What is the significance of "sampling error" in research?

A) It reflects the accuracy of the sample in representing the

population
B) It is an intentional error made by researchers
C) It has no impact on the study’s findings
D) It is a method used to collect qualitative data

92 | P a g e
183. In APA style, how should a webpage be cited?

A) Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the webpage.

Website Name. URL
B) Website Name. Title of the webpage. Author’s Last Name, Year.
C) Author’s First Initial. Last Name. Title of the webpage. URL.
D) Title of the webpage. Author’s Last Name, Year. Website Name.

184. What is the importance of a "research design"?

A) It helps summarize the literature review

B) It outlines the overall strategy for conducting the research and
how data will be collected and analyzed
C) It describes the sample size needed
D) It focuses solely on qualitative research methods

185. What does "peer-reviewed" mean in the context of academic

journals?

A) Articles are reviewed by the journal's editor only

B) Articles are evaluated by experts in the field before publication to
ensure quality and credibility
C) Articles are published without any evaluation
D) Articles can only be reviewed by students and not professionals.

186. In MLA 9th edition, how should a book by a single author be

cited in the Works Cited page?

A) Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.

B) Author's Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Book. Publisher.
C) Title of Book. Author's Last Name, First Name. Publisher, Year.
D) Author's First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Year, Publisher.
93 | P a g e
187. How do you format a citation for a journal article in MLA 9th
edition?

A) Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of

Journal, vol. Number, no. Number, Year, pages.
B) Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Title of
Journal, Year, pages.
C) "Title of Article." Title of Journal, Author's Last Name, Year.
D) Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Title of
Journal, Year.

188. When citing a webpage in MLA 9th edition, which element is

NOT required?

A) Author's name
B) Title of the webpage
C) URL
D) Date accessed

189. How should an edited book be cited in MLA 9th edition?

A) Editor's Last Name, First Name, editor. Title of Book. Publisher,

Year.
B) Title of Book. Edited by Editor's First Name Last Name.
Publisher, Year.
C) Author's Last Name, First Name, and Editor's Last Name, First
Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
D) Editor's First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Year, Publisher.

94 | P a g e
190. What is the correct way to cite a source with multiple authors
in MLA 9th edition?

A) First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's

First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
B) First Author's Last Name, First Name, et al. Title of Book.
Publisher, Year.
C) First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's Last
Name. Title of Book. Year, Publisher.
D) First Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Second
Author's First Name Last Name. Publisher, Year.

191. In MLA 9th edition, how is an article from an online database

cited?

A) Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of

Journal, vol. Number, no. Number, Year, pages. Database Name,
DOI or URL.
B) Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of
Journal, Year, Database Name.
C) "Title of Article." Title of Journal, Author's Last Name. Year,
pages.
D) Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article." Title of
Journal, Year.

192. Which of the following is the correct format for citing a chapter
in a book in MLA 9th edition?

A) Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter." Title of

Book, edited by Editor's Name, Publisher, Year, pages.
B) "Title of Chapter." Title of Book. Author's Last Name, Year,
pages.
C) Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Chapter,
Publisher, Year.
D) Chapter Title. Title of Book, Author's Last Name, Year.
95 | P a g e
193. When citing a film in MLA 9th edition, what information is
essential?

A) Title of Film. Directed by Director's Name, Production

Company, Year.
B) Director's Last Name, First Name, director. Title of Film. Year,
Production Company.
C) Title of Film. Director's First Name Last Name. Year.
D) Director's Last Name, First Name. Title of Film. Year, Company.

194. How should a tweet be cited in MLA 9th edition?

A) Author's Last Name, First Name (@username). "Full text of the

tweet." Twitter, Date, URL.
B) Author's Last Name, First Name. "Tweet." Twitter, Date.
C) @username. "Tweet." Date, Twitter.
D) Author's First Name Last Name. "Tweet Text." Twitter, Date.

195. In MLA 9th edition, how do you cite a source with no author?

A) Use the title in the author position.

B) Cite as "Anonymous."
C) Use the publisher's name as the author.
D) Omit the author section completely.

196. Which element is included when citing a work with a translator

in MLA 9th edition?

A) Translator's name is included after the title of the work.

B) Translator's name is placed before the author's name.
C) Translator's name is not required.
D) Translator's name is included in parentheses after the year.
96 | P a g e
197. How is a government report cited in MLA 9th edition?

A) Government Name. Title of Report. Publisher, Year.

B) Title of Report. Government Name, Year.
C) Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Report. Government
Agency, Year.
D) Government Agency. Title of Report. Year.

198. When creating a Works Cited page, how should the entries be
arranged?

A) By publication date
B) By author’s last name, then by first name
C) Alphabetically by the first letter of the title
D) Chronologically by the order of citation

199. How do you cite a source with more than three authors in MLA
9th edition?

A) List all authors

B) List the first author's name followed by "et al."
C) Use the first author’s name followed by "and others"
D) Omit the authors completely

200. What is the correct way to cite a personal interview in MLA 9th
edition?

A) Interviewee's Last Name, First Name. Interview. Date.

B) Interview with Interviewee's First Name Last Name. Date.
C) Interviewee's Last Name, First Name. "Personal Interview."
Date.
D) "Personal Interview with Interviewee's Name." Date.
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—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. What is the primary purpose of research in the social sciences?

A) To prove a hypothesis
B) To develop theories
C) To collect data
D) To validate existing knowledge

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

A) It uses large sample sizes

B) It focuses on numerical data
C) It seeks to understand participants' perspectives
D) It relies on statistical analysis

3. What is a literature review?

A) A summary of all books read

B) An evaluation of existing research on a topic
C) A method of data collection
D) A theoretical framework

4. Which research design is best suited for exploring causal

relationships?

A) Descriptive research
B) Correlational research
C) Experimental research
D) Case study

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5. What does "sampling bias" refer to?

A) The error in statistical analysis

B) The selection of a sample that does not represent the population
C) The loss of data during collection
D) The overgeneralization of findings

6. In research, what is a hypothesis?

A) A proven fact
B) A testable statement predicting the relationship between
variables
C) A conclusion based on data analysis
D) A method of data collection

7. Which of the following sampling methods is considered

probability sampling?

A) Convenience sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Stratified sampling
D) Quota sampling

8. In qualitative research, what does "member checking" involve?

A) Checking the accuracy of data with statistical tools

B) Seeking feedback from participants on findings or
interpretations
C) Verifying the identity of participants
D) Ensuring ethical compliance

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9. What is the main objective of a pilot study?

A) To analyze the final results of the research

B) To test the feasibility and design of the research method
C) To collect data from a large sample
D) To develop a theoretical framework

10. Which of the following is NOT a method of data collection?

A) Surveys
B) Interviews
C) Literature reviews
D) Statistical analysis

11. What type of research design would be most appropriate for a

longitudinal study?

A) Cross-sectional
B) Experimental
C) Descriptive
D) Correlational

12. What is the main disadvantage of qualitative research?

A) It provides in-depth insights

B) It is time-consuming and may lack generalizability
C) It focuses on participants’ perspectives
D) It uses small sample sizes

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13. Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable?

A) The amount of time spent studying

B) The test scores of students
C) The type of teaching method used
D) The number of students in a class

14. In the context of research ethics, what does "confidentiality"

mean?

A) Publicly sharing participant information

B) Keeping participants' identities and data private
C) Ensuring that research results are published
D) Obtaining informed consent

15. What is the primary goal of using a control group in an

experiment?

A) To provide a comparison for the experimental group

B) To manipulate the independent variable
C) To enhance data collection
D) To increase sample size

16. Which of the following best describes "grounded theory"?

A) A method that tests existing theories

B) A qualitative research approach that generates theories from
data
C) A statistical analysis method
D) A way to conduct literature reviews

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17. In which section of a research paper would you typically find the
methodology described?

A) Introduction
B) Literature Review
C) Methodology
D) Conclusion

18. What does the term "operationalization" refer to in research?

A) The process of selecting a sample

B) The process of defining how variables will be measured
C) The development of a theoretical framework
D) The analysis of qualitative data

19. Which of the following is a key feature of case study research?

A) It involves a large sample size

B) It focuses on a single case or a small number of cases
C) It uses only quantitative data
D) It aims for generalizability

20. What does "attrition" refer to in research?

A) The increase in sample size over time

B) The loss of participants during a study
C) The method of selecting participants
D) The analysis of qualitative data

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21. What is the primary focus of descriptive research?

A) To test hypotheses
B) To describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon
C) To establish cause-and-effect relationships
D) To analyze statistical data

22. In a mixed-methods study, what is the primary benefit of

combining qualitative and quantitative approaches?

A) It simplifies data analysis

B) It provides a more comprehensive understanding of a research
problem
C) It increases the sample size
D) It guarantees reliable results

23. What is a research question?

A) A statement that summarizes findings

B) A question that guides the research process and identifies the
focus of the study
C) A hypothesis that must be tested
D) A conclusion drawn from the data

24. Which of the following is a disadvantage of secondary data?

A) It is often readily available

B) It may not fit the specific needs of the research
C) It is cost-effective
D) It is often more reliable than primary data

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25. In the context of qualitative research, what does "theoretical
saturation" mean?

A) The point at which new data no longer provides additional

insights
B) The completion of data collection
C) The confirmation of a hypothesis
D) The end of a research project

26. Which sampling method involves dividing the population into

subgroups and randomly selecting from each subgroup?

A) Convenience sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Cluster sampling

27. What is the primary purpose of using a coding scheme in

qualitative research?

A) To summarize statistical data

B) To organize and analyze qualitative data
C) To develop a hypothesis
D) To select participants

28. Which of the following statements about research ethics is true?

A) Researchers can manipulate data to achieve desired results.

B) Ethical considerations are only important in qualitative research.
C) Informed consent is essential for research involving human
participants.
D) Confidentiality is not a concern in research.
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29. What is "data triangulation"?

A) The use of multiple data sources or methods to enhance the

credibility of research findings
B) The process of comparing quantitative and qualitative data
C) The analysis of data collected from different time periods
D) The use of three different statistical methods in one study

30. What is the purpose of a research proposal?

A) To summarize the findings of a completed study

B) To outline the planned research methodology and secure
approval for the study
C) To present the final results of a research project
D) To conduct a literature review

31. In qualitative research, what does "reflexivity" refer to?

A) The researcher’s ability to remain objective

B) The process of reflecting on how the researcher’s background
and perspective may influence the research
C) The use of multiple data collection methods
D) The analysis of quantitative data

32. What is the main focus of correlational research?

A) To establish cause-and-effect relationships

B) To explore relationships between variables without manipulation
C) To describe characteristics of a population
D) To analyze qualitative data

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33. In the context of research, what does "validity" mean?

A) The reliability of measurement instruments

B) The accuracy of a measure in assessing what it intends to
measure
C) The size of the sample used
D) The consistency of findings across studies

34. Which of the following is an example of a qualitative data

collection method?

A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Observations
D) Statistical analysis

35. In an experimental study, what is the

independent variable?

A) The variable that is measured

B) The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
C) The variable that remains constant
D) The variable that is controlled

36. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using surveys for

data collection?

A) They can reach a large audience

B) Responses may be influenced by social desirability bias
C) They provide quantitative data
D) They are easy to analyze

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37. What does "data analysis" involve in research?

A) Collecting data from participants

B) Summarizing and interpreting data to answer research questions
C) Developing a research proposal
D) Reviewing the literature

38. What is the purpose of using interviews in qualitative research?

A) To collect statistical data

B) To gather in-depth information from participants
C) To test a hypothesis
D) To summarize literature

39. Which of the following is a primary source in research?

A) A literature review article

B) A historical document
C) A textbook
D) A statistical report

40. What is the significance of using control variables in research?

A) They help establish causality

B) They reduce bias in the study
C) They are used to measure dependent variables
D) They simplify the research design

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41. In what type of research design is random assignment used?

A) Correlational design
B) Case study design
C) Experimental design
D) Descriptive design

42. Which of the following is a qualitative data analysis method?

A) Regression analysis
B) Content analysis
C) ANOVA
D) Correlation analysis

43. What does "informed consent" entail in research?

A) Participants agreeing to take part without understanding the

study
B) Participants understanding the study and agreeing to participate
voluntarily
C) Participants being paid for their involvement
D) Participants being given full control over the research process

44. Which of the following represents a secondary data source?

A) A personal interview with a participant

B) A survey conducted by the researcher
C) A published article reviewing existing studies
D) A focus group discussion

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45. What is the main purpose of a research hypothesis?

A) To summarize findings
B) To provide a testable prediction about the relationship between
variables
C) To outline the research methodology
D) To collect qualitative data

46. In research, what does "sampling frame" refer to?

A) The total population from which a sample is drawn

B) The specific group of participants selected for the study
C) The process of selecting a sample
D) The method of data collection

47. What is an "intervention" in experimental research?

A) The manipulation of variables to observe effects

B) A survey given to participants
C) A method of qualitative analysis
D) A theoretical framework

48. In qualitative research, what is the purpose of a focus group?

A) To collect individual interviews

B) To analyze large-scale survey data
C) To facilitate discussion and gather diverse perspectives on a topic
D) To conduct statistical analysis

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49. Which of the following statements about qualitative research is
true?

A) It always requires large sample sizes.

B) It emphasizes depth over breadth.
C) It relies solely on numerical data.
D) It is primarily concerned with generalizability.

50. What is the main focus of mixed-methods research?

A) To only use qualitative methods

B) To combine qualitative and quantitative approaches for a
comprehensive understanding
C) To avoid statistical analysis
D) To limit the scope of research

51. What does "random sampling" ensure in research?

A) That every individual in the population has an equal chance of

being selected
B) That the sample will always be small
C) That the data collected will be qualitative
D) That the research findings will be statistically significant

52. Which of the following is a major advantage of longitudinal

studies?

A) They are less expensive than cross-sectional studies.

B) They allow researchers to observe changes over time.
C) They require less time to conduct.
D) They eliminate participant dropout rates.

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53. What is a "meta-analysis"?

A) A study that collects original data

B) A statistical technique that combines results from multiple
studies
C) A qualitative research method
D) A literature review without a specific focus

54. Which of the following is an example of an observational study?

A) A survey about eating habits

B) An experiment measuring reaction times
C) Watching and recording how children interact in a playground
D) A literature review on educational methods

55. What is the function of a theoretical framework in research?

A) To provide a hypothesis
B) To guide the study and link it to existing knowledge
C) To analyze data
D) To collect qualitative data

56. In research terminology, what does "reliability" refer to?

A) The ability of a measure to assess what it is intended to measure

B) The consistency of a measure over time
C) The ethical conduct of research
D) The depth of qualitative analysis

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57. Which sampling method involves selecting participants based on
specific characteristics?

A) Simple random sampling

B) Systematic sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Stratified sampling

58. What is the main objective of using statistical software in

research?

A) To collect qualitative data

B) To analyze numerical data and generate results
C) To conduct literature reviews
D) To write research proposals

59. What is the role of a research instrument?

A) To collect data in a systematic manner

B) To analyze qualitative findings
C) To review existing literature
D) To interpret data

60. In which section of a research paper would you typically find the
results presented?

A) Introduction
B) Methodology
C) Results
D) Discussion

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61. What does "purposive sampling" involve?

A) Randomly selecting participants

B) Choosing participants based on specific criteria relevant to the
research
C) Selecting participants based on convenience
D) Dividing participants into equal groups

62. What is the primary focus of an experimental design?

A) To observe natural behaviors

B) To manipulate variables to establish cause-and-effect
relationships
C) To summarize existing research
D) To develop theoretical frameworks

63. In qualitative research, what is "coding"?

A) The process of categorizing and interpreting data

B) The analysis of statistical data
C) The selection of a sample
D) The review of literature

64. What is the significance of ethical approval in research?

A) It is a formality that can be bypassed.

B) It ensures that the research adheres to ethical standards and
protects participants.
C) It guarantees positive results.
D) It simplifies the research process.

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65. Which of the following is a limitation of qualitative research?

A) It provides rich, detailed data.

B) It may lack generalizability due to small sample sizes.
C) It allows for participant perspectives.
D) It can be time-consuming and complex.

66. What is the purpose of a control group in a study?

A) To manipulate the independent variable

B) To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental
group
C) To collect data from all participants
D) To increase sample size

67. What does "thematic analysis" refer to in qualitative research?

A) The identification of themes and patterns within data

B) The statistical analysis of survey data
C) The use of multiple data collection methods
D) The review of existing literature

68. In research methodology, what does "generalizability" mean?

A) The ability to apply findings from a sample to a larger

population
B) The reliability of a measurement instrument
C) The depth of qualitative insights
D) The ethical conduct of research

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69. What is the purpose of conducting a power analysis in research?

A) To evaluate the reliability of a sample

B) To determine the minimum sample size needed for statistical
significance
C) To assess the validity of a hypothesis
D) To analyze qualitative data

70. In qualitative research, what does "saturation" refer to?

A) The point at which no new information is being obtained from

data collection
B) The completion of data analysis
C) The increase in participant numbers
D) The confirmation of a hypothesis

71. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative

data?

A) Qualitative data is numerical; quantitative data is descriptive.

B) Qualitative data is descriptive and non-numerical; quantitative
data is numerical.
C) Qualitative data is more reliable than quantitative data.
D) There is no difference; they are the same.

72. What does "narrative inquiry" involve in qualitative research?

A) The analysis of statistical data

B) The exploration of personal stories and experiences
C) The collection of survey data
D) The use of experimental designs

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73. Which of the following is NOT a common data collection method
in qualitative research?

A) Observations
B) Surveys
C) Focus groups
D) In-depth interviews

74. What is the main advantage of using interviews as a data

collection method?

A) They are inexpensive.

B) They allow for detailed, in-depth responses.
C) They can be easily quantified.
D) They provide quick data collection.

75. In research, what does "ethnography" study?

A) The impact of medication on health outcomes

B) The cultural practices and beliefs of a specific group
C) The effectiveness of educational interventions
D) The relationship between two variables

76. What is the purpose of triangulation in research?

A) To collect data from three different sources

B) To verify findings by using multiple methods or perspectives
C) To increase sample size
D) To analyze data using three statistical methods

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77. Which of the following describes a "cross-sectional study"?

A) A study that collects data over a long period

B) A study that examines a population at one specific point in time
C) A study that involves multiple case studies
D) A study that compares different variables over time

78. What is the primary goal of a descriptive research design?

A) To determine cause-and-effect relationships

B) To observe and describe the characteristics of a population or
phenomenon
C) To test a hypothesis
D) To analyze existing data

79. In research methodology, what does "sampling error" refer to?

A) The difference between the sample and the population from

which it was drawn
B) The loss of data during collection
C) The use of inappropriate sampling methods
D) The misinterpretation of data

80. What is a "thesis statement"?

A) A summary of the research findings

B) A sentence that presents the main argument or claim of a paper
C) A description of the research methodology
D) A review of the literature

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81. Which of the following is a key ethical principle in research
involving human participants?

A) Manipulation of data
B) Informed consent
C) Ignoring participant confidentiality
D) Deception without justification

82. What is the main purpose of a literature review in research?

A) To collect primary data

B) To summarize existing research and identify gaps in the
literature
C) To analyze quantitative data
D) To establish a hypothesis

83. Which type of research design is typically used to investigate the

effectiveness of an intervention?

A) Correlational design
B) Experimental design
C) Descriptive design
D) Qualitative design

84. What does "operationalization" refer to in research?

A) The process of collecting data

B) The specification of how variables will be measured
C) The analysis of qualitative data
D) The review of literature

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85. In the context of surveys, what is a "Likert scale"?

A) A scale that measures demographic information

B) A scale that measures attitudes or opinions on a continuum
C) A scale that determines the validity of research
D) A scale that analyzes qualitative data

86. What is the primary focus of action research?

A) To test a hypothesis in a controlled environment

B) To solve a specific problem within a community or organization
C) To summarize existing literature
D) To compare different theories

87. In research, what does "validity" refer to?

A) The reliability of a measurement instrument

B) The extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure
C) The ethical conduct of research
D) The sampling method used

88. What type of sampling method ensures that specific subgroups

are represented in a sample?

A) Simple random sampling

B) Stratified sampling
C) Cluster sampling
D) Convenience sampling

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89. Which of the following best defines "secondary data"?

A) Data collected for the specific purpose of a current study

B) Data collected by someone other than the user for a different
purpose
C) Data that cannot be quantified
D) Data that is only qualitative

90. In qualitative research, what is the significance of "reflexivity"?

A) It refers to the reliability of the data.

B) It involves researchers reflecting on their biases and how they
may affect the research process.
C) It is a method of data collection.
D) It is a technique for statistical analysis.

91. What is "hypothesis testing"?

A) The process of generating a hypothesis

B) The process of determining whether to accept or reject a
hypothesis based on data analysis
C) The collection of qualitative data
D) The review of previous studies

92. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?

A) A survey measuring anxiety levels in college students

B) A study analyzing the correlation between sleep and academic
performance
C) An ethnographic study exploring the experiences of refugees
D) An experiment testing the effectiveness of a new medication

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93. What is a "case study" in research?

A) A method of random sampling

B) An in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or event
C) A statistical analysis of survey data
D) A review of existing literature

94. What does "content analysis" involve?

A) The statistical analysis of survey data

B) The systematic examination of communication and media content
C) The collection of qualitative data
D) The observation of behavior in natural settings

95. What is a "pilot study"?

A) A large-scale research project

B) A preliminary study conducted to test the feasibility and
effectiveness of a research design
C) A review of existing literature
D) A method of data analysis

96. In research, what does "attrition" refer to?

A) The loss of participants from a study over time

B) The selection of a sample
C) The analysis of qualitative data
D) The manipulation of variables

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97. What is "grounded theory"?

A) A qualitative research method that develops theories based on

data collected
B) A statistical analysis technique
C) A literature review method
D) A type of survey design

98. Which of the following statements about qualitative research is

true?

A) It prioritizes numerical data over participant narratives.

B) It often involves smaller sample sizes compared to quantitative
research.
C) It uses strict protocols for data collection.
D) It is less rigorous than quantitative research.

99. In research ethics, what does "debriefing" involve?

A) Informing participants about the study's purpose after it has

concluded
B) Collecting data from participants
C) Manipulating data for accuracy
D) Summarizing findings in a report

100. What does "data triangulation" aim to achieve in research?

A) To combine data from multiple studies

B) To validate findings by using different data sources, methods, or
researchers
C) To increase sample size
D) To analyze data using three different statistical techniques
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 THANK YOU

YOGESH TIWARI
8169554904

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