Forensic Significance of DNA Profiling (Forensic 2

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Forensic significance of DNA

Profiling (Forensic biology)
Jan 14, 2022 • Download as PPTX, PDF
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Forensic significance of DNA profiling...

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Forensic significance of DNA Profiling (Forensic

biology)
1. FORENSIC SIGNIFICANCE OF DNA - PROFILING Submitted
to – Dr.Sapna sharma mam Submitted by – Shabnam Roll
no.- 1303
2. Index 1) Introduction 2) Disputed paternity case 3) Child
swapping 4) Veterinary cases 5) Plant testing 6) Wildlife cases
7) Missing person identity.
3. Introduction • DNA profiling is a forensic technique which
help to solve the cases in di!erent aspects. • The application
of DNA profiling in disputed paternity cases , child swapping
cases , missing person identification cases, agricultural cases
,plant testing etc. • DNA profiling plays an important role in
the field of forensics science to solve the various criminal
cases.
4. Disputed paternity cases • Paternity disputes cases arise
when a father claims that he is not he biological father of that
child , however mother claims that the man is the biological
father of her child. • These techniques of DNA – Typing help to
solve such cases: 1. Variable number of tandem repeats
(VNTRs) 2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 3. Short tandem
repeats (STRs) 4. Restriction fregmant length polymorphism
(RFLP)
5. In case of alleged father
6. VNTRs • VNTRs are the type of minisatellite in which the
size of repeat sequence is generally 10 to 100 bp. •
Minisatellites are the type of DNA tandem repeats sequence
that is sequence repeat one a"er another without other
nucleotide in between them. This is about 10 to 100
nucleotides. • The sequence of minisatellite are larger than
the microsatellite (2 to 6 nucleotide). • VNTRs can vary in
numbers of repeats from individual to individual.
7. Conts. • VNTRs profiling utilizes RFLP techniques which is
the first historical method used in DNA testing. • It utilize the
“restriction endonucleases” that recognize and cleave the
specific site along the DNA sequence which is reproducible
set of restriction fragments of various length. • Resultant
di!erent length of fragments produced will di!er when the
DNA is digested with restriction enzyme.This di!erent pattern
can be used to di!erentiate species from one another.
8.
9. Y - STRs • It’s a male specific technique and shows the
patrilineage phenomenon. • Hence, very useful in forensic
DNA testing .And for investigation in sexual assault cases
involving male suspects. • The evidence gathered in such
cases usually it consists of a mixture of high level of female
DNA and low level of male DNA.In case of sexual assault, Y-
STRs system is useful for determinig the number of unrelated
male perpetrator in sexual assault cases. • But YSTRs cannot
distinguish between same patrilineage individuals.
10. Inheritance of Y-STR
11. Mitochondrial-DNA analysis • It’s a female specific type
of testing, mt.DNA is situated in cellular organalle within
eukaryotic cell.Mt.DNA is circular in shape. • May be useful in
finding family relation of unknown person such as in disaster
case Tzar Nicholas II , in solving historic puzzules and to link
families. • Having very useful in recovery of DNA
environmentally demaged DNA is sometimes even possible
with mt.DNA. • But mt.DNA is cannot distinguished between
same metrileneage or all same mothers.
12. Inheritance of mt.DNA
13. STRs • A short tandem repeats is a region of genomic DNA
containing an array of short repeating sequences. • STRs
technique is PCR based,applicable in degraded DNA,shows
rapid results,show result in even small quantity DNA. • Two
major abandant used STRs kits are Promega coorporation
and applied biosystem type kits which is used by forensic
community.Manufacturer of STR kits provide allelic ladders
that may be used for accurate genotyping kits from Promega
coorporation and applied biosystems for comparable STR
markers o"en contain di!erent alleles in their allelic ladders.
14. STRs result interpretation
15. Child swapping • Being parent and child caring is a
wonderful experieance of everyone life. • A baby swapping
happens all around the world and a nowdays it is quite
common newspapers and other media plateforms. • Many
time suspected from family members or hospitals sta!.But
now it can be detected by conducted a simple DNA test of
intended infant with alleged mother.Mitochondrial DNA is
compared with infant. • There was a case happens in May
2015 in UK. Mr.Richard Cusworth and his wife Salvadoran
case of child swapped.Maternity test prove the son Moses
was swapped with another baby.
16. Veterinary cases • The main applications od DNA testing
in domestic animals for diagnosis of genetic disease and for
sexing animals. • In horses as well as other farm animals ,
selective breeding requires exact lineage records. • The
veterinary Genetics laboratory Forensic unit at university
California , Devis is first accrediated to animals DNA profiling.
• The three main type of cases: a) Where animal is victim. b)
Where animal is perpetrator. c) Where animal is witness.
17. Conts. • Locard exchange principle maintain that every
contact leaves traces,exchange can bear mute witness to
each and every crimes. • If you own a cat or dog, you know
that their fur accomplished you throughout the day, from
your home to your car ,from your car to your o!ice.That fur
(or saliva ,urine ,blood) can become crucial evidence in
forensic investigations.Veterinary DNA profiling had been
used in every state of US.
18. Plant testing • Crimes o"en occurred in localized area
containing the unique combination o botanical growth.If
these plants,algae,grasses are su!iciently rare, then recovery
of trace evidence from the clothing of a victim or personal
property of a suspects may helpful in making that can link
them to crime scene. • In plant testing, two primary areas are
currently being investigated. The first linking of plant
material to suspect to make association link with crime was
committed. • The second linking marijuana to aid in forensic
investigation.
19. Wildlife cases • O!en animals are tortured or killed by
someone trying to controlled another person in domestic
violence situations. • Animal evidence can help to solve a
wide range of cases from animal cruelty or the",to the animal
attack on humans or other animals. • Pet hair is commonly
collected item of non human biological evidence and not
suited to individual (neclear) DNA profiling. • However,unlike
humans – dogs and cats hairs without root can yield enough
DNA for individual DNA profiling. • If the mt.DNA found in
cytoplasm of all the anima cells can be tested to include or
exclude contributor.
20. Non – human DNA identification • When animals involve
in an attack on a person.DNA typing may be used to identify
the animal perpetrator. • If the victim deceased then DNA
evidence may be the only witness that an animal in custody
committed the crime.Animal DNA testing exonerate the
innocent animals.
21. Missing person identity • Forensic DNA typing provides
data from variety of materials and individuals and applied to
many important issues that confront the society. • DNA
database house DNA profiles from convicted felons, forensic
evidences, human remains and direct and family reference
samples of missing persons. • In forensic investigation of
human reamains comes under two objectives 1. To recover
and examine the remains for criminal investigations
including cause and manner of death. 2. To identify if
possible return to them to family of dead person.
22. Conts. • This process id done by retrive the DNA and
compare either from relatives of missing person ( hair, saliva,
stains etc.). • A shorter portion of DNA part, then STRs
technique is useful in that case. • Mitochondrial DNA recover
easily from human remains. • Sex chromosomes is possible to
analyze a penal STRs that are located on Y-chromosome in
order to match the remains with male relatives. • It is more
useful when close relative are not available for comparison
because of petrilineage.
23. SNPs • It refers to as single base di!erence in the
sequence of DNA at particular point.SNPs are abundant in
human genome, being used as linkage studies to track
disease. Advantage : a) It give su!icient information to
identify the human can be selected or identified. b) SNPs are
smaller than STRs hence more useful than STRs in
identification od degraded sample. c) SNPs show less
mutation rate over STRs.
24. Thankyou
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