Assignment 1 of Artificial Intelligence

ASSIGNMENT 1 OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Q.1) Diferentiate between Semantic and Synthetic Processing.
ANS : Semantic Processing refers to the understanding of the meaning of

words and sentences in a language, focusing on the relationships between
concepts. It involves interpreting the context and the implications of
language, allowing for comprehension beyond mere word recognition. For
example, in natural language processing, semantic processing helps in
understanding the sentiment of a sentence or the intent behind a question.
On the other hand, Synthetic Processing involves the construction of

language or speech from basic components. It is more about generating
language rather than understanding it. This can include tasks like text
generation, speech synthesis, or creating sentences from predefined rules. In
summary, semantic processing is about comprehension and meaning, while
synthetic processing is about creation and generation.
Q.2) What do you understand by the Inference Engine? explain it's structure.
ANS : An Inference Engine is a component of an expert system that applies

logical rules to a knowledge base to deduce new information or make
decisions. Its main function is to process the information stored in the
knowledge base and provide conclusions based on the given data.
The structure of an inference engine typically includes:
1. Knowledge Base: Contains the domain-specific knowledge in the form of

rules and facts.
2. Inference Engine: The core component that applies logical rules to the
knowledge base to infer new information.
3. Working Memory: A temporary storage area that holds the current facts
and data being processed.
4. User Interface: Allows users to interact with the system, input data, and
receive conclusions.
The inference engine uses techniques like forward chaining (data-driven) and
backward chaining (goal-driven) to derive conclusions.
Q.3) Write down Best First Search Algorithm.
ANS : The Best First Search Algorithm is an informed search algorithm that
uses a heuristic to determine the most promising node to explore next.
Here’s a simple outline of the Best First Search Algorithm:
1. Initialize a priority queue and add the starting node.
2. While the queue is not empty:
a. Remove the node with the highest priority (lowest cost).
b. If this node is the goal, return the solution.
c. Expand the node and generate its successors.
d. For each successor, calculate its cost using the heuristic.
e. Add the successors to the queue.
3. If the queue is empty and no solution is found, return failure.
This algorithm prioritizes nodes based on their estimated cost to reach the
goal, making it efficient in finding the shortest path.
Q.4) Define Forward Chaining, Backward Chaining, Unification with example.
ANS : Forward Chaining is a reasoning method that starts with the available
data and applies inference rules to extract more data until a goal is reached.
For example, if we know "If it rains, the ground is wet" and "It is raining," we
can conclude "The ground is wet."
Backward Chaining, on the other hand, starts with the goal and works
backward to see if there are data to support it. For example, if the goal is to
prove "The ground is wet," we check if "It is raining" is true, which leads us
back to the rule.
Unification is a process in logic programming where two terms are made

identical by finding a substitution for variables. For example, to unify the
terms "likes(X, ice_cream)" and "likes(john, ice_cream)," we can substitute X
with "john."
Q.5) Elaborate Production Systems and its characteristics.
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Video Url :
ANS : Production Systems are a type of computer program used in artificial

intelligence that consist of a set of rules (productions) and a database of
facts. The system operates by applying these rules to the facts to generate
new facts or make decisions.
Characteristics of Production Systems include:
1. Rule-based: They use rules to dictate the behavior of the system.
2. Modularity: Rules can be added or removed without affecting the overall

system.
3. Flexibility: They can adapt to new information and change their behavior
accordingly.
4. Goal-oriented: They often work towards achieving specific goals or solving

problems.
Production systems are widely used in expert systems and automated

reasoning applications.

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ASSIGNMENT 1 OF ARTIFICIAL

Q.1) Diferentiate between Semantic and Synthetic Processing.

ANS : Semantic Processing refers to the understanding of the meaning of

On the other hand, Synthetic Processing involves the construction of

ANS : An Inference Engine is a component of an expert system that applies

The structure of an inference engine typically includes:

1. Knowledge Base: Contains the domain-specific knowledge in the form of

Q.3) Write down Best First Search Algorithm.

1. Initialize a priority queue and add the starting node.

2. While the queue is not empty:

a. Remove the node with the highest priority (lowest cost).

b. If this node is the goal, return the solution.

c. Expand the node and generate its successors.

d. For each successor, calculate its cost using the heuristic.

e. Add the successors to the queue.

3. If the queue is empty and no solution is found, return failure.

Q.4) Define Forward Chaining, Backward Chaining, Unification with example.

Unification is a process in logic programming where two terms are made

Q.5) Elaborate Production Systems and its characteristics.

ANS : Production Systems are a type of computer program used in artificial

Characteristics of Production Systems include:

1. Rule-based: They use rules to dictate the behavior of the system.

2. Modularity: Rules can be added or removed without affecting the overall

4. Goal-oriented: They often work towards achieving specific goals or solving

Production systems are widely used in expert systems and automated

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