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Collision Detection in CSMA/CD

Last Updated : 24 Mar, 2023
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection) is a media
access control method that was widely used in Early Ethernet
technology/LANs when there used to be shared Bus Topology and each
node ( Computers) were connected By Coaxial Cables. Now a Days Ethernet
is Full Duplex and Topology is either Star (connected via Switch or
Router) or Point to Point ( Direct Connection). Hence CSMA/CD is not used
but they are still supported though.
Consider a scenario where there are ‘n’ stations on a link and all are waiting
to transfer data through that channel. In this case, all ‘n’ stations would
want to access the link/channel to transfer their own data. The problem
arises when more than one station transmits the data at the moment. In this
case, there will be collisions in the data from different stations.
CSMA/CD is one such technique where different stations that follow this
protocol agree on some terms and collision detection measures for effective
transmission. This protocol decides which station will transmit when so that
data reaches the destination without corruption.
How CSMA/CD works?
Step 1: Check if the sender is ready for transmitting data packets.

Step 2: Check if the transmission link is idle.
Sender has to keep on checking if the transmission link/medium is idle.
For this, it continuously senses transmissions from other nodes. Sender
sends dummy data on the link. If it does not receive any collision signal,
this means the link is idle at the moment. If it senses that the carrier is
free and there are no collisions, it sends the data. Otherwise, it refrains
from sending data.
Step 3: Transmit the data & check for collisions.
Sender transmits its data on the link. CSMA/CD does not use an
‘acknowledgment’ system. It checks for successful and unsuccessful
transmissions through collision signals. During transmission, if a collision
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signal is received by the node, transmission is stopped. The station then

transmits a jam signal onto the link and waits for random time intervals
before it resends the frame. After some random time, it again attempts to
transfer the data and repeats the above process.
Step 4: If no collision was detected in propagation, the sender completes
its frame transmission and resets the counters.
How does a station know if its data collide?
Consider the above situation. Two stations, A & B.

Propagation Time: Tp = 1 hr ( Signal takes 1 hr to go from A to B)
At time t=0, A transmits its data.

t= 30 mins : Collision occurs.
After the collision occurs, a collision signal is generated and sent to both A &
B to inform the stations about the collision. Since the collision happened
midway, the collision signal also takes 30 minutes to reach A & B.
Therefore, t=1 hr: A & B receive collision signals.
This collision signal is received by all the stations on that link. Then,
How to ensure that it is our station’s data that collided?

For this, Transmission time (Tt) > Propagation Time (Tp) [Rough bound]
This is because we want that before we transmit the last bit of our data from
our station, we should at least be sure that some of the bits have already
reached their destination. This ensures that the link is not busy and
collisions will not occur.
But, above is a loose bound. We have not taken the time taken by the
collision signal to travel back to us. For this consider the worst-case
scenario.
Consider the above system again.
At time t=0, A transmits its data.

t= 59:59 mins : Collision occurs
This collision occurs just before the data reaches B. Now the collision signal
takes 59:59 minutes again to reach A. Hence, A receives the collision
information approximately after 2 hours, that is, after 2 * Tp.
Hence, to ensure tighter bound, to detect the collision completely,

Tt > >= 2 * Tp
This is the maximum collision time that a system can take to detect if the
collision was of its own data.
What should be the minimum length of the packet to be transmitted?
Transmission Time = Tt = Length of the packet/ Bandwidth of the link

[Number of bits transmitted by sender per second]
Substituting above, we get,
Length of the packet/ Bandwidth of the link>= 2 * Tp
Length of the packet >= 2 * Tp * Bandwidth of the link
Padding helps in cases where we do not have such long packets. We can
pad extra characters to the end of our data to satisfy the above condition.
Collision detection in CSMA/CD involves the following features:
Carrier sense: Before transmitting data, a device listens to the network to

check if the transmission medium is free. If the medium is busy, the device
waits until it becomes free before transmitting data.
Multiple Access: In a CSMA/CD network, multiple devices share the
same transmission medium. Each device has equal access to the medium,
and any device can transmit data when the medium is free.
Collision detection: If two or more devices transmit data simultaneously,
a collision occurs. When a device detects a collision, it immediately stops
transmitting and sends a jam signal to inform all other devices on the
network of the collision. The devices then wait for a random time before
attempting to transmit again, to reduce the chances of another collision.
Backoff algorithm: In CSMA/CD, a backoff algorithm is used to determine
when a device can retransmit data after a collision. The algorithm uses a
random delay before a device retransmits data, to reduce the likelihood of
another collision occurring.
Minimum frame size: CSMA/CD requires a minimum frame size to ensure
that all devices have enough time to detect a collision before the
transmission ends. If a frame is too short, a device may not detect a
collision and continue transmitting, leading to data corruption on the
network.
Advantages of CSMA/CD:
Simple and widely used: CSMA/CD is a widely used protocol for

Ethernet networks, and its simplicity makes it easy to implement and use.
Fairness: In a CSMA/CD network, all devices have equal access to the
transmission medium, which ensures fairness in data transmission.
Efficiency: CSMA/CD allows for efficient use of the transmission medium
by preventing unnecessary collisions and reducing network congestion.
Disadvantages of CSMA/CD:
Limited scalability: CSMA/CD has limitations in terms of scalability, and

it may not be suitable for large networks with a high number of devices.
Vulnerability to collisions: While CSMA/CD can detect collisions, it
cannot prevent them from occurring. Collisions can lead to data

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30/05/2024, 00:55 Collision Detection in CSMA/CD - GeeksforGeeks

Sale Ends In 47 : 04 : 24 Aptitude Engineering Mathematics Discrete Mathematics Operating System DB

Collision Detection in CSMA/CD

How CSMA/CD works?

Step 1: Check if the sender is ready for transmitting data packets.

signal is received by the node, transmission is stopped. The station then

How does a station know if its data collide?

Consider the above situation. Two stations, A & B.

At time t=0, A transmits its data.

Therefore, t=1 hr: A & B receive collision signals.

How to ensure that it is our station’s data that collided?

Consider the above system again.

At time t=0, A transmits its data.

Hence, to ensure tighter bound, to detect the collision completely,

What should be the minimum length of the packet to be transmitted?

Transmission Time = Tt = Length of the packet/ Bandwidth of the link

Length of the packet >= 2 * Tp * Bandwidth of the link

Collision detection in CSMA/CD involves the following features:

Carrier sense: Before transmitting data, a device listens to the network to

Simple and widely used: CSMA/CD is a widely used protocol for

Limited scalability: CSMA/CD has limitations in terms of scalability, and

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