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7. ALTERNATING CURRENT
AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
1. The peak value of emf in ac is E0. Write its (i) rms (ii) average value over a complete cycle.
2. Define the term 'rms value of the current: How is it related to the peak value?

3. An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin314t is connected across a pure resistor of . Find
(i) the frequency of the source.
(ii) the rms current through the resistor.
4. Distinguish between the term 'average value' and 'rms value' of an alternating current. The
instantaneous current from· an ac source is 1= 5 sin (314t) ampere. What are the average and rms
values of the current?
5. Derive the relationship between the peak and the rms value of current in ac circuit.
AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
6. When an ac source is connected across an inductor, show on a graph the nature of variation of the
voltage and the current over one complete cycle.
7. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average power supplied by
the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an AC source. What happens to the
brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the
inductor? Explain.

8. An ac voltage, V = Vo sin rot, is applied across a pure inductor 1. Obtain an expression for the current I
in the circuit and hence obtain the (i) inductive reactance of the circuit, and (ii) the 'phase', of the
current flowing, with respect to the applied voltage.

9. Show that in an ac circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead of current by in phase.
10. (i) Explain the term 'inductive reactance: Show graphically the variation of inductive reactance
with frequency of the applied alternating voltage.
(ii) An ac voltage E = E0 sin rot is applied across a pure inductor of inductance 1. Show
mathematically that the current flowing through it lags behind the applied voltage by a phase
angle of .

AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor

11. Define capacitive reactance. Write its S.l. units.
12. Plot a graph showing variation of capacitive reactance with the change in the frequency of the ac
source.

13. A reactive element, in an a.c. circuit, causes the current flowing (i) to lead in phase by , (ii) to lag
in phase by with respect to the applied voltage. Identify the element in each case.
14. Show that the current leads the voltage in phase by nt; in an ac circuit containing an ideal capacitor.
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15. A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observation when this combination is
connected in turn across (i) ac source and (ii) a de battery. What change would you notice in each case
if the capacitance of the capacitor is increased?
16. An electric lamp having coil of negligible inductance connected in series with a capacitor and an ac
source is glowing with certain brightness. How does the brightness of the lamp change on reducing the
(i) capacitance, and (ii) the frequency? Justify your answer.

17. A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations when the system is connected
first across a de and then an ac source. What happens in each case if the capacitance of the capacitor is
reduced?
18. The graphs (i) and (ii) shown in the figure represent variation of opposition offered by the circuit
elements, X and Y, respectively to the flow of alternating current vs the frequency of the applied emf.
Identity the elements X and Y.

19. Explain the term 'capacitive reactance: Show graphically the variation of capacitive reactance with
frequency of the applied alternating voltage.

An ac voltage E = Eo sin t is applied across a pure capacitor of capacitance C. show mathematically

that the current flowing through it leads the applied voltage by a phase angle of .
Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
20. In a series LCR circuit, the voltages across an inductor, a capacitor and a resistor are 30 V, 30, V and
60 V respectively. What is the phase difference between the applied voltage and the current in the
circuit?
21. A capacitor 'c, a variable resistor 'R' and a bulb 'B' are connected in series to the ac mains in circuit as
shown. The bulb glows with some brightness.

How will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of the
capacitor, keeping resistance R to be the same; (ii) the resistance R is increased keeping the same
capacitance?
22. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 200 V source with L = 50 mH,
C = 80 F and R = 40 . Determine (i) the source frequency which derives the circuit in resonance;
(ii) the quality factor (Q) of the circuit.
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23. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source (200 V, 50 Hz). The voltages across the resistor,
capacitor and inductor are respectively 200 V, 250 V and 250 V
(i) The algebraic sum of the voltages across the three elements is greater than the voltage of the
source. How is this paradox resolved?

(ii) Given the value of the resistance of R is 40 , calculate the current in the circuit.
24. Calculate the quality factor of a series LCR circuit with L =; 2.0 H, C = 2 ~F and R = 10 Q. Mention
the: significance of quality factor in LCR circuit.
25. Write the expression for the impedance offered by the series combination of resistor, inductor and
capacitor connected to an ac source of voltage V = Vo sin . Show on a graph the variation of the
voltage and the current with ' ' in the circuit.
26. Derive an expression for the impedance of an ac circuit consisting of an inductor and a resistor.
27. An ac voltage of 100 V, 50 Hz is connected across a 20 ohm resistor and 2 mH inductor in series.
Calculate (i) impedance of the circuit, (ii) rms current in the circuit.
28. An inductor L of inductive reactance XL is connected in series with a bulb B and an ac source. How
would brightness of the bulb change when
(i) number of turn in the inductor is reduced,
(ii) an iron rod is inserted in the inductor and
(iii) a capacitor of reactance Xc = XL is inserted in series in the circuit. Justify your answer in each
case.
29. Determine the value of phase difference between the current and the voltage in the given series LCR
circuit.

30. A source of ac voltage V = Vo sin is connected to a series combination of a resistor 'R' and a
capacitor 'C: Draw the ph as or diagram and use it to obtain the expression for (i) impedance of the
circuit and (ii) phase angle.
31. In a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source of variable frequency and voltage V = V 111 sinter,
draw a plot showing the variation of current (1) with angular frequency ( ) for two different values of
resistance R, and R2(R1 > R2). Write the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs.
For which value of the resistance out of the two curves, a sharper resonance is produced? Define Q-
factor of the circuit and give its significance.
32. The figure shows a series LCR circuit with L = 10.0 H, C = 40 ~F, R = 60 Q connected to a variable
frequency 240 V source, calculate (i) the angular frequency of the source which drives the circuit at
resonance, (ii) the current at the resonating frequency, (iii) the rms potential drop across the inductor at
resonance.
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33. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression for
the impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current with frequency of die source,
explaining the nature of its variation.
34. A 100 mH capacitor in series with a 40 Q resistance is connected to a 100 V, 60 Hz supply. Calculate
(i) the reactance, (ii) the impedance and (Hi) maximum current in the circuit.

35. An inductor 200 mH, capacitor 500 IlF, resistor 10 are connected in series with a 100 V variable
frequency a.c. source. Calculate the (i) frequency at which the power factor of the circuit is unity (ii)
current amplitude at this frequency (iii) Q-factor
36. An ac source of voltage V = Vo sinwt is connected to a series combination of L, C and R. Use the
phasor diagram to obtain expressions for impedance of the circuit and phase angle between voltage and
current. Find the condition when current will be in phase with the voltage. What is the circuit in this
condition called?

37. A capacitor, 100 resistor and 8 H inductor are connected in series with an ac source (i) What
should be the frequency of the source such that current drawn in the circuit is maximum? What is this
frequency called? (ii) If the peak value of emf of the source is 200 V, find the maximum current. (iii)
Draw a graph showing variation of amplitude of circuit current with changing frequency of applied
voltage in a series LCR circuit for two different values of resistance R 1 and R2 (R1 > R2). (iv) Define the
term 'Sharpness of Resonance: Under what condition, does ~ circuit become more selective?
38. (a) A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source of variable frequency. Draw a suitable phasor
diagram to deduce the expressions for the amplitude of the current and phase angle.
(b) Obtain the condition of resonance. Draw a plot showing the variation of current with the
frequency of a.c. source for two resistances R 1 and R2 (R1 > R2). Hence define the quality
factor, Q and write its role in the tuning of the circuit.
39. (a) Using phasor diagram for a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source of voltage V = Vo sin
wt, derive the relation for the current flowing in the circuit and the phase angle between the
voltage across the resistor and the net voltage in the circuit.
(b) Draw a plot showing the variation of the current I as a function of angular frequency 'w' of the
applied ac source for the two cases of a series combination of (i) inductance L 1, capacitance C1
and and resistance R1 and (ii) inductance L2, capacitance C2 and resistance R2 where R2 > R1.
Write the relation between L1, C1 and L2, C2 at resonance. Which one, of the two, would be
better suited for fine tuning in a receiver set? Give reason.
40. (a) An ac source of voltage V =. Vo sin wt is connected across a series combination of an inductor,
a capacitor and a resistor. Use the phasor diagram to obtain the expression for (i) impedance of
the circuit and (ii) phase angle. between the voltage and the current. (b) A capacitor of
unknown capacitance, a resistor of 100 Q and an inductor of self inductance L = (4In2) henry
are in series connected to an ac source of 200 V and 50 Hz, Calculate the value of the
capacitance and the current that flows in the circuit when the current is in phase with the
voltage.
41. Derive an expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit connected to an ac supply of variable
frequency. Plot a graph showing variation of current with the frequency of the applied voltage. Explain
briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be used in the tuning mechanism of a radio
or a TV set.
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42. Explain
(i) Resistance,
(ii) Reactance and
(iii) Impedance
43. An ac source generating a voltage V = Vm sin wt is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C. Find the
expression for the current i, flowing through it. Plot a graph of v and i versus rot to show that the
current is nt: ahead of the voltage. A resistor of 200 Q and a capacitor of 15.0 F are connected in
series to a 220 V, 50 Hz ac source. Calculate the current in the circuit and the rms voltage across the
resistor and the capacitor. Is the algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source voltage? If yes,
resolve the paradox.
Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
44. Define 'quality factor' of resonance in series LCR circuit. What is its SI unit?
45. The power factor of an ac circuit is 0.5. What is the phase difference between voltage and current the
circuit?
46. Why is the use of ac voltage preferred over de voltage? Give two reasons.
47. Define the term wattless current.
48. The instantaneous current and voltage of an ac circuit are given by i = 10 sin 300 t A and V = 200 sin
300 t V. What is the power dissipation in the circuit?
49. In series LCR circuit obtain the conditions under which (i) the impedance of the circuit is . minimum
and (ii) wattless current flows in the circuit.
50. A resistor 'R' and an element 'X' are connected in series to an ac source of voltage. The voltage is found
to lead the current in phase by n14. If 'X' is replaced by another element 'Y', the voltage lags behind the
current by . (i) Identify elements 'X' and 'Y'. (ii) When both 'X' and 'Y' are connected in series with
'R' to the same source, will the power dissipated in the circuit be maximum or minimum? Justify your
answer.
51. A light bulb is rated 100W for 220 V ac supply of 50 Hz. Calculate
(i) the resistance of the bulb;
(ii) the rms current through the bulb.
52. Prove that an ideal capacitor, in an ac circuit does not dissipate power.
53. Calculate the value of the additional capacitor which may be joined suitably to the capacitor C that
would make the power factor of the circuit unity.

54. A circuit containing an 80 mH inductor and a 250 mF capacitor in series connected to a 240 V, 100
rad/s supply. The resistance of the circuit is negligible.
(i) Obtain rms value of current.
(ii) What is the total average power consumed by the circuit?
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55. A voltage V = Vo sinrot is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the average power
dissipated over a cycle. Under what condition is (i) no power dissipated even though the current flows
through the circuit, (ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit?

56. (a) For a given ac sinter, show that the average power dissipated in a resistor R over a

complete cycle is .

(b) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V ac supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
57. When an ac source is connected to an ideal capacitor show that the average power supplied by the
source over a complete cycle is zero.
58. Prove that an ideal capacitor, in an ac circuit does not dissipate power.
59. A series LCF circuit is connected to a 220 V variable frequency (ac) supply. If L = 10 mH,

and R = 55 .
(a) Find the frequency of the source, for which the average power absorbed by the circuit is
maximum.
(b) Calculate the value of maximum current amplitude.
60. Given below are two electric circuits A and B

Calculate the ratio of power factor of the circuit B to the power factor of circuit A
61. Sushil is in the habit of charging his mobile and then leaving the charger connected through the mains
with the switch on. When his sister Asha pointed it out him, he replied there was no harm as the mobile
had been disconnected. Asha then explained to him and convinced him, how the energy was still being
wasted as the charger was continuously consuming energy. Answer the following questions.
(a) What values did Asha display in convincing her brother?
(b) What measures in your view, should be adopted to minimise the wastage of electric energy in
your households?
(c) Imagine an electric appliance of 2 W, left connected to the mains for 20 hours. Estimate the
amount of electrical energy wasted.
62. In series LR circuit XL = R and power factor of the circuit is PI' When capacitor with capacitance C
such that XL = XC is put in series, the power factor becomes P2. Calculate P1/P2.
63. A voltage V = Vo sin wt applied to a series LCR circuit drives a current i = i o sin wt in the circuit.
Deduce the expression-for the average power dissipated in the circuit. For circuits used for transporting
electric power, a low power factor implies large power loss in transmission. Explain. Define the term
'Wattless current:
64. (a). An alternating voltage V = Vm sin wt applied to a series LCR circuit drives a current given by
sin (wt + ). Deduce an expression for the average power dissipated over a cycle. (b) For circuits
used for transporting electric power, a low power factor implies large power loss in transmission.
Explain. (c) Determine the current and quality factor at resonance for a series LCR circuit with L = 1.00
mH, 1.00 nF and R = 100 Q connected to an ac source having peak voltage of 100 V
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65. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source having voltage V = Vm sinwt. Derive the expression
for the instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Obtain the condition for
resonance to occur.
Define 'power factor: State the conditions under which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum.
66. (a) Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series LCR circuit connected to ac
source in which the phase difference between the voltage and the current in the circuit is . (b) Define
the quality factor in an ac circuit. Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving circuits?
Name the factors on which it depends.
Transformers
67. Why is the core of a transformer laminated?
68. Mention the two characteristic properties of the material suitable for making core of a transformer.
69. What is the function of a step-up transformer?
70. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric energy
over long distances done with the use of transformers?
71. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram the underlying principle and working of a step-up
transformer. Why cannot such a device be used to step-up dc voltage?
72. A group of students while coming from the school noticed a box marked "Danger H.T. 2200 V" at a
substation in the main street. They did not understand the utility of a such a high voltage, while they
argued, the supply was only 220 V. They asked their teacher this question the next day. The teacher
thought it to be an important question and therefore explained to the whole class.
Answer the following questions :
(i) What device is used to bring the high voltage down to low voltage of ac current and what is the
principle of its working?
(ii) Is it possible to use this device for bringing down the high de voltage to the low voltage?
Explain.
(iii) Write the values displayed by the students and the teacher.
73. One morning an old man walked bare-foot to replace the fuse wire in kit kat fitted with the power
supply mains for his house. Suddenly he screamed and collapsed on the floor. His wife cried loudly for
help. His neighbour's son Anil heard the cries and rushed to the place with shoes on. He took a wooden
baton and used it to switch off the main supply. Answer the following questions:
(i) What is the voltage and frequency of mains supply in India?
(ii) These days most of the electrical devices we use require ac voltage. Why?
(iii) Can a transformer be used to step up dc voltage?
(iv) Write two qualities displayed by Anil by his action.
74. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down transformer. State the principle of its working.
(ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages.
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents in terms of turn ratio in an ideal transformer.
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a transformer connected to 220 V supply when it
delivers power to a 110 V - 550 W refrigerator?
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75. (i) Write the function of a transformer. State its principle of working with the help of a diagram.
Mention various energy losses in this device.
(ii) The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer has 100 turns and transformation ratio is also
100. The input voltage and power are respectively 220 V and 1100 W. Calculate
(a) number of turns in secondary
(b) current in primary
(c) voltage across secondary
(d) current in secondary
(e) power in secondary
76. (a) Draw a schematic arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coil in a transformer
when the two coils are would on top of each other.
(b) State the underlying principle of a transformer and obtain the expression for the ratio of
secondary to primary voltage in terms of the (i) number of secondary and primary windings and
(ii) primary and secondary currents.
(c) Write the main assumption involved in deriving the above relations.
(d) Write any two reasons due to which energy losses may occur in actual transformers.
77. (a) Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a transformer. deduce
the expression for its working formula.
(b) Name any four causes of energy loss in an actual transformer.
78. (a) State the principle of a step-up transformer;' ' Explain, with the help of a labelled diagram, its'
working.
(b) Describe briefly any two energy losses, giving the reasons for their occurrence in actual
transformers.
79. (i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe briefly the underlying principle and working of a
step up transformer.
(ii) Write any two sources of energy loss in a transformer.
(iii) A step up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage. Does it violate
law of conservation of energy? Explain.
80. A power transmission line feeds power at 2200 V with a current of 5 A to step down transformer with
its primary winding having 4000 turns. Calculate the number of turns and the current in the secondary
in order to get output power at 220 V.
81. (a) Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working principle. Assuming
the transformer to be 100 efficient, obtain the relation for (i) the current in the secondary in
terms of the current in the primary, and (ii) the number of turns in the primary and secondary
windings.
(b)' Mention' important energy losses in actual transformers and these can be minimized.
82. Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working principle. Deduce the
expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils. In an
ideal transformer, how is this ratio related, to the currents in the two coils?
How is the transformer used in large scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy overlong
distances?
83. A step down transformer operates on a 2.5 kVline. It supplies a load with 20 A. The ratio of the primary
winding to the secondary is 10 : 1. If the transformer is '90 efficient, calculate:
(i) the power output,
(ii) the voltage, and
(iii) the current in the secondary.
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84. Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, working of a step-up transformer. A step-up
transformer converts a low voltage into high voltage. Does it not violate the principle of conservation of
energy? Explain.