316 MATHEMATICS

1 1 1
10. 11. 2 12.
x2 + 2 x + 2 9 x + 6x + 5 7 – 6 x – x2

1 1 1
13. 14. 15.
( x – 1)( x – 2 ) 8 + 3x – x2 ( x – a )( x – b )
4 x +1 x+2 5x − 2
16. 17. 18.
2
2x + x – 3 2
x –1 1 + 2 x + 3 x2

6x + 7 x+2 x+2
19. 20. 21.
( x – 5)( x – 4) 4x – x 2 2
x + 2x + 3

x+3 5x + 3
22. 2 23. .
x – 2x − 5 x2 + 4 x + 10
Choose the correct answer in Exercises 24 and 25.
dx
24. ∫ x2 + 2 x + 2 equals
(A) x tan–1 (x + 1) + C (B) tan–1 (x + 1) + C
(C) (x + 1) tan–1 x + C (D) tan–1 x + C
dx
25. ∫ 9 x − 4 x2
equals

1  9x − 8  1  8x − 9 
(A) sin –1  +C (B) sin –1  +C
9  8  2  9 

1  9x − 8  1  9x − 8 
sin –1  sin –1  +C
(C)  +C (D)
2  9 
3  8 
7.5 Integration by Partial Fractions
Recall that a rational function is defined as the ratio of two polynomials in the form
P(x)
, where P (x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x) ≠ 0. If the degree of P(x)
Q(x)
is less than the degree of Q(x), then the rational function is called proper, otherwise, it
is called improper. The improper rational functions can be reduced to the proper rational
 INTEGRALS 317

P( x) P(x) P (x )
functions by long division process. Thus, if is improper, then = T( x) + 1 ,
Q( x) Q(x) Q( x)

P1 (x)
where T(x) is a polynomial in x and is a proper rational function. As we know
Q(x)
how to integrate polynomials, the integration of any rational function is reduced to the
integration of a proper rational function. The rational functions which we shall consider
here for integration purposes will be those whose denominators can be factorised into
P(x) P(x)
linear and quadratic factors. Assume that we want to evaluate ∫ Q(x ) dx , where Q(x)
is proper rational function. It is always possible to write the integrand as a sum of
simpler rational functions by a method called partial fraction decomposition. After this,
the integration can be carried out easily using the already known methods. The following
Table 7.2 indicates the types of simpler partial fractions that are to be associated with
various kind of rational functions.
Table 7.2

S.No. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction

px + q A B
1. ,a≠b +
(x –a ) ( x– b ) x –a x–b

px + q A B
+
2. x – a ( x – a)2
(x – a ) 2

px2 + qx + r A B C
3. + +
(x – a ) ( x – b) ( x – c) x – a x – b x –c

px 2 + qx + r A B C
4. + 2
+
(x – a ) 2 ( x – b ) x – a (x – a ) x–b

px2 + qx + r A Bx + C
5. + 2 ,
(x – a ) ( x2 + bx + c) x – a x + bx + c
where x2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further
In the above table, A, B and C are real numbers to be determined suitably.
318 MATHEMATICS

dx
Example 11 Find ∫ (x + 1) (x + 2)
Solution The integrand is a proper rational function. Therefore, by using the form of
partial fraction [Table 7.2 (i)], we write

1 A B
= + ... (1)
(x + 1) ( x + 2) x +1 x + 2
where, real numbers A and B are to be determined suitably. This gives
1 = A (x + 2) + B (x + 1).
Equating the coefficients of x and the constant term, we get
A+B=0
and 2A + B = 1
Solving these equations, we get A =1 and B = – 1.
Thus, the integrand is given by
1 1 –1
= +
(x + 1) ( x + 2) x +1 x + 2

dx dx dx
Therefore, ∫ (x + 1) (x + 2) = ∫ x + 1 – ∫ x + 2
= log x + 1 − log x + 2 + C

x +1
= log +C
x +2

Remark The equation (1) above is an identity, i.e. a statement true for all (permissible)
values of x. Some authors use the symbol ‘≡’ to indicate that the statement is an
identity and use the symbol ‘=’ to indicate that the statement is an equation, i.e., to
indicate that the statement is true only for certain values of x.
x2 + 1
Example 12 Find ∫ x2 − 5 x + 6
dx

x2 + 1
Solution Here the integrand is not proper rational function, so we divide
x 2 – 5x + 6
x2 + 1 by x2 – 5x + 6 and find that
 INTEGRALS 319

x2 + 1 5x – 5 5x – 5
= 1+ 2 =1 +
x 2 – 5x + 6 x – 5x + 6 (x – 2) (x – 3)
5x – 5 A B
Let = +
(x – 2) ( x – 3) x –2 x–3
So that 5x – 5 = A (x – 3) + B (x – 2)
Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get A + B = 5
and 3A + 2B = 5. Solving these equations, we get A = – 5 and B = 10
x2 + 1 5 10
Thus, 2 = 1− +
x – 5x + 6 x – 2 x –3
x2 + 1 1 dx
Therefore, ∫ x2 – 5 x + 6 dx = ∫ dx − 5 ∫ x – 2 dx + 10∫ x – 3
= x – 5 log |x – 2 | + 10 log |x – 3 | + C.
3x − 2
Example 13 Find ∫ dx
(x + 1)2 (x + 3)
Solution The integrand is of the type as given in Table 7.2 (4). We write

3x – 2 A B C
2 = + 2
+
(x + 1) ( x + 3) x + 1 ( x + 1) x+3
So that 3x – 2 = A (x + 1) (x + 3) + B (x + 3) + C (x + 1)2
= A (x2 + 4x + 3) + B (x + 3) + C (x2 + 2x + 1 )
Comparing coefficient of x , x and constant term on both sides, we get
2

A + C = 0, 4A + B + 2C = 3 and 3A + 3B + C = – 2. Solving these equations, we get

11 –5 –11 . Thus the integrand is given by
A= ,B = and C =
4 2 4
3x − 2 11 5 11
2 = – 2
–
(x + 1) ( x + 3) 4 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 4 ( x + 3)
3x − 2 11 dx 5 dx 11 dx
Therefore, ∫ (x + 1)2 (x + 3) = ∫ – ∫
4 x + 1 2 ( x + 1) 2
− ∫
4 x+3
11 5 11
= log x+1 + − log x + 3 + C
4 2 ( x + 1) 4
11 x +1 5
= log + +C
4 x + 3 2 (x +1)
320 MATHEMATICS

x2
Example 14 Find ∫ 2 dx
(x + 1) ( x2 + 4)

x2
Solution Consider and put x2 = y.
( x2 + 1) ( x 2 + 4)

x2 y
Then 2 2 =
(x + 1) ( x + 4) (y + 1) ( y + 4)

y A B
Write = +
(y + 1) ( y + 4) y +1 y + 4
So that y = A (y + 4) + B (y + 1)
Comparing coefficients of y and constant terms on both sides, we get A + B = 1
and 4A + B = 0, which give
1 4
A= − and B =
3 3

x2 1 4
Thus, 2 2 = – 2
+ 2
(x + 1) ( x + 4) 3 ( x + 1) 3 (x + 4)

x 2 dx 1 dx 4 dx
Therefore, ∫ (x 2 + 1) (x2 + 4) = – 3 ∫ x2 + 1 + 3 ∫ x 2 + 4
1 –1 4 1 –1 x
= – tan x + × tan +C
3 3 2 2
1 –1 2 –1 x
= – tan x + tan +C
3 3 2
In the above example, the substitution was made only for the partial fraction part
and not for the integration part. Now, we consider an example, where the integration
involves a combination of the substitution method and the partial fraction method.
(3 sin φ – 2 ) cos φ
Example 15 Find ∫ 5 – cos 2φ – 4 sin φ d φ
Solution Let y = sin φ
Then dy = cosφ dφ
 INTEGRALS 321

( 3 sin φ – 2 ) cos φ (3y – 2) dy

Therefore, ∫ 5 – cos 2φ – 4 sinφ d φ = ∫ 5 – (1 – y2 ) – 4 y
3y – 2
= ∫ y 2 – 4 y + 4 dy
3y – 2
= ∫ ( y – 2 )2 = I (say)
3y – 2 A B
Now, we write = + [by Table 7.2 (2)]
( y – 2) 2
y − 2 (y − 2)2
Therefore, 3y – 2 = A (y – 2) + B
Comparing the coefficients of y and constant term, we get A = 3 and B – 2A = – 2,
which gives A = 3 and B = 4.
Therefore, the required integral is given by
3 4 dy dy
I = ∫[ + 2
] dy = 3 ∫ +4∫
y – 2 (y – 2) y–2 (y – 2) 2

 1 
= 3 log y − 2 + 4  – +C
 y−2
4
= 3 log sin φ − 2 + +C
2 – sin φ

4
= 3 log (2 − sin φ) + + C (since, 2 – sin φ is always positive)
2 − sin φ

x 2 + x + 1 dx
Example 16 Find ∫ (x + 2) (x 2 + 1)
Solution The integrand is a proper rational function. Decompose the rational function
into partial fraction [Table 2.2(5)]. Write

x2 + x + 1 A Bx + C
2 = + 2
(x + 1) ( x + 2) x + 2 ( x + 1)
Therefore, x2 + x + 1 = A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
322 MATHEMATICS

Equating the coefficients of x2, x and of constant term of both sides, we get
A + B =1, 2B + C = 1 and A + 2C = 1. Solving these equations, we get
3 2 1
A = , B = and C =
5 5 5
Thus, the integrand is given by
2 1
x+
x2 + x + 1 3 3 1  2x + 1 
2 = + 52 5 = +  2 
(x + 1) ( x + 2) 5 (x + 2) x + 1 5 (x + 2) 5  x + 1 

x2 + x +1 3 dx 1 2x 1 1
Therefore, ∫ (x 2 +1) (x + 2) dx = 5 ∫ x + 2 + 5 ∫ x 2 + 1 dx + 5 ∫ x2 + 1 dx
3 1 1
= log x + 2 + log x 2 + 1 + tan–1x + C
5 5 5

EXERCISE 7.5
Integrate the rational functions in Exercises 1 to 21.
x 1 3x –1
1. 2. 2 3.
(x + 1) ( x + 2) x –9 (x – 1) (x – 2) ( x – 3)

x 2x 1 – x2
4. 5. 2 6.
(x –1) (x – 2) (x – 3) x + 3x + 2 x (1 – 2 x )

x x 3x + 5
7. 8. 9.
2
(x + 1) (x – 1) 2
(x –1) (x + 2) x – x2 − x + 1
3

2x − 3 5x x3 + x + 1
10. 2 11. 12.
(x – 1) (2x + 3) (x + 1) ( x2 − 4) x2 −1
2 3x – 1 1
13. 14. 15.
(1 − x) (1 + x2 ) (x + 2) 2 4
x −1
1
16. [Hint: multiply numerator and denominator by x n – 1 and put xn = t ]
x (x n + 1)
cos x
17. [Hint : Put sin x = t]
(1 – sin x) (2 – sin x)
 INTEGRALS 323

( x2 + 1) (x 2 + 2) 2x 1
18. 19. 20.
(x 2 + 3) ( x2 + 4) (x + 1) ( x2 + 3)
2
x (x 4 – 1)
1
21. x [Hint : Put ex = t]
(e – 1)
Choose the correct answer in each of the Exercises 22 and 23.
x dx
22. ∫ (x − 1) (x − 2) equals

( x − 1) 2 ( x − 2) 2
(A) log +C (B) log +C
x−2 x −1
2
 x −1 
(C) log   +C (D) log ( x − 1) ( x − 2) + C
 x − 2
dx
23. ∫ x (x 2 + 1) equals

1 2 1 2
(A) log x − log (x +1) + C (B) log x + log (x +1) + C
2 2
1 1 2
(C) − log x + log (x 2 +1) + C (D) log x + log (x +1) + C
2 2
7.6 Integration by Parts
In this section, we describe one more method of integration, that is found quite useful in
integrating products of functions.
If u and v are any two differentiable functions of a single variable x (say). Then, by
the product rule of differentiation, we have
d dv du
( uv) = u + v
dx dx dx
Integrating both sides, we get
dv du
uv = ∫ u dx + ∫ v dx
dx dx
dv du
or ∫ u dx dx = uv – ∫v dx dx ... (1)

dv
Let u = f (x) and = g (x). Then
dx
du
= f ′(x) and v = ∫ g ( x) dx
dx