CE1003 Computer Programming for

Engineering Applications
Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Ranjha
Assistant Professor

NUTEC University Islamabad

05/08/2022 1
 Research Area
•MS & PhD
•NU-FAST Islamabad Campus, Islamabad
•Research Area:
•Swarm Intelligence(SI)
•Evolutionally Computation
•Data Science

05/08/2022 2
Introduction to Computers
 The Digital Revolution
What is computer literacy?

• If you are computer literate, you have

knowledge and understanding of computers and
their uses

Next
p. 1.4
 What Is a Computer?
What is a computer?

• An electronic machine,
operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own
memory
• accepts data
• manipulates the data
according to specified rules
• produces results
• stores the results for future
use

Next
p. 1.4
 What is a Computer?
What are data and information?

Data
Collection of raw
unprocessed
facts, figures,
and symbols

Information
Data that is
organized,
Next
meaningful,
and useful
p. 1.4 Fig. 1-
2
 What is a Computer?
Who is a user?

• Someone that
communicates
with a computer
• Someone who
uses the
information it
generates

Next
p. 1.4
 What is a Computer?
What are hardware and software?

Hardware
The electric,
electronic, and
Software
mechanical equipment
The series of
that makes up a
instructions that
computer
tells the hardware
how to perform
tasks

Next
p. 1.4
 What is a Computer? Process
What is the information Input Manipulate the
processing Any data or input (data) to
cycle? instructions you produce output
enter into a (information)
computer

Output
Communication Data that has
The capability of been processed
communicating Storage into information
with other Area in a
computers computer that
can hold data
Next and information
p. 1.5 for future use
 The Components of a Computer
What are common computer hardware components?
PC camera system unit
speaker
printer
speaker

monitor

keyboard
modem
scanner
mouse

Next

microphone
p. 1.5 Fig. 1-
3
digital camera
 The Components of a Computer
What is an input device?

• Any hardware component that allows a user to enter

data and instructions into a computer
microphone PC camera
keyboard

mouse
scanner

Click to view
Web Link
then click
Input Devices
Next
digital
camera
p. 1.5 Fig. 1-
3
 The Components of a Computer
What is an output device?
• Any hardware component that can convey information
to a user

monitor speakers

printer

Click to view Web Link

then click Output Devices
Next
p. 1.6 Fig. 1-
3
 The Components of a Computer
What is the system unit ?

• Sometimes called a chassis CD-RW CD-ROM

• A box-like case made from drive or DVD-
metal or plastic that protects Zip® ROM
the internal electronic drive
disk
components of the drive floppy
computer from damage disk
hard
• Circuitry in the system unit disk drive
usually is part of or is drive
connected to a circuit board
called the motherboard

Next
p. 1.6 Fig. 1-
3
 The Components of a Computer
What are two main components on the motherboard?

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Also called a processor
Electronic device that interprets and
carries out the basic instructions
that operate the computer

Memory
Temporary holding place for data
Click to view Web Link
then click Processors
Next
and instructions
p. 1.6
 The Components
What is a chip?
of a Computer
• An electronic device that contains many microscopic pathways
that carry electrical currents
°Usually no
bigger than memory
one-half inch chip
square
°Packaged so
processor chip
it can be
packaging
attached to a
motherboard

Next
p. 1.6 Fig. 1-
4
 The Components of a Computer
What are internal components and external devices?

Internal
Component External Device
Resides inside the Also called a
system unit peripheral
Attaches to the
system unit
Next
p. 1.6
 The Components of a Computer
What is storage?

• Holds data, instructions, and information for future use

Storage Device
Records and
Storage Medium retrieves items to
Physical material and from a storage
on which a medium
computer keeps Devices often
Click to view
the data, function as source of
Web Link
then click
instructions and input because they
Storage Devices information transfer items from
Next
p. 1.7
storage into memory
 The Components of a Computer
What are common storage devices or drives?

CD-ROM or
DVD-ROM
CD-RW drive drive

hard disk ZIP® drive

drive floppy
disk
drive

Next
p. 1.7 Fig. 1-
3
 The Components of a Computer
What is a floppy disk?

• A thin, circular, flexible

disk enclosed in a plastic
shell
• Insert and remove a floppy
disk into and from a floppy
disk drive
• A Zip® disk is a higher
capacity disk

Next
p. 1.7 Fig. 1-
5
 The Components of a Computer
What is a hard disk?

• Consists of several circular self-contained

platters that store items hard disk
electronically
• Disks are enclosed in an
airtight, sealed case, which
often is housed inside the
system unit
• Provides much greater storage
capacity than a floppy disk
• Some hard disks are
removable
Next
p. 1.7 Fig. 1-6 & removable
7
hard disk
 The Components of a Computer
What is a compact disc?

• A flat, round portable medium

that stores data using
microscopic pits, which are
created by a laser light
• CD-ROM
• CD-RW
• rewriteable CD
• DVD-ROM
• tremendous storage
capacities

Next
p. 1.8 Fig. 1-
8
 The Components of a Computer
What is miniature storage media?

• Used in devices such as digital cameras

• One popular type is called a card

miniature
storage media

Next
p. 1.8 Fig. 1-
9
 The Components of a Computer
What is a communications device?

• Enables computer users to communicate and to exchange

items such as data, instructions, and information with another
computer
• Allows you to establish a connection between two computers
and transmit items over transmission media, such as cables,
telephone lines,
or satellites

°One type is
a
Click to viewmodem
Web Link
then click
Communications Devices
Next
p. 1.8 Fig. 1-
3
modem
 Why Is a Computer So Powerful?
What characteristics make a computer powerful?
Storage Speed
Enormous amounts of Reliability Billions of
data can be stored and Dependable because operations can
made available for components have a be carried out
processing anytime it is low failure rate so in a single
needed they produce second
consistent results

Accuracy
If data is entered correctly Communications
and program works properly, Two connected
the results are error-free — computers can share
garbage in, garbage out stored data, instructions,
(GIGO) accuracy of output and information
depends on accuracy of
Next
p. 1.8
input
 Why Is a Computer So Powerful?
What is a network?

• Two or more
computers connected
together via
communications
media and devices
• The most widely
known network is the
Internet

Next
p. 1.10 Fig. 1-10
 Computer Software
What is a computer program?
• A series of instructions that tells the hardware of a
computer what to do

Allows you
Uses data in Displays Compares
to input data
memory in information values stored
and stores it
calculations on monitor in memory
in memory

Directs
Click to view Web Link
computer to Prints a Stores
then click Computer
Programs
perform report information
alternative on disk
Next
p. 1.10
operations
 Computer Software
What is system software?

• Programs that control the operations of the computer

and its devices

Operating System
(OS) Utility program
Set of programs Type of system
containing instructions software that performs
that coordinate all the a specific task, usually
activities among related to managing a
computer hardware computer, its devices,
Next devices or its programs
p. 1.12
 Computer Software
What is the user interface?

• Determines how you

interact with software
• Used to control how you
enter data and instructions
• Used to control how
information displays on
the screen

Next
p. 1.12
 Computer Software
What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?

• Allows you to interact with the software using visual

images such as icons

°An icon is a icons

small image
that represents
a program, an
instruction, or
icons
some other
object
Next
p. 1.12 Fig. 1-13
 Computer Software
What is application software?

• Programs that perform specific tasks for users

Suite
Collection of popular
individual software
applications bundled together
Word as a single unit
processing Presentation
software graphics
software

Click to view
Web Link
Spreadsheet Database
then click software software
Application Software
Next
p. 1.13
 Computer Software
What is packaged software?

• Copyrighted retail
software that
meets the needs
of a wide variety
of users
• Purchase from
stores or
companies on the
Internet
Next
p. 1.13 Fig. 1-14
 Computer Software
What is custom software?

• Written by a
programmer
• Tailor-made
program developed
at a user’s request
to perform specific
functions

Next
p. 1.14
 Computer
What Software
are freeware, public-domain software, and
shareware?
Shareware
Copyrighted software
that is distributed free
for a trial period
Send a payment to
developer on honor
system
Freeware
Software provided at Public-Domain
no cost to a user by Software
an individual or
Freeware
company
donated for public
Copyrighted
use
Cannot resell it on
No copyright
your own
restrictions
Next
p. 1.14
 Computer Software
What is an application service provider (ASP)?

Third-party company that

manages and distributes
software and services on
the Internet

You can run the Both free and

programs from the paid ASPs
Internet

Next
p. 1.14
 Computer Software
Who designs and writes software?

• Computer programmer (or

programmer)
• Writes software programs
• Systems Analyst
• Designs a program, working
with both the user and the
programmer to determine the
desired output of the program

Next
p. 1.14
 Networks and the Internet
What is a network?

• Collection of computers and devices connected together via

communications devices and media
• When your computer connects to a network you are online

Communications Communications Media

Device Cables
Modem Telephone lines
Cellular radio
Satellites
Next
p. 1.16
 Networks and the Internet
What are the reasons to network?

Hardware
To share To save
devices
resources time and
money

Software
programs Information

Data
Next
p. 1.16
 Networks and the Internet
What is a local area network (LAN)?

• A network that
connects
computers in a
limited geographic
area such as a
school computer
laboratory, office
or group of
buildings

Next
p. 1.16 Fig. 1-16
 Networks and the Internet
What is a wide area network (WAN)?

• A network that covers a large geographical area, such

as one that connects offices across the country

Next
p. 1.16 Fig. 1-17

èNext
 Networks and the Internet
What is the Internet?

• A worldwide collection
of networks that links
together millions of
businesses,
government agencies,
educational
institutions, and
individuals

Click to view Web Link

then click Internet
Next
p. 1.17
 Networks and the Internet
How do users connect to the Internet?

Internet Service
Provider (ISP)
Company that Online Service
supplies Provider (OSP)
connections to the Provides access to
Internet, usually the Internet, as
for a monthly fee well as a variety of
other specialized
content and
services

Next
p. 1.18
 Networks and the Internet
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?

• Billions of documents, called Web pages, that are linked together

on computers throughout the world

Web browser
Web site
Program used to
Collection of
access and view
related Web Web page
Web pages
pages Contains text,
graphics, sound, or
video and has
connections to other
Web pages
Next
p. 1.18
 Categories
What are ofcomputers?
the categories of Computers

Next
p. 1.19 Fig. 1-20
 Personal Computers
What is a personal computer?

• A computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and
storage activities by itself

Contains at
Microprocessor
least Two major
The single chip
One Input categories
that performs
device Desktop
all the
One output Notebook
processing
device
functions on a
One storage
personal
device
computer
Memory
Next
A processor
p. 1.19
 Personal Computers
What are the two most popular series of personal computers?

The Apple Macintosh uses

the Macintosh operating
system (Mac OS)

Next
p.1.19
p.
&
1.19Fig.
22
Fig.1-21
1-21&
The PC and compatibles use the
22
Windows operating system
 Personal Computers
What is a desktop computer?
• Designed so the system
unit, input devices, output
devices, and any other
devices fit entirely on or
under a desk or table

Click to view Web Link

then click Personal
Computers
Next
p. 1.20 Fig. 1-23
 Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer
variations?

• Tower model
• Tall and narrow system
unit that can sit on the
floor vertically

Next
p. 1.20 Fig. 1-23
 Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer
variations?

• All-in-one computer
• Less expensive desktop that
combines the monitor and
system unit
into a single
device

Next
p. 1.21 Fig. 1-24
 Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer
variations?

• Workstation
• More expensive and powerful desktop designed
for work that requires intense calculations
and graphics capabilities
• Stand-alone
• Can perform the information processing cycle
operations without being connected to a
network

Next
p. 1.21
 Personal Computers
What are some desktop computer
variations?

• Server
• Powerful desktop that
manages the resources on a
network
• Clients or workstations
• Other computers on
network that access the
contents of the storage
area on the servers

Next
p. 1.22 Fig. 1-25
 Personal Computers
What is a notebook computer?

• Also called a laptop

• Portable, personal
computer small enough
to fit on your lap
• Generally more expensive
than a desktop computer
with equal capabilities

Click to view video

Next
p. 1.22 Fig. 1-26
 Handheld Computers
What is a handheld computer?

• Also called a palmtop

computer
• Small computer that
fits in your hand

Click to view Web Link

then click Handheld
Computers
Next
p. 1.23 Fig. 1-27
 Handheld
How do you inputComputers
data with a handheld
computer?

°Some have small

keyboards
°Others use a stylus
A stylus looks like a
ballpoint pen, but
uses pressure,
instead of ink to write
°Some support voice
Next
input
p. 1.23
 Handheld Computers
What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?

• One of the most popular

handheld computers in
use today
• Provides personal
organizer functions
• Calendar
• Appointment book
• Address book
• Calculator
• Notepad

Next
p. 1.23 Fig. 1-28
 Handheld Computers
What are Web-enabled handheld computers?
• Allow you to access the Internet wirelessly
Web-enabled
Web-enabled
cellular telephone
handheld
Web-enabled
computer
two-way pager

Next
p. 1.24 Fig. 1-29
 Internet Appliances
What is an Internet appliance or information appliance?

• Computer with
limited functionality
whose main
purpose is to
connect to the
Internet from home

Next
p. 1.24 Fig. 1-30
 Internet Appliances
What is WebTV?

• An Internet
appliance in the
form of a set-top
box
• Sits on top of or next
to a television set
and allows you to
access the Internet
on the TV

Next
p. 1.25 Fig. 1-31
 Mid-Range Servers
What is a mid-range server?

• More powerful and larger

than a workstation
computer
• Supports up to 4,000 users
• Often connected via a
personal computer or
terminal
• Once known as a
minicomputer

Next
p. 1.25 Fig. 1-32
 Mid-Range
What is a terminal?
Servers

Sometimes called
dumb terminals
Device with a No processing power
monitor and Cannot stand alone
keyboard used Must be connected to
to access a a server to operate
server

Next
p. 1.25
WhatMainframes
is a mainframe?

• Large, expensive, very

powerful computer
• Can handle hundreds
or thousands of
connected users
simultaneously
• Stores tremendous
amounts of data,
instructions, and
information

Next
p. 1.26 Fig. 1-33
 Supercomputers
What is a supercomputer?

• Fastest, most powerful computer

°Able to
process
more than 12
trillion
instructions
per second

Next
p. 1.26 Fig. 1-34
 Elements of an Information System
What is an information 1. Hardware
1. Hardware
system?

• For an information 2. Software

2. Software
system to provide
accurate, timely, and
Click to viewuseful information,
Web Link
then click
each element must be 3. Data
3. Data
Women in present and all of the

elements must work

Technology
5. Procedures
together
Click to view
Web Link
then click
Minorities in Technology
Next
p. 1.27 Fig. 1-35

4b. People
4b. People (users)
(users) 4a.
4a. People
People (IT
(IT personnel)
personnel)
 Examples of Computer Usage
What are five categories of computer users?

Mobil
Hom e
Large
e Business

Small Office/Home Office

Power

Next
p. 1.28 Fig. 1-36
 Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a home user?

finance and business

research
management
Web access
entertainment

Next
p. 1.29 Fig. 1-37
 Examples of Computer Usage
What is the digital divide?

• Idea that you can separate

people of the world into two
distinct groups
• Those who have access to
technology with the ability to
use it
• Those who do not have
access to technology or are
without the ability to use it

Click to view
video
Next
p. 1.30
 Examples of Computer Usage
What hardware and software is available for a small Web access
office/home office (SOHO) user?

°Desktop usage
°Local Area
Network (Lan)
°Productivity
software
°Specialty
software
°Web usage

Next
p. 1.31 Fig. 1-39

spreadsheet
 Examples of Computer Usage
What new computer trends concern a small office/home office (SOHO)
user?

• E-mail
• Communicate with others
• E-commerce
• Conduct financial business on
the Web
• Web cam
• Allows a SOHO user to show the
world a live view of some aspect
of their business

Next
p. 1.31
 Examples of Computer Usage
What is a mobile user?

°Travel to and from a

main office to conduct
business
°Hardware
Notebook computers
Handheld computers
Web-enabled cellular
telephones
°Software
Productivity
Presentation
Next
p. 1.32 Fig. 1-40
 Examples of Computer Usage
What are the needs of the
large business user?

• Network
• Local area network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Large business Web site
• Sales management
• Accounting
• Desktop publishing
• Information systems department
• Productivity software
• Scheduling
• Web access
Next
p. 1.33 Fig. 1-41
 Examples of Computer Usage
What is a kiosk?

• A freestanding computer
• Usually has multimedia
capability and a touch screen
• Used by a large business to
provide information to the
public

Click to view video

Next
p. 1.34 Fig. 1-43
 Examples of Computer Usage
What is telecommuting?

• A work arrangement in
which employees work
away from a company’s
standard workplace
• Often communicate
with the office using
some communications
technology

Next
p. 1.34 Fig. 1-44
 Examples of Computer Usage
What are the needs of a power user?

• Requires the capabilities of a workstation or other powerful

computer
°Types of power users
Engineers
Architects
Desktop publishers
Graphic artists
°Typically work with
multimedia
Combines text,
graphics, sound,
video, and other
media elements into
Next
one application
p. 1.35 Fig. 1-45
 Computer User as a Web
Publisher
What is Web publishing?

• Making a Web page available on the Internet

°A few reasons to publish Web pages
Provide family
information
Provide information
about business
Provide a resume online
Provide online courses
called distance-
learning courses
Next
p. 1.36 Fig. 1-46
 Computer User as a Web
Publisher
What are other ways to use the Web?

• Photo communities
• Allow you to create an online photo album
°Electronic storefronts
Allow a small
business to advertise
and take orders
directly at a Web site
°Communicate with
others
E-mail
Click to Chat rooms
view
animation Instant messaging
Next
p. 1.37 Fig. 1-47