Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 13 views

    Xi Chemistry Equilibrium Notes

    Uploaded by

    Gaurav Saroha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Xi Chemistry Equilibrium Notes

    Uploaded by

    Gaurav Saroha
    13 views6 pages

    Original Title

    XI CHEMISTRY EQUILIBRIUM NOTES

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views6 pages

    Xi Chemistry Equilibrium Notes

    Uploaded by

    Gaurav Saroha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    CHAPTER-6: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

    Equilibrium Constant:

    When the number of molecules leaving the liquid to vapour equals the number of molecules
    returning to the liquid from vapour equilibrium is said to be attend and is dynamic in nature
    equilibrium can be established for both physical and chemical processes and at this stage rate of
    forward and reverse reactions are equal equilibrium constant K C is expressed as the
    concentration of products divided by reactants and each term raised to the stoichiometric
    coefficient.

    For reaction aA +bB = cC + dD

    Kc is equal to [C]c [D]d/[A]a[B]b

    Law Of Mass Action

    Proposed by Guldberg and Waage so also known as Guldberg - Waage Law

    Rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the concentrations of the
    reactants

    aA+bB⇌cC+dD

    Units of equilibrium constant are based on molarity or pressure.

    For Kc the concentration terms in mol/L and for Kp partial pressure is substituted in Pa, kPa,
    bar or atm.

    If the exponents of both the numerator and denominator are same, equilibrium constant has no
    units.

    For example,

    H2(g)+I2(g)⇌2HI(g) , Kc and Kp have no unit.

    N2O4(g)⇌2NO2(g), Kc has unit mol/L and Kp has unit bar

    Equilibrium constants can also be expressed as dimensionless quantities if the standard state of
    reactants and products are specified.

    For a pure gas, the standard state is 1bar.

    Therefore a pressure of 4 bar in standard state can be expressed as 4 bar/1 bar = 4, which is a
    dimensionless number.
    Standard state for a solute is 1 molar solution and all concentrations can be measured with
    respect to it.

    Thus, in this system both Kc and Kp are dimensionless quantities

    If ∆GƟ<0 , tℎen −∆GƟ/RT is positive and e−∆GƟ/RT>1, making K>1 Reaction is spontaneous in
    forward direction and products are present predominantly.

    If ∆GƟ>0 , tℎen −∆GƟ/RT is negative and e^−∆GƟ/RT<1, making K<1 Reaction is non-
    spontaneous in forward direction and only a very minute quantity of product is formed.

    Factors Affecting Equilibria

    ⚫ Concentration
    ⚫ Temperature
    ⚫ Pressure
    ⚫ Catalyst
    Le Chatlier’s Principle:

    Equilibrium constant has constant value at a fixed temperature and at this stage all the
    microscopic properties such as concentration pressure etc become constant for a gaseous reaction
    equilibrium constant is expressed as KP and is written by replacing concentration term by partial
    pressures in KC expressions the direction of reaction can be predicted by reaction question Q C
    which is equal to KC at equilibrium. Le Chatlier’s principle states that the change in any factor
    such as temperature pressure concentration etc will cause the equilibrium to shift in such a
    direction so as to reduce or counter act the effect of the change. It can be used to study the effect
    of various factors such as temperature, concentration, pressure, catalyst and inert gases on the
    direction of equilibrium and to control the yield of products by controlling these factors. Catalyst
    does not affect the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture but increases the rate of
    chemical reaction by making available a new lower energy pathway for conversion of reactants
    to products and vice versa.

    Michael Faraday classified the substances into two categories based on their ability to conduct
    electricity.

    (1) Electrolytes:-substances that conduct electricity in their aqueous solutions

    (2) Non-electrolytes :- substances that do not conduct electricity in their aqueous solutions

    Faraday further classified electrolytes into strong and weak electrolytes.

    Strong electrolytes on dissolution in water dissociate almost completely into ions for example
    sodium chloride , while the weak electrolytes only partially ionize into ions for example acetic
    acid.

    Electolytes:

    All substances that conduct electricity in aqueous solutions are called electrolyte.

    Ionization of electrolytes:

    Acids, bases and salts are electrolytes and the conduction of electricity by the aqueous solutions
    is due to anions and cation produced by the dissociation or ionization of electrolytes in aqueous
    solution. The strong electrolytes are completely dissociated in electrolytes. There is equilibrium
    between the ions and the unionized electrolyte molecules.
    Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases:

    According to Arrhenius acids give hydrogen ions while bases produce hydroxyl ion in their
    aqueous solutions.

    Bronsted Lowry Theory:

    According to Brönsted-Lowry theory,

    Acid is a substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion H+ and

    Bases are substances capable of accepting a hydrogen ion, Bronsted Lowry defined an acid as a
    proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor when a bronsted lorry acid reacts with the base it
    produces its conjugate base and a conjugate acid or responding to the base with which it reacts
    does a conjugate pair of acid base differs only by one proton.

    Lewis Theory:

    Lewis further generalized the definition of an acid as an electron pair accepted and a base as an
    electron pair donor. The expressions for ionization constants of weak acids (Ka) and weak bases
    (Kb) are developed using Arrhenius definition. The degree of ionization and its dependence on
    concentration and common ion is important.

    Acid is a species which accepts electron pair .

    Base is a species which donates an electron pair.

    For example , BF3 is an acid and reacts with NH3 by accepting its lone pair of electrons.

    pH scale:

    Hydronium ion concentration in molarity is more conveniently expressed on a logarithmic scale


    known as the pH scale. The pH of the solution is defined as the negative logarithm to base 10 of
    the activity of hydrogen ion.

    pH= -log [H]+


    This has been extended to other quantities;

    pOH= -log [OH]-

    pKa= -log [Ka]

    pKb= -log [Kb]

    pKw= -log [Kw]

    Ionization of water:

    For the ionization of water pH + pOH = pKw equation is always satisfied. The salts of strong
    acid and weak base, and weak acid and strong base and weak acid and weak base under
    hydrolysis in aqueous solution. Water is acting both as an acid and a base.

    Self ionization of water:-In pure water, one H2O molecule donates proton and acts as an acid and
    another water molecules accepts a proton and acts as a base at the same time.

    Buffer solution:

    The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small amounts of acid
    or alkali are called Buffer Solutions.

    Two types-Acidic buffer solution and Basic buffer solution

    Acidic buffer solution:- weak acid and its salt formed with strong base.

    For example solution formed by acetic acid and sodium acetate(pH=4.75)

    Basic buffer solution:- weak base and its salt formed with strong acid.

    For example solution formed by ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride (pH=9.25)
    Solubility product Constant: Ksp

    EQUILIBRIUM
    MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)
    1- Le Chatelier’s principle is applicable to:
    (a) only homogeneous chemical reversible reactions
    (b) only heterogeneous chemical reversible reactions
    (c) only physical equilibria
    (d) all systems, chemical or physical in equilibrium.

    You might also like