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18 CS302 IntroOOP

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53 views21 pages

18 CS302 IntroOOP

xbcv

Uploaded by

kavigamage62
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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INTRODUCTION TO

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING (OOP)
CS302 – Introduction to Programming
University of Wisconsin – Madison
Lecture 18

By Matthew Bernstein – [email protected]


Purpose of Object Oriented Programming
• You have learned how to structure your
programs by decomposing your tasks into
methods
• This has made your code more modular and
increases code re-use
• Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a
style of programming which further
decomposes your code into discrete
interacting objects
We Have Already Used Objects
• We already have some exposure to objects
• Examples:

// Create a new Scanner object


Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

// Create a new Random object


Random rand = new Random();

// Create a new String object


String str = “Hi”;
Advantages
• By interacting with discrete objects, we don’t
need to deal with the underlying complexity
within the objects
• For example, when retrieving user input from
the keyboard, we do not have to interact with
the hardware and deal with all of the event
handling necessary to retrieve user input from
the keyboard. Instead, we just have to create
a Scanner object that does all of that for us.
• This design paradigm is called encapsulation
Philosophy of OOP
• Object Oriented Programming is based on the idea of
instantiating objects that are of a certain class
• A class describes a set of objects that have the same
behavior
• For example, all objects of the Scanner class all behave
the same way
• In the following code:

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

The scan object is an instantiation of the Scanner class


Conceptual Example of Objects and
Classes
• For example, let’s say we implement a class called
“Vehicle”
• We can create new objects of class Vehicle
• Hypothetical example:

Vehicle myCar;
Vehicle momsCar;

• Both myCar and momsCar are different objects of the


class Vehicle
A Class Defines Each Object’s Interface
• Each object has a public interface that consists
of all methods and variables that are accessible
to the user of this object
• This interface is defined by the object’s class
• For example, the Scanner’s public interface
includes the methods nextInt(), hasNextInt(),
nextLine(), etc.
• Where are these methods defined? In the
Scanner class
• Thus, all instantiations of the Scanner class
have these methods available to the user
Implementing a Simple Class
• Each class we write for now must be
placed into a .java file of the same name as
the class
• Let’s create a class called Car that has just
one instance variable and two public
methods
Car Class
class Car
{
// Instance variable
public int milage;

// Public method can be accessed by the user of this class


public void drive(int miles)
{
milage += miles;
}

// Public method can be accessed by the user of this class


public int getMilage()
{
return milage;
}
}
Instance Variables
• An object stores its data in instance
variables
• These are also called fields
• An instance variable is a storage location that
is present in each object of the class
• The value of one object’s instance variables
may be different from the values of another
object’s variables even though they are of the
same class
Instance Variables
• Instance variables are written inside of the class’s code
block outside of any method
• Following standard convention, all instance variables
should be declared at the top of the class
• Example:
class Car
{
// Instance variables
private String make;
private String model;
private int mileage;
}
Declaring Instance Variables
• An instance variable declaration takes the
following form:

modifier type variable_name;

• Example:
private String name;
Modifiers
• An access modifier stipulates whether a
field or method can be accessed or called
by the user of the class
• Fields/methods denoted as private can
only be accessed by methods within the
class
• Fields/methods denoted as public can be
accessed by methods either within the
class or outside the class
Composition: Objects as Instance
Variables
• You may have noticed in the example:

class Car
{
// Instance variables
private String make;
private String model;
private int mileage;
}

That we can use objects as instance variables (String is an


object). This is called Composition
Memory Diagram of Objects

Car myCar = new Car();

String
“Ford”
Car
String make
mileage = 100
String model
myCar make
“Jeremy”
model
“Bartholomew”
“Jeremy” String
“Bartholomew” “Mustang”
String make
String model
More on Instance Variables
• Nearly all of class’s instance variables should
be private
• If we think of an object as a machine, the
instance variables represent the gears. We
don’t want to expose the gears to the user of
the machine.
• Instead, if we want to allow the user access to
the instance variables, we provide public
methods for accessing these instance
variables.
Instance Methods
• Similar to instance variables, objects of the
same class have the same instance methods
• Instance methods are method members that
use the object’s instance variables
• The code for an object’s instance methods are
defined in the object’s class
• An object’s instance methods have access to
ALL of its instance variables
Instance Method
class Car
{
// Instance variables
private String make;
private String model;
private int mileage;

// Instance method
public void printFullName
{
System.out.print(make + “ “ + model);
}
}
this
• In order for an object to refer to itself, Java
provides a reserved word, this, that is a
reference variable pointing to itself
• A class’s instance variable can be referenced
as a field of the this variable
• The this variable’s primary use is when an
instance variable is overshadowed by a
method’s parameter
When to use this
• This is primarily used when an object’s instance variable name
is overshadowed by a method’s parameter name
• Example:
class Car
{
private String make;

public void setMake(String make)


{
// We set the instance variable
// “make” to the parameter “make”
this.make = make;
}
}
Cool CS Link of the Day
• Self Assembling Robots Project at MIT
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aZbJS6LZbs

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