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12 Basic Functions

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12 Basic Functions

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giada.guzzardi
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Twelve Basic Functions
Below are the graphs of twelve functions along with domain, range, continuity, increasing/decreasing intervals, symmetry, boundedness, extrema, asymptotes and end
behvior. Also please note that  is the set of integers.
Identity Function Squaring Function
f ( x) = x f ( x ) = x2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞ ) Range: ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range: [0, ∞)
Continuous Continuous
Increasing: ( −∞, ∞ ) Decreasing: None Increasing: [0, ∞) Decreasing: ( −∞, 0]
Symmetry: origin (odd function) Symmetry: y-axis (even function)
Not bounded Bounded below
Extrema: None Extrema: Absolute minimum at (0,0)
H.A.: None V.A.: None H.A.: None V.A.: None
End behavior: lim f ( x ) = −∞ lim f ( x ) = ∞ End behavior: lim f ( x ) = ∞ lim f ( x ) = ∞
x →−∞ x →∞ x →−∞ x →∞
1
f ( x ) = x3 Cubing Function f ( x) = Reciprocal Function
Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range: ( −∞, ∞) x Domain: ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) Range: ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Continuous Not Continuous
Increasing: ( −∞, ∞ ) Decreasing: None Increasing: None Decreasing: ( −∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Symmetry: origin (odd function) Symmetry: origin (odd function)
Not bounded Not bounded
Extrema: None Extrema: None
H.A.: None V.A.: None H.A.: y = 0 V.A.: x = 0
End behavior: lim f ( x ) = −∞ lim f ( x ) = ∞ End behavior: lim f ( x ) = 0 lim f ( x ) = 0
x →−∞ x →∞ x →−∞ x →∞
x
f ( x) = x Square Root Function f ( x) = e Exponential Function
Domain: [0, ∞ ) Range: [0, ∞ ) Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range: (0, ∞)
Continuous Continuous
Increasing: [0, ∞ ) Decreasing: None Increasing: ( −∞, ∞) Decreasing: None
Symmetry: None Symmetry: None
Bounded below Bounded below
Extrema: Absolute minimum at (0,0) Extrema: None
H.A.: None V.A.: None H.A.: y = 0 V.A.: None
End behavior: lim f ( x ) Does Not Exist lim f ( x ) = ∞ End behavior: lim f ( x ) = 0 lim f ( x ) = ∞
x→−∞ x →∞ x →−∞ x →∞

f ( x ) = ln( x ) Natural Logarithm Function f ( x ) = sin( x ) Sine Function


Domain: (0, ∞ ) Range: ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range: [−1, 1]
Continuous Continuous
π π π 3π
Increasing: (0, ∞) Decreasing: None Increasing:[− 2 + 2π n, 2 + 2π n] n ∈  Decreasing: [ 2 + 2π n, 2 + 2π n] n ∈ 
Symmetry: None Symmetry: origin (odd function)
Not bounded Bounded above and below
π
Extrema: None Extrema: minimum at x = − 2 + 2π n n ∈ 
H.A.: None V.A.: x = 0
π
End behavior: lim f ( x ) Does Not Exist lim f ( x ) = ∞ maximum at x = 2 + 2π n n ∈ 
x→−∞ x →∞
End behavior: Oscilates between -1 and 1
f ( x ) = cos( x ) Cosine Function
f ( x) = x Absolute Value Function
Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range: [−1, 1]
Continuous Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range: [0, ∞ )
Increasing: [π + 2π n, 2π + 2π n], n ∈  Continuous
Decreasing: [2π n, π + 2π n], n ∈  Increasing: [0, ∞ ) Decreasing: ( −∞, 0]
Symmetry: y-axis (even function) Symmetry: y-axis (even function)
Bounded above and below Bounded below
Extrema: minimum at x = π + 2π n, n ∈  Extrema: minimum at (0,0)
maximum at x = 2π n, n ∈  H.A.: None V.A.: None
End behavior: Oscilates between -1 and 1 End behavior: lim f ( x ) = ∞
x →∞
1
f ( x ) = int( x ) Greatest Integer Function f ( x) = Logistic Function
Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range:  1 + e− x Domain: ( −∞, ∞) Range: (0, 1)
Not continuous Continuous
Constant on the interval [ n, n + 1), n ∈  Increasing: ( −∞, ∞) Decreasing: None
Symmetry: None Symmetry: None
Not bounded Bounded above and below
Extrema: None Extrema:
H.A.: None V.A.: None H.A.: y = 0 and y = 1 V.A.: None
End behavior: lim f ( x ) = −∞ lim f ( x ) = ∞ End behavior: lim f ( x ) = 0 lim f ( x ) = 1
x →−∞ x →∞ x →−∞ x →∞

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