Table of Specification (TOS) for Fluid

Mechanics Exam
Course Title: MECH 443 – Mechanic of Fluids
Program/Year/Section: CE – 3rd Year
Exam Period: Per Sem
Semester/School Year: 1st Sem, 2024

Content Area Weight (%) Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis

Introduction to 5% 1 1 0 1
Fluid
Mechanics
Fluid Statics 10% 1 2 2 1
Fluid 10% 1 1 2 2
Dynamics:
Basic Concepts
Control Volume 10% 1 1 2 2
Analysis
Bernoulli’s 10% 1 1 2 2
Equation
Introduction to 10% 1 1 2 2
Viscous Flow
Flow in Pipes 10% 1 1 2 2
Flow in Open 5% 1 1 1 0
Channels
Dimensional 5% 1 1 1 1
Analysis and
Similitude
Boundary 5% 1 1 1 1
Layers and
Flow
Separation
Environmental 10% 1 2 2 1
Fluid
Mechanics
Hydraulic 10% 1 1 2 2
Structures

Total: 100% | Knowledge: 12 | Comprehension: 14 | Application: 19 | Analysis: 16 |

Prepared By: Checked By:

ENGR. ANTHONY E. _____________________

TRESPESES ___
Course Facilitator Division Chair
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
Which of the following is the correct definition of fluid statics?
A. The study of fluids in motion
B. The study of fluids at rest
C. The study of fluid flow through pipes
D. The study of the interaction between fluids and structures
Question 2:
Bernoulli’s equation is primarily applied to:
A) Compressible fluid flow
B) Flow with high viscosity
C) Incompressible, steady fluid flow
D) Flow in turbulent conditions
Question 3:
The dimensionless number used to determine the type of flow in a pipe is called:
A) Reynolds number
B) Mach number
C) Froude number
D) Weber number
Question 4:
In environmental fluid mechanics, the dispersion of pollutants in a body of water is primarily governed by:
A) Control volume analysis
B) Flow in open channels
C) Viscous flow characteristics
D) Advection and diffusion processes

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
A fluid is flowing steadily through a horizontal pipe with a diameter of 0.1 m at a velocity of 2 m/s. Calculate
the volumetric flow rate (Q) of the fluid in the pipe.
(Use the formula Q = A × v, where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe and v is the velocity of the fluid.)
Solution Steps:
1. Find the cross-sectional area A using A = πd²/4.
2. Substitute the values for diameter and velocity.
3. Calculate the volumetric flow rate Q.

Problem 2:
Consider an open channel with a rectangular cross-section of width 2 m and depth 0.5 m. The flow velocity is
measured to be 1.5 m/s. Find the discharge (Q) through the channel.
(Use the formula Q = A × v, where A is the cross-sectional area of the channel and v is the velocity of the
flow.)
Solution Steps:
1. Find the cross-sectional area A using A = width × depth.
2. Substitute the values for width, depth, and velocity.
3. Calculate the discharge Q.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Fluid Statics

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
What is the principle behind Pascal's law?
A) A change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid
B) The buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
C) Pressure in a fluid increases with depth
D) Fluids have no shear stress
Question 2:
A manometer is a device used to measure:
A) Fluid velocity
B) Fluid pressure
C) Fluid temperature
D) Fluid density
Question 3:
In which of the following conditions does the hydrostatic pressure in a fluid not vary horizontally?
A) In a compressible fluid
B) In a turbulent fluid
C) In a static, incompressible fluid
D) In a rotating fluid system
Question 4:
The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest depends on:
A) The shape of the container
B) The fluid's viscosity
C) The depth of the point below the fluid surface
D) The velocity of the fluid

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
A rectangular tank with a base area of 2 m² is filled with water to a depth of 3 m. Calculate the pressure at
the bottom of the tank. (Use the density of water as 1000 kg/m³ and acceleration due to gravity as 9.81 m/s².)
(Use the formula P = ρgh, where P is pressure, ρ is fluid density, g is gravitational acceleration, and h is
depth.)
Solution Steps:
1. Identify the depth h, fluid density ρ, and gravitational acceleration g.
2. Substitute the values into the formula P = ρgh.
3. Calculate the pressure P.

Problem 2:
A cylinder with a diameter of 0.5 m is submerged vertically in a tank of oil, with its top 1 m below the surface.
Calculate the hydrostatic force acting on the circular top surface of the cylinder. (Use oil density as 850
kg/m³ and gravitational acceleration as 9.81 m/s².)
(Use the formula for pressure at depth P = ρgh, and the hydrostatic force F = P * A, where A is the area of the
surface.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the pressure P at the top of the cylinder using the depth, density, and gravity.
2. Find the area A of the circular top surface using A = πd²/4.
3. Calculate the force F using F = P * A.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Fluid Dynamics - Basic Concepts

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
Which of the following terms refers to a type of flow where fluid particles follow smooth, parallel paths?
A) Turbulent flow
B) Steady flow
C) Laminar flow
D) Compressible flow
Question 2:
The continuity equation is based on the principle of:
A) Conservation of energy
B) Conservation of mass
C) Conservation of momentum
D) Conservation of velocity
Question 3:
Which of the following statements is true for incompressible fluid flow?
A) The fluid density varies greatly throughout the flow
B) The fluid density remains constant throughout the flow
C) The fluid viscosity plays no role
D) The fluid temperature has no effect
Question 4:
A flow where fluid properties change with time at any given point is referred to as:
A) Laminar flow
B) Steady flow
C) Unsteady flow
D) Turbulent flow

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
Water flows steadily through a pipe with a varying cross-sectional area. At a certain point in the pipe, the area
is 0.05 m² and the velocity is 3 m/s. Calculate the velocity of water at another point where the cross-
sectional area is 0.02 m².
(Use the continuity equation Q = A₁v₁ = A₂v₂, where Q is the flow rate, A is the area, and v is the velocity.)
Solution Steps:
1. Use the continuity equation to relate the velocities and areas at both points.
2. Substitute the known values for areas and velocity.
3. Solve for the unknown velocity.

Problem 2:
A fluid is flowing through a pipe with a diameter of 0.1 m at a rate of 0.02 m³/s. Find the average velocity of
the fluid in the pipe.
(Use the formula Q = A * v, where Q is the flow rate, A is the cross-sectional area, and v is the velocity. Find
the area using A = πd²/4.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the cross-sectional area A of the pipe using its diameter.
2. Use the flow rate and area to find the average velocity.
3. Solve for the velocity using v = Q/A.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Control Volume Analysis

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
The control volume approach in fluid mechanics is primarily used to analyze:
A) Microscopic behavior of fluid particles
B) A fixed region in space through which fluid flows
C) The behavior of individual fluid molecules
D) The temperature changes in a flowing fluid
Question 2:
In control volume analysis, the term 'flux' generally refers to:
A) The rate of fluid density change
B) The rate of mass or energy crossing a control surface
C) The total volume of fluid within a control volume
D) The temperature gradient within the fluid
Question 3:
What is the purpose of Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) in control volume analysis?
A) To convert a system analysis to a control volume analysis
B) To calculate the fluid velocity at every point within a control volume
C) To determine the compressibility of the fluid
D) To measure the viscosity of the fluid
Question 4:
A control volume is said to be 'steady' if:
A) The shape of the control volume changes over time
B) The mass, momentum, and energy within the control volume change with time
C) The properties within the control volume do not change with time
D) The flow direction within the control volume reverses periodically

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
Water enters a control volume through an inlet with an area of 0.03 m² and a velocity of 2 m/s. The water exits
through an outlet with an area of 0.01 m². Assuming steady flow, calculate the velocity at the outlet.
(Use the continuity equation Q = A₁v₁ = A₂v₂, where Q is the flow rate, A is the area, and v is the velocity.)
Solution Steps:
1. Use the continuity equation to relate the flow rates at the inlet and outlet.
2. Substitute the known values for areas and inlet velocity.
3. Solve for the outlet velocity.

Problem 2:
Air flows steadily through a control volume with an inlet velocity of 10 m/s and an inlet area of 0.05 m². If the
mass flow rate of air is 0.6 kg/s, find the air density at the inlet.
(Use the mass flow rate equation ṁ = ρAv, where ṁ is the mass flow rate, ρ is the air density, A is the cross-
sectional area, and v is the velocity.)
Solution Steps:
1. Rearrange the mass flow rate equation to solve for air density ρ.
2. Substitute the known values for mass flow rate, area, and velocity.
3. Solve for the air density.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Bernoulli’s Equation

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
Bernoulli’s equation is derived based on which of the following principles?
A) Conservation of mass
B) Conservation of energy
C) Conservation of momentum
D) Conservation of pressure
Question 2:
Bernoulli’s equation is applicable to which type of fluid flow?
A) Compressible, turbulent flow
B) Incompressible, steady, and inviscid flow
C) Steady, viscous flow
D) Unsteady, compressible flow
Question 3:
According to Bernoulli’s equation, if the velocity of a fluid increases, the:
A) Pressure decreases
B) Pressure increases
C) Fluid density changes significantly
D) Flow becomes turbulent
Question 4:
Which of the following is a correct expression of Bernoulli’s equation for a streamline?
A) P + ρgh = constant
B) P + 0.5ρv² = constant
C) P + 0.5ρv² + ρgh = constant
D) P + ρv = constant

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
Water flows through a horizontal pipe that contracts from a diameter of 0.3 m to 0.1 m. If the velocity of water
in the larger section is 2 m/s, find the velocity in the smaller section.
(Use the continuity equation Q = A₁v₁ = A₂v₂, where Q is the flow rate, A is the area, and v is the velocity.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the cross-sectional areas A₁ and A₂ using the pipe diameters.
2. Use the continuity equation to relate the velocities in both sections.
3. Solve for the unknown velocity in the smaller section.

Problem 2:
A fluid flows from a reservoir at a height of 10 m through a pipe to an open discharge point. Neglecting friction
losses, find the velocity of the fluid at the discharge point.
(Use Bernoulli’s equation P + 0.5ρv² + ρgh = constant and assume the reservoir surface is open to the
atmosphere.)
Solution Steps:
1. Apply Bernoulli’s equation at the surface of the reservoir and at the discharge point.
2. Neglect the pressure terms as both points are open to the atmosphere.
3. Solve for the velocity at the discharge point using the height difference.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Introduction to Viscous Flow

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
What is the main characteristic of viscous flow?
A) Absence of shear stress
B) Presence of shear stress due to fluid viscosity
C) Uniform fluid velocity across all sections
D) Compressibility of the fluid
Question 2:
The ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a flow is represented by which dimensionless number?
A) Reynolds number
B) Mach number
C) Froude number
D) Weber number
Question 3:
Laminar flow is characterized by:
A) Random and chaotic fluid motion
B) Smooth and orderly layers of fluid motion
C) High Reynolds number
D) Flow with large pressure fluctuations
Question 4:
In a viscous flow, if the velocity gradient is high, the shear stress in the fluid is:
A) Low
B) High
C) Zero
D) Unaffected

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
Oil with a viscosity of 0.05 Pa·s is flowing steadily between two parallel plates spaced 0.02 m apart. The
velocity profile is linear, with one plate moving at 1 m/s while the other is stationary. Find the shear stress
acting on the stationary plate.
(Use the formula τ = μ (du/dy), where τ is the shear stress, μ is the dynamic viscosity, du is the change in
velocity, and dy is the distance between the plates.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the velocity gradient (du/dy) using the given velocities and distance between plates.
2. Substitute the known values for viscosity and velocity gradient into the shear stress formula.
3. Solve for the shear stress τ.

Problem 2:
Water flows through a pipe with a diameter of 0.1 m and an average velocity of 0.5 m/s. Calculate the
Reynolds number to determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. (Use the properties of water: density ρ
= 1000 kg/m³ and dynamic viscosity μ = 0.001 Pa·s.)
(Use the formula Re = (ρvD)/μ, where Re is the Reynolds number, ρ is the fluid density, v is the velocity, D is
the diameter, and μ is the dynamic viscosity.)
Solution Steps:
1. Substitute the known values for properties, velocity, and diameter into the Reynolds number formula.
2. Calculate the Reynolds number.
3. Compare the value to the critical Reynolds number (approx. 2000) to determine if the flow is laminar or
turbulent.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Flow in Pipes

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
1. The type of flow in a pipe is primarily determined by which of the following?
A) The pipe length
B) The pipe diameter
C) The Reynolds number
D) The fluid temperature
Question 2:
Which of the following is true for laminar flow in a pipe?
A) The velocity profile is uniform across the pipe diameter
B) The velocity is highest at the pipe wall
C) The velocity is highest at the center of the pipe and decreases towards the walls
D) The flow is characterized by chaotic and irregular motion
Question 3:
The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to calculate:
A) The velocity profile in a pipe
B) The flow rate in an open channel
C) The head loss due to friction in a pipe
D) The viscosity of a fluid
Question 4:
For a fully developed turbulent flow in a rough pipe, the friction factor is dependent on:
A) Only the Reynolds number
B) Only the relative roughness of the pipe
C) Both the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of the pipe
D) Neither the Reynolds number nor the pipe roughness

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
Water flows through a horizontal pipe with a diameter of 0.15 m at an average velocity of 2 m/s. Calculate the
head loss due to friction over a length of 100 m of the pipe. Assume the Darcy friction factor is 0.02.
(Use the Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss: hf = f (L/D) (v²/2g), where hf is the head loss, f is the friction
factor, L is the length of the pipe, D is the diameter, v is the velocity, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.)
Solution Steps:
1. Substitute the known values for the friction factor, pipe length, diameter, velocity, and gravitational
acceleration (g = 9.81 m/s²) into the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
2. Calculate the head loss hf.

Problem 2:
A fluid with a density of 850 kg/m³ flows steadily through a pipe with a diameter of 0.1 m. If the pressure drops
over a 50 m length of the pipe is 5000 Pa, find the average velocity of the fluid. Assume the friction factor is
0.03.
(Use the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the relationship between pressure drop (ΔP), density (ρ), and head
loss: ΔP = ρghf.)
Solution Steps:
1. Use the relationship between pressure drop and head loss to find the head loss hf.
2. Rearrange the Darcy-Weisbach equation to solve for the average velocity v.
3. Substitute the known values and solve for the velocity.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Flow in Open Channels

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
Which of the following best describes open channel flow?
A) Flow with a free surface open to the atmosphere
B) Flow completely enclosed within a pipe
C) Compressible fluid flow in a pipeline
D) Flow with no gravitational influence
Question 2:
The Manning’s equation is primarily used to determine:
A) The pressure drop in a closed conduit
B) The flow velocity in an open channel
C) The viscosity of the fluid
D) The density of the fluid
Question 3:
The hydraulic radius in open channel flow is defined as:
A) The ratio of flow area to wetted perimeter
B) The ratio of flow velocity to pipe diameter
C) The ratio of gravitational acceleration to flow area
D) The ratio of fluid density to flow depth
Question 4:
What is the most significant factor affecting flow resistance in open channels?
A) Fluid viscosity
B) Channel roughness and shape
C) Channel slope alone
D) Atmospheric pressure

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
A rectangular open channel has a width of 3 m and a flow depth of 1.5 m. If the channel slope is 0.001 and the
Manning’s roughness coefficient is 0.02, calculate the flow rate in the channel.
(Use Manning’s equation: Q = (1/n) A R(2/3) S(1/2), where Q is the flow rate, n is the Manning’s roughness
coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area of flow, R is the hydraulic radius, and S is the slope.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the cross-sectional area A of the flow (A = width * depth).
2. Calculate the hydraulic radius R (R = A / wetted perimeter).
3. Substitute the known values into Manning’s equation and solve for the flow rate Q.

Problem 2:
An open trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 2 m, side slopes of 1:1 (horizontal to vertical), and a flow
depth of 1 m. Calculate the flow area and wetted perimeter of the channel.
(Use the formula for a trapezoidal area A = (b + zy) * y, where b is the bottom width, z is the side slope ratio,
and y is the flow depth. The wetted perimeter P is calculated as P = b + 2y * (1 + z 2)(1/2).)
Solution Steps:
1. Substitute the known values into the formula for flow area A and solve.
2. Substitute the known values into the formula for wetted perimeter P and solve.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Dimensional Analysis and Similitude

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
The primary purpose of dimensional analysis in fluid mechanics is to:
A) Convert all units to the metric system
B) Determine the fluid velocity at each point in a flow field
C) Reduce the number of variables in an experimental study
D) Calculate the viscosity of a fluid
Question 2:
Which dimensionless number is commonly used to characterize the similarity between different flow
conditions?
A) Froude number
B) Reynolds number
C) Weber number
D) All of the above
Question 3:
In the Buckingham π theorem, what does the π term represent?
A) A dimensional variable
B) A dimensionless group
C) The fluid density
D) A proportionality constant
Question 4:
For dynamic similarity between a model and a prototype, the following condition must be satisfied:
A) Geometric similarity only
B) Kinematic similarity only
C) Dynamic similarity only
D) Geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarities

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
A model ship is constructed with a scale ratio of 1:20 to its prototype. If the velocity of water flow around the
prototype is 5 m/s, determine the velocity of water flow around the model to maintain dynamic similarity.
(Assume Froude number similarity, where Fr = v / √(gL), with v as velocity, g as gravitational acceleration, and
L as a characteristic length.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the Froude number for the prototype using the given velocity and characteristic length.
2. Use the Froude number similarity to find the velocity for the model.
3. Solve for the velocity of the model.

Problem 2:
Using the Buckingham π theorem, find the dimensionless groups for a problem involving the drag force
(Fd) on a sphere moving through a fluid. The variables involved are fluid velocity (v), fluid density (ρ),
sphere diameter (D), and fluid viscosity (μ).
Solution Steps:
1. Identify the primary dimensions of the variables involved (M: mass, L: length, T: time).
2. Determine the number of repeating variables and form the π terms.
3. Solve for the dimensionless groups.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Boundary Layers and Flow Separation

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
The boundary layer in fluid flow is defined as:
A) The region of the flow far away from any solid surface
B) The region where the fluid velocity changes from zero at the surface to the free stream velocity
C) The region where the fluid is incompressible
D) The layer of fluid with constant temperature
Question 2:
What is the main cause of flow separation in a boundary layer?
A) Low Reynolds number
B) Adverse pressure gradient
C) High fluid density
D) Smooth surface
Question 3:
Which type of boundary layer occurs when viscous forces dominate over inertial forces?
A) Turbulent boundary layer
B) Laminar boundary layer
C) Compressible boundary layer
D) Free boundary layer
Question 4:
When flow separates from the surface of a body, it generally results in:
A) Increased drag and loss of lift
B) Decreased drag and increased lift
C) Reduced fluid velocity at the surface
D) Constant pressure distribution along the surface

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
A flat plate is placed parallel to a uniform flow of air with a velocity of 10 m/s. The air has a kinematic viscosity
of 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ m²/s. Calculate the thickness of the boundary layer at a distance of 0.5 m from the leading
edge of the plate assuming laminar flow.
(Use the formula for boundary layer thickness δ = 5.0 (νx/u)(1/2), where δ is the boundary layer thickness, ν is
the kinematic viscosity, x is the distance from the leading edge, and u is the free stream velocity.)
Solution Steps:
1. Substitute the given values for velocity, kinematic viscosity, and distance from the leading edge into the
boundary layer thickness formula.
2. Solve for the boundary layer thickness δ.

Problem 2:
Consider a boundary layer developing over a flat plate. If the Reynolds number at a certain location on the
plate is 2 × 10⁵, determine if the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent at that location.
(Use the criterion for transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer, which generally occurs around a
Reynolds number of 5 × 10⁵.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the Reynolds number at the given location using the formula Re = (ux/ν), where u is the
velocity, x is the distance from the leading edge, and ν is the kinematic viscosity.
2. Compare the calculated Reynolds number to the transition value.
3. Conclude whether the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Environmental Fluid Mechanics

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
What is the primary focus of environmental fluid mechanics?
A) Studying fluid motion in industrial pipelines
B) Understanding the transport of pollutants and contaminants in natural water bodies
C) Designing pumps for high-pressure systems
D) Determining the thermal conductivity of fluids
Question 2:
Which phenomenon describes the spreading and mixing of a pollutant in a fluid?
A) Stratification
1. B) Dispersion
2. C) Buoyancy
E) Cavitation
Question 3:
In which layer of a river or lake does most of the turbulent mixing occur?
A) Epilimnion
B) Hypolimnion
C) Metalimnion (thermocline)
D) Benthos
Question 4:
Which of the following is the most significant factor affecting the stratification in a lake?
A) Wind speed
B) Salinity and temperature gradients
C) Turbulence generated by boats
D) Presence of aquatic plants

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
A river flows with a velocity of 0.8 m/s and has a cross-sectional area of 50 m². A pollutant is spilled into the
river at a constant rate of 10 kg/s. Assuming the pollutant is evenly distributed throughout the cross-
section, find the concentration of the pollutant in the river.
(Use the formula C = M / (Q), where C is the concentration, M is the mass rate of the pollutant, and Q is the
flow rate of the river.)
Solution Steps:
1. Calculate the flow rate Q of the river (Q = area * velocity).
2. Substitute the given values into the concentration formula.
3. Solve for the concentration C.

Problem 2:
Consider a coastal region where fresh river water flows into the ocean, forming a stratified layer over the
denser saltwater. If the density of fresh water is 1000 kg/m³ and that of saltwater is 1025 kg/m³, calculate the
buoyancy force per unit volume acting on the freshwater layer.
(Use the formula for buoyancy force per unit volume: Fb = (ρsaltwater - ρfreshwater) * g, where g is the gravitational
acceleration.)
Solution Steps:
1. Find the difference in densities between the saltwater and freshwater.
2. Multiply the density difference by the gravitational acceleration (g = 9.81 m/s²).
3. Solve for the buoyancy force per unit volume Fb.
Examination for Fluid Mechanics
Exam: Hydraulic Structures

Part I: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Question 1:
Which of the following is an example of a hydraulic structure?
A) A bridge
B) A dam
C) A railway track
D) A highway tunnel
Question 2:
What is the main purpose of a spillway in a dam?
A) To store water for irrigation
B) To control and safely release excess water from the reservoir
C) To increase the water pressure for power generation
D) To support the structural integrity of the dam
Question 3:
Which type of hydraulic structure is used to raise and lower boats between stretches of water of different levels
on river and canal waterways?
A) Weir
B) Spillway
C) Lock
D) Culvert
Question 4:
The purpose of a stilling basin in hydraulic structures is to:
A) Measure water flow rate
B) Reduce the energy of flowing water to prevent erosion downstream
C) Store sediment from the river
D) Increase the velocity of water for power generation

Part II: Problem Solving

Problem 1:
A rectangular spillway has a length of 10 m and allows water to overflow at a height of 2 m above the crest.
Assuming the discharge coefficient is 0.6, calculate the flow rate over the spillway.
(Use the formula for discharge over a rectangular weir: Q = Cd * L * H(3/2), where Q is the flow rate, Cd is the
discharge coefficient, L is the length of the spillway, and H is the height of water above the crest.)
Solution Steps:
1. Substitute the given values into the formula for flow rate.
2. Solve for the flow rate Q.

Problem 2:
A dam releases water at a rate of 50 m³/s into a river channel with a slope of 0.002 and a Manning's roughness
coefficient of 0.035. Determine the approximate depth of flow in the channel if its width is 5 m.
(Use Manning’s equation: Q = (1/n) A R(2/3) S(1/2), where Q is the flow rate, n is the Manning’s roughness
coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area of flow, R is the hydraulic radius, and S is the slope. Assume a
rectangular cross-section.)
Solution Steps:
1. Express the cross-sectional area A and hydraulic radius R in terms of depth (y).
2. Substitute the known values into Manning’s equation and solve for the depth of flow y.
Answer Key
Answers: Multiple Choice

 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics:  Flow in Pipes:

1. B 1. C
2. C 2. C
3. A 3. C
4. D 4. C
 Fluid Statics:  Flow in Open Channels:
1. A 1. A
2. B 2. B
3. C 3. A
4. C 4. B
 Fluid Dynamics: Basic Concepts:  Dimensional Analysis and Similitude:
1. C 1. C
2. B 2. D
3. B 3. B
4. C 4. D
 Control Volume Analysis:  Boundary Layers and Flow
1. B Separation:
2. B 1. B
3. A 2. B
4. C 3. B
 Bernoulli’s Equation: 4. A
1. B  Environmental Fluid Mechanics:
2. B 1. B
3. A 2. B
4. C 3. A
 Introduction to Viscous Flow: 4. B
1. B  Hydraulic Structures:
2. A 1. B
3. B 2. B
4. B 3. C
4. B
Answer Key
Answers: Problem Solving
Answer Key
Answers: Problem Solving
Answer Key
Answers: Problem Solving