FOURIER SERIES

1. Define periodic function with period p.[Nov 2014]

A function is said to have a period p if for all x, , where p is a

positive constant. The least value of p > 0 is called the period of f ( x ) .

2. State Dirichlet’s condition for a function to be expanded as a power series.
[NOV 2011 (AR), Nov20 14 & April 2016,
May2017]

A function which satisfies the following condition can be expanded as a Fourier

series in

(i) is bounded
ii) f(x) is single valued

has atmost a finite number of maxima and minima in the interval.

(iii)

(iv)f(x) has atmost a finite number of finite discontinuous in the interval

3. Write the condition for the function f ( x ) to satisfy for the existence of a Fourier
Series. .
[April
2015]

The function f ( x ) must be periodic and should satisfy the Dirichlet’s condition for the
existence of a Fourier Series.

4. Define Fourier series. [Nov 16]

If is a periodic function and satisfies Dirichlet’s condition, then it can be represented

by an infinite series is called Fourier series, , where ,

and are called Fourier coefficients.

.
 in the interval
5. Write the formula for Fourier coefficients for

6. Find the constant of the Fourier series for function in .

7. Obtain term constant

a 0 of the Fourier Series for the function f ( x )=x 2 , −π < x < π
[April
2015]

2
a0 =  f ( x)dx
0

 
2 2  x3  2 3
x dx
2

   3  0   3 
= 0 = =

2 2
a0 
3
2
8. Find bnthe expansion of f ( x )=x as a Fourier series in (-π, π) . [ MAY 12, April 2016]
2
Given f(x) = x
f ( x) ( x) 2  x 2  f ( x)
 f(x) is even function
  The Fourier coefficient bn = 0 .
f  x   x in    x   a0 . [May 2017]
9. If , find

f ( x)  x
Solution:

f ( x)  x
is even

TO FIND a0

a0 =

a0 

10. Find the constant term when expressed as a Fourier series. [NOV
11]
11. Find the Fourier constant for in the interval . [MAY 11]

12. Find the constant of the Fourier series for function in .

of the Fourier series for function

13. Find Fourier constant

14. Explain even and odd functions. [ MAY 11 ]

A function is said to be even if

Eg.
 A function is said to be odd if

Eg.

15. Verify whether the given function is an even function or odd function.

is an even function.

16. Find the Fourier constants for

17. Write in the expansion as a Fourier series in

 is an odd function.

and
2
18. If f ( x )=x + x is expressed as a fourier series in the interval (-2,2) to which value this
series converges at x = 2? [Nov2015]
Here the point x=2 is discontinuous ay the end points.

19. Find the constant term in the Fourier series of

[NOV 10]

is an even function

20. Determine the value of in the F.S expansion of in . [NOV

10(AR)]

Since is an odd function

Hence

21. Find the half range sine series for in (0,1).

The sine series of in is given by

 where

22. Write the Fourier sine series of k in

where

23. Find the Fourier sine series for in .

The Fourier sine series is given by where

24. Find the half range Fourier sine series for f ( x )=l−x , (0 , l). [APRIL 2013]

Where

25. Find the half range Fourier sine series for . [NOV 2012]
 The Fourier sine series is given by where

26. Find the value of in the cosine series expansion of in (0,5). [MAY 12]

[FOURIER SERIES]

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS:

1. Bernoulli’s Formula:

udv or uvdx uv1  uv2  uv3      

Where u denotes differentiation

And v denotes integration
e ax
e cos bxdx 
ax
 a cos bx  b sin bx 
2. a 2  b2
 e ax
e sin bxdx 
ax
 a sin bx  b cos bx 
3. a2  b2

NOTE:

1. sin n sin 2n 0

) sin  sin 2 sin 3     sin 0 0
i.e

2. cos   1

cos 2  1 1
2

cos 3  1  1
3



cos n  1 , n is an int eger
n

cos n  1  1

n 1

cos n  1  1

n 1

 1  1
n 1 n 1

But

PROBLEMS UNDER THE INTERVAL

0, 2 

FOURIER COEFFICIENTS a0 , an , bn :

The fourier series for the function f(x) in the interval c  x  c  2 is given by
a0  
  an cos nx   bn sin nx
f(x) = 2 n 1 n 1 where,

c  2
1
a0 
  f ( x)dx
c

c  2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
c
 c  2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
c

0,2 
INTERVAL

Express f(x) = (  x) as a Fourier series of period 2  in the interval 0 < x < 2  .

2
1.
1 1 1
1    ...
Hence deduce that the sum of the series 22 32 42 [Nov 2014]

Solution: We know that,

a0  
  an cos nx   bn sin nx
f(x) = 2 n 1 n 1 …1

Given that,

f(x) = (  x)
2
in [0, 2  ]

a0
TO FIND

2
1
a0  f ( x)dx
= 0

2
1
(  x)
2
dx

= 0

2
1  (  x)3 
   3  0
= 
 1 
     3
3

=  3  

1
  2 3 
=  3

2 2
a0 
3

an
TO FIND

2 2
1 1
f ( x)cos nxdx (  x)
2
cos nxdx
an  
= 0 = 0

2
1   sin nx      cos nx      sin nx   
  (  x) 2     2   x  1     2  1  
   n    n
2
   n
3
  0
2
1  2  
  0   2   x  cos nx   0 
   n 0 
2 2
 2    x  cos nx  0
n
2
 2    2  cos 2n    0  cos 0 
n
2
 2       
n
2
 2   2 
n

4
an 
n2

bn
TO FIND

2
1
bn  f ( x)sin nxdx
= 0
 2
1
(  x)
2
sin nxdx

= 0

2
1   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx  
    x 2    2   x  1    2 0  1 
  n   n
2

3
 n  0

1 1 2 2 
 
2
 (  x ) 2
cos nx  0  3 cos nx 0 
=  n n 
0

1 1 2 
 (  2 ) 2 cos 2n  (  0) 2 cos 0   3 cos 2 n  cos 0 
=  n n 

1 1 2 2 
  1   2 1  3 1  1
=  n n 

1 1 2
 0   3 0 
=  n n  \

bn 0

Substitute in equation (1), we get

2 2  4 
  2 cos nx   0sin nx
f(x) = 2 3 n 1 n n 1

2 
cos nx
 4
= 3 n 1 n2

2
 cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x 
4 2   2  ....
(  x) = 3
2
 1 2 2
3  …2

Put x = 0 in (2)

21 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ....
f (0) = 3 1 2 3  …3
 Here 0 is a point of discontinuity in the extreme end.
 The value of the function f(x) at x = 0 , is given by ,
f (0)  f (2 )
f(0) = 2

 2  2
= 2

f(0) = 
2

Equation (3) becomes,

2
1 1 1 
 4  2
 2  2  ....
 = 3
2
1 2 3 

1 1 1  2
4  2  2  2  ....  2 
1 2 3  3

1 1 1 2 2
   ... 
12 22 32 12

1 1 1 2
   ... 
12 22 32 6

f ( x)  x2  x  as a Fourier series in (0, 2π). Hence show that

2. Expand
1 1 1 2
   ... 
12 2 2 3 2 6

Solution:
f  x  x 2  x 

a0  
f x     an cos nx  bn sin nx.
2 n 1 n 1

2 2 2
1 1 1
a0 
 f  x dx , an 
 f x cos nx dx bn 
 f  x sin nx dx
0 0 and 0

TO FIND a0
2 2
1 1
f  x dx  2 x  x dx
2
a0 
 0
 0
 2
1  2 x 2 x 3  1  3 8 3  1  12 3  8 3  1  4 3  4 2
      4       
 2 3 0  3   3   3  3 .

TO FIND an
2
1
an 
 f  x cos nx dx
0

2
1  sin nx 
2 x  x d 
2
 
 0
n 

2
1  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx  
  2 x  x 2    2  2 x     2  
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0

1  2 2  1  4  4
   2  2     2   2 .
 n n   n  n

bn
TO FIND

2
1
bn 
 f  x sin nx dx
0

2
1

 2 x 
0
x 2 sin nxdx

2
1  cos nx    sin nx   cos nx  
  2 x  x 2     2  2 x     2  
  n   n
2

3
 n  0

1 2 2
   3  3  0.
 n n 


4 4
 f  x    2    2 cos nx
6 n 1 n

2 4 4 4 
f  x    2   2 cos x  2 cos 2 x  2 cos 3x  ......
3 1 2 3 
 2 1 1 1 
  2  4  2 cos x  2 cos 2 x  2 cos 3 x  ......
3 1 2 3 

Put x = 0 is a point of discontinuity at the end points

f (0)  f (2 ) 0  4 2  4 2
f ( x)   0
2 2

2 1 1 1 
0   2  4  2  2  2  ......
3 1 2 3 

2 2 1 1 1 
   4  2  2  2  ......
3 1 2 3 

2 2 1 1 1
  2  2  2  ....
12 1 2 3

1 1 1 2
   ....  .
12 22 32 6

3. Find the Fourier series of period 2 for the function f ( x)  x cos x in 0  x  2 .

(April-2013)
Solution :

Given f ( x)  x cos x in 0  x  2
a0  
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
Let 2 n 1 n 1 _______________(1)
TO FIND a0
2
1
a0 
 f ( x) dx
0

2
1
x cos x dx
= 0

1 2
   x sin x   (1)( cos x)  0

 1
  0   cos 2  cos 0 

1
(1  1)
=

a0 0

TO FIND an
2
1
an 
 f ( x) cos nx dx
0

2
1

 x cos x cos nx dx
0

2
1

 x cos nx cos x dx
0

2
1  cos(n  1) x  cos(n  1) x 

 x 
0
2  dx

2 2
1  
 x cos n  1 x dx  x cos n  1 x dx 
2  0 
= 0

2

1   sin n  1 x    cos n  1 x  
 x    1   
   
2
2   n  1  n  1  0
=  +
2

1   sin n  1 x    cos n  1 x  
 x    
 1  
 
2
2  n  1
    n  1   0

1   cos(1  n)2   cos 0     cos( n  1)2  cos 0 

 0      0     , n 1
2   (n  1) 2   (n  1) 2     (n  1) 2  (n  1) 2 

1  1   1   1  1 
    2 
  2 
 2
, n 1
2   (n  1) 2   (n  1)     (n  1)  (n  1) 

an 0 , n 1

Whenever the term ( n – 1 ) is present, we can find a1

TO FIND a1
2
1
x cos
2
a1  x dx
 0

2 2
1 1

2 
0
x (1  cos 2 x) dx 
2 ( x  x cos 2 x) dx
0

2
1  x 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x 
   
2  2 2 4  0

1  4 2 cos 2 cos 0 
  0  0
2  2 4 4 

1  2 1 1

2  2  4  4 

a1 

TO FIND bn

2
1
bn 
 f ( x) sin nx dx
0

2
1

 x cos x sin nxdx
0

2
1

 x sin nx cos xdx
0

2
1  sin(n  1) x  sin(n  1) x 

 x 
0
2  dx
 2 2
1  
 x sin( n  1) x dx   x sin (n  1) x dx 
2  0 
= 0

2 2
1    cos( n  1) x   sin( n  1) x   1    cos( n  1) x   sin( n  1) x  
  x       x   
2   n 1 2
  (n  1)   0 2   n 1 2
  ( n  1)   0

2 2
1  1  1   1  

2  n  1  x cos(1  n) x   0   2   n  1  x cos( n  1) x  0 
 0   0

1  1 1  1  
  2 cos(n 1)2      2 cos( n  1)2 
2  n  1  2   n  1  

1  1 1   1  
  2     n  1  2 
2  n  1  2   

 2  1 1 
 
2  n  1 n  1 


 1 1 
   
 n 1 n  1 

 2n
bn  , if n 1
n2  1 __________(3)

TO FIND b1

2
1
b1 
 x cos x sin x dx
0

2
1
b1 
2 x sin 2 x dx
0

2
1    cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
b1   x 
2   2  4  0
  1
b1 
2

Using the above values in (1) , we get ,


1  n 
f ( x)  cos x  sin x  2   2  sin nx
2 n 2,3,....  n  1 

f  x  cos x , 0  x  2
4. Find the Fourier series of period 2 for the function [APRIL
2013]
Solution:
W.K.T
 
a
f ( x)  0   an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

To Find 0
a
2
1
a0  cos xdx
 0
2
1  sin x 
a0   0
  1  0
a0 0
an
To Find
2
1
an 
 f ( x) cos nxdx
0
2
1
an 
 cos x cos nxdx
0
2
1
an 
2 2 cos nx cos xdx
0
2
1
an 
2  cos n 1 x  cos n  1 x dx
0
2
1  sin n  1 x sin n  1 x 
an    
2  n 1 n 1 0
an 0 , n 1
 a1
To Find
2
1
a1 
 f ( x) cos xdx
0
2
1
a1 
 cos x cos xdx
0
2
1
cos
2
a1  xdx
 0
2
1  1  cos 2 x 
a1 
 
0
2  dx
2
1  sin 2 x 
0

a1  x 
2  2  0
1
a1   2 
2
a1 1
bn
To Find
2
1
bn 
 f ( x) sin nxdx
0
2
1
bn 
 cos x sin nxdx
0
2
1
bn 
2 2sin nx cos xdx
0
2
1
bn 
2 sin n 1 x  sin n  1 x dx
0
2
1   cos n  1 x cos n  1 x 
bn    
2  n 1 n 1 0
1   cos n  1 2 cos n  1 2 cos 0 cos 0 
bn      
2  n 1 n 1 n 1 n  1 
 1
1 1 1 1 
bn   n  1  n  1  n 1  n  1  0
2
bn 0 , n 1
b1
To Find
 2
1
b1 
 f ( x) sin xdx
0
2
1
b1 
2 2 cos x sin xxdx
0
2
1
b1 
2 sin 2 xdx
0
2
1   cos 2 x   1  cos 4  cos 0 
b1       0
2  2 0 2  2
b1 0

a0  
f ( x)    an cos nx  a1 cos x   bn sin nx  b1 sin x
2 n 2 n 2
f ( x) 0  cos x  0 cos x
f ( x) cos x

5. Find the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) given by

 x for 0  x  
f ( x) 
2  x for   x  2 [NOV 11
(AR)]
Solution:
 
a
f ( x)  0   an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

W.K.T

a0
To Find
2
1
a0 
 f ( x)dx
0
 2
1 
a0   f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx 
 0  
 2
1 
a0   xdx  (2  x)dx 
 0  
 2
1  x  
2
x  
2
a0       2 x   
   2  0  2  

1   2
  2 4 2   2  2  
a0    0    4     2   
   2   2   2  
 1    2   4 2   3 2   1  2 2 
a0       
     
  2   2   2   2 
1
a0   2

a0 
an
To Find
2
1
an 
 f ( x) cos nxdx
0
 2
1 
an   f ( x) cos nx dx  f ( x) cos nx dx 
 0  
 2
1 
an   x cos nx dx  (2  x) cos nx dx 
 0  
 2
1    sin nx    cos nx     sin nx    cos nx   
an    x   (1)      2  x    ( 1)   
    n   n
2
 0   n   n
2
   
 2
1    sin nx   cos nx     sin nx   cos nx   
an    x    2  x     
    n   n 2   0   n   n    
2

1   ( 1) n   1  1  ( 1) n  
an    0  2    0  n 2    0  n 2    0  n 2  
   n    
1  ( 1) n 1 1 (  1) n 
an   2  2  2  2 
 n n n n 
1  2( 1) n 2  2
an   2  2   2   1  1
n

 n n  n  

 4
 , if n is odd
an   n 2
0, if n is even
bn
To Find
2
1
bn  f ( x) sin nxdx
 0
 2
1 
bn   f ( x) sin nx dx  f ( x) sin nx dx 
 0  
 2
1 
bn   x sin nx dx  (2  x) sin nx dx 
 0  
  2
1     cos nx    sin nx      cos nx    sin nx   
bn    x    (1)      2  x    ( 1)   
    n   n
2
 0   n   n
2
  
 2
1    cos nx   sin nx     co s nx   sin nx   
bn     x     2  x     2  
    n   n 2   0   n   n    
1     ( 1) n    ( 1) n  
bn     0    0  0   0  0     0 
   n   n  
1     ( 1) n    ( 1) n  
bn       n   0
   n    
bn 0
a0  
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

 
4
f ( x)    cos nx  0
2 n odd  n 2
 4  1
f ( x)  
2
 cos nx
 n odd n 2

  ,  
INTERVAL

1. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f ( x)  x,    x   and deduce

1 1 2
2
 2
 .... 
that 1 3 8 . [ MAY 2012
]
Solution:

Since f ( x)  x is odd function

a0  0 and an  0
Hence

Then the Fourier series be


f ( x)  bn sin nx
n 1
 bn
To Find

2
bn 
 f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
bn 
 x sin nx dx
0

2    cos nx    sin nx  
bn   x    (1)  
  n   n
2
 0

2   cos nx   sin nx  
bn    x  
   n   n 2   0
2     ( 1) n  
bn     0    0  0 
   n  
2    ( 1) n 
bn   
 n 
2( 1) n 1
bn 
n

 f ( x)  bn sin nx
n 1 becomes


2( 1) n 1
 f ( x)  sin nx
n 1 n

( 1) n 1
 f ( x) 2 sin nx
n 1 n

2. Expand f ( x) 1  x as a Fourier series in the interval (  ,  ) . [MAY 11]

Solution:

a0  
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

W.K.T

a0
To Find

1
a0 
 f ( x)dx

 
1
a0 
 (1  x)dx


1 x2  1 2 2
a0   x       
 2   2 2 
1
a0   2   2

a0 2
an
To Find

1
an 
 f ( x) cos nxdx


1
an 
  (1  x) cos nxdx


1   cos nx  
0
 sin nx 
an  1  x 
   (1)  
  n   n2  
  

1  cos nx 
an   2 
  n 
1
an  2  cos n  cos( n ) 
n
1
an  2  cos n  cos n  0 sin ce cos(  n )  cos n
n
an 0

bn
To Find

1
bn 
 f ( x) sin nxdx


1
bn 
 (1  x) sin nxdx


1   sin nx  
o
  cos nx 
bn   1  x    (1)   
  n   n2  
  
1
bn   1   cos n  1   cos  n 
n
 1
bn   1   cos n  1   cos n 
n 
1
bn   cos n   cos n  cos n   cos n 
n
1 1
bn   2 cos n   2  1 
n

n n  
 2  1
n

bn 
n
a0  
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

 2  1
n

f ( x) 1   sin nx
n 1 n
 1
n

f ( x) 1  2 sin nx
n 1 n
 2x
1   ,    x 0
f  x  
1  2 x , 0  x 
3. Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f(x) given by  

1 1 1 2
2
 2
 2
 ..... 
and hence deduce that 1 3 5 8

Solution:

 2x
1   ,    x 0
f  x  
1  2 x , 0  x 
Given  

 2x
1   ,    x 0
f  x  
1  2 x , 0  x 
 
  2x
1   ,   x 0
f  x  
1  2 x , 0  x  
 

 2x
1   , 0  x 
f  x  
1  2 x ,    x 0
 

f  x   f  x 

 f x 
is an even function.

 bn 0


a0
 (a n cos nx)
W.K.T f(x) = 2 + n 1 ---------------------- (1)

a0
To find


2
a0 f ( x)dx
=  0


2  1  2 x  dx
  
=  0


2 x2 
x
    0
=

2 2 2
      
    
=

ao 0
 an
To find


2
an  f ( x) cos nxdx
= 0


2  2x 
 1
 0  
cos nxdx
=


2   2 x   sin nx   2    cos nx  
1   
      n     n
2 
 0
=

2  2  
0  2  cos n  cos o 
=    n  

2  2 
 
    2   1  1 
   n 
n



4
 2 2   1  1
n

 n  

 8
 , if n is odd
 an   2 n 2
0 , if n is even

Sub in eqn (1)


8

n 1,3,5...  n
2
2
cos nx
f(x) =


8 cos nx

=  n 1,3,5 n
2 2

8  cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x 

2 
 2   .....
=   1
2 2
3 5  -------------(2)

To find deduction:
 Put x = 0 is a point of continuity.

 f  x   f 0 
2(0)
f 0  1 

f 0  1  0 1

Sub in eqn (2)

8  cos 0 cos 0 cos 0 

f 0   2 
 2  2  ....
  1 2
3 5 

8 1 1 1 
1 2  2
 2  2  ....
 1 3 5 

2 1 1 1 
 2  2  2  ....
8 1 3 5 

  ,    x  0
f  x  
4. Find the Fourier series of f(x) if  x , 0  x   deduce that

1 1 1 2
   ..... 
12 32 52 8
[Nov-2012, April 2015]

Solution: The function f(x) is neither even nor odd function

a0  
  an cos nx   bn sin nx
f(x) = 2 n 1 n 1

TO FIND a0


1
a0  f ( x)dx
= 

0 
1 1
   dx   xdx
=  0
 
1 1  x2 
  x  
0
  
   2 0
=

1 1 2
(  )  ( )
=   2


 
= 2


a0 
2

TO FIND an


1
an  f ( x) cos nxdx
= 


1 
0

   cos nxdx   x cos nxdx 


=  0 


1     sin nx   x sin nx   cos nx   
0

       
   n     n   n  0 
2

1  cos n cos 0 
  sin ce sin  0 & sin 0 0
=  n
2
n 2 

1  ( 1) n 1 
 2
  n 2 n 
=

1
 ( 1) n  1
2 
=  n

0, if n is even

an   2
  n 2 , if n is odd
 TO FIND bn


1
bn   f ( x) sin nxdx
= 


1 
0

   sin nxdx  x sin nxdx 


=  0 


1    cos nx     x cos nx  sin nx  
0

     2  
   n     n  n  0 
=

1   cos 0  cos n  cos n 

    0
=  n n n 

1   2 cos n 
  n  n 
=


 1  2( 1) n 
= n

1
bn   1  2( 1) n 
n

Substituting a0 , an , bn in equation (1), we get

 
2 
1
  2 cos nx    1  2( 1)n  sin nx
f(x) = 4 n 1,3,5 n  n 1 n

 2  cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x  sin 2 x 3sin 3 x

    2   .....  3sin x    ....
= 4  1 2
3 5 2
 2 3 -(2)

TO FIND DEDUCTION

Put x = 0 in (2),
  2  1 1 1 
  2  2  2  ....
f(0) = 4   1 3 5  ------------(3)

Here 0 is a point of discontinuity in the middle,

f (0  0)  f (0  0)
f(0) = 2

  000
= 2


= 2

From equation (2) and (3),

  21 1 1 
   2  2  2  ....
2 4  1 3 5 

  2 1 1 
   1  2  2  ....
2 4  3 5 

   2 1 1 
    1  2  2  ...
 4    3 5 

2 1 1
1    ...
8 32 52

1 1 2
(i.e.) 1  2  2  ... 
3 5 8

5. Obtain the Fourier series of period 2 , for the function f(x) = x in (  ,  ) . Specify the
2

sum of the series at the end points x in (  ,  ) . Deduce the sum of the series,
1 1 1 1
1 2
 2  ... 1  2  2  ...
2 3 and 2 3 [May 2017]
 2
Solution: Given f(x) = x

f ( x) ( x) 2  x 2  f ( x)

 f(x) is even function

 The Fourier coefficient bn = 0

 The Fourier series is given by ,

a0 
  an cos nx
f(x) = 2 n 1

TO FIND a0


2
a0  f ( x)dx
= 0


2
x dx
2


= 0


2  x3 
  3  0
=

2 3
  3 
=

2 2
a0 
3

TO FIND an


2
an  f ( x) cos nxdx
= 0
 
2

2
x cos nxdx
= 0


2   2  sin nx     cos nx    sin nx  
   x     2 x     (2)  
   n   n
2
  n
3
 0
=

2  2 (  1) n  
 0    0  0
  n 2
 
=

2  2 ( 1) n 
  n 2 
=

 4(  1) n 
an  2 
 n 

Substituting a0 , an in (1), we get

2 
4( 1) n
 cos nx
f(x) = 3 n 1 n2

2 
( 1) n
 4 2
cos nx
= 3 n 1 n

2 2  1 cos 2 x cos 3x 
x   4   2 cos x  2
 2
 ...
3  1 2 3  -----------------------(2)

TO FIND DEDUCTION:

(i) Put x =  in equation 2

2  1 cos 2 cos 3 
x2   4   2 cos   2
 2
 ...
3  1 2 3 

2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ...
2 = 3 1 2 3 
 2 1 1 1 
2  4  2  2  2  ...
3 1 2 3 

2 2 1 1 1
    ...
12 12 22 32

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ...
6 1 2 3

(ii) Put x = 0, Here 0 is a point of continuity in (  ,  ) .

Sub in equation 2 we get,

2
 1 1 1 
 4   2  2  2  ...
0 = 3  1 2 3 

2 1 1 1 
  4  2  2  2  ...
3 1 2 3 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ...
12 1 2 3

6. Obtain the Fourier series for the function given by f x  

−x+1 – π < x< 0
x +1 0< x < π {.Hence prove

1 1 1 2
2
   ....... 
that 1 32 5 2 8 . [Nov 2015]
Solution:
 x  1 ,   < x < 0
f x  
 x  1, 0 < x < 
 x  1,   <  x < 0
f  x  
 x  1 , 0 <  x < 
 x  1,   x  0

 x  1, 0  x   
 x  1, 0< x < 
  f x 
 x  1,   < x < 0 = Even function.
 a0 
 f x     an cos nx
2 n 1

TO FIND a0
 
2 2  x2  2 2 
a0   x  1 dx    x        2.
 0  2 0  2 
TO FIND an
 
2 2  sin nx   cos nx  
a n  x  1cos nx dx   x  1   1 
 0   n 
2
 n  0

 4
2 2   2 , n is odd
 2  cos n  cos 0    
n
 1  1   n
n  n2  
0, n is even


 4 
1
f x   1   cos nx
2  1,3,5..... n 2

TO FIND DEDUCTION
f 0   f 0  
put x 0 , 1
2
 4 
1
1
2
1  
 1,3,5..... n 2
 4 
1
2
 
 1,3,5..... n 2

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ..........
8 1 3 5
x
7. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = ,    x   and deduce
1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  ..... 
that 1 3 5 8 [NOV 10]

f ( x)  x
Solution:
f ( x)  x
is even

 bn = 0

a0 
  an cos nx
The Fourier series is given by f(x) = 2 n 1

TO FIND a0


2
a0  x dx
= 0


2
 x dx
= 0


2  x2 
  2  0
=

1
 2 
= 

a0 

TO FIND an


2
an  f ( x) cos nx dx
= 0


2
 x cos nxdx
= 0


2
 x cos nxdx
= 0
 
2   sin nx    cos nx  
( x) 
   n  
 n
2 
 0
=

2
2 
cos n  cos 0
= n

2 
2 
 1  1
n

= n 

 4
 , if n is odd
an  n 2
0, if n is even

  4
 f ( x)    2 cos nx
2 n 1,3 n  -----------------------------(1)

TO FIND DEDUCTION:

Put x=  in the above equation, we get,

 
4
 2 
 1
n
 
2 n 1,3,5  n

 41 1 1 
    2  2  .....
2  1 3 5
2

  1 1 1 
.  2  2  2  .....
2 4 1 3 5 
 2
1 1 1 
 2  2  2  .....
8 1 3 5 

cos x
8. Find the Fourier series for f(x) = is the interval (  ,  )

cos x
Solution: Given that f(x) =
 cos( x)
f(-x) =

cos x
=

= f(x)

 f(x) is an even function

Hence the Fourier series f(x) is given by

a0 
  an cos nx
f(x) = 2 n 1

 
cos x 0  x  2 ,
f  x  
 cos x   x  
But  2

TO FIND a0


2
a0  f ( x)dx
= 0


2
 cos x dx
= 0


2  
2 

 cos xdx  
  cos xdx

=  
0
2

2 
sin x 0 2  ( sin x) 
=   2 

2
 (1  0)  ( 0  1)
= 
4
a0 

TO FIND an
 
2
an  f ( x) cos nxdx
= 0


2
 cos x cos nxdx
= 0


2  
2 

 cos x cos nxdx  
  cos x cos nxdx

=  
0
2


2  
2 
1 1 
  2
[cos(n  1) x  cos( n  1) x]dx  
 2
[cos( n  1) x  cos( n  1) x ]dx

=  
0
2

2   sin(n  1) x sin(n  1) x   2  sin( n  1) x sin( n  1) x   

      
2   n  1 n  1  0  n 1 n  1  
= 2

       
sin( n  1) sin( n  1) sin( n 1) sin( n  1)
1  2 2   sin(n  1) sin( n  1)   2 2 
       
  n 1 n 1   n  1 n 1   n 1 n 1 
= 
     

    
 sin( n  1) sin( n  1) sin( n 1) sin( n  1) 
1 2 2 2 2
 
 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 
=  

  
2sin( n  1) 2sin( n  1) 
1 2 2
 
 n 1 n 1 
=  

        
 sin cos  cos sin sin cos  cos sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
 n 1 n 1 
=  
   
cos n cos n 
2 2 2
 
  n 1 n 1 
=  

2   n  1  n  1
cos n
=  2  n2  1 


 4 cos n
an  2
 ( n 2  1)
provided n  1
Where n = 1, we have
TO FIND a1

2
a1  cos x cos xdx
= 0


2  
2 

 cos x cos xdx  
  cos x cos xdx

=  
0
2


2  
2 

 cos xdx   cos xdx 

2 2

  
=  
0
2

 2 

2   1  cos 2 x   1  cos 2 x  
  
0 
2
  
  2
  dx

 
=  2


  
2 1  sin 2 x  2   sin 2 x   
 .  x    x 
 2  2 0   2  
  2 

1  
   
2 2
1
    
2
0
a1 0
  n 
 4 cos 
 
2  2 
 f ( x)    cos nx
 n 2  n 2  1

 n 
cos   
2 4  2  cos nx
cos x   
  n 2 n 2  1

0,2
INTERVAL

2
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of period 2l for the function f ( x) (l  x) in the

1
n 2
range (0, 2l). Deduce the sum of the series n 1 . [ MAY 2012 ]

Solution: The Fourier series of f(x) is (0,2l) is given by,

a0  n x  n x
  an cos   bn sin
f(x) = 2 n 1 l n 1 l

TO FIND a0

2l
1
l
f ( x)dx
a0
= 0

2l
1
l
(l  x) 2 dx
= 0

2l
1  (l  x)3  1 2l
  (l  x)3 
l   3  0  3l 0
=

1  1 
l  2l   l 3    l   l 3 
3 3

=  3l    3l 
 2l 2
a0 
3

TO FIND an

2l
1 n x
an l0f ( x)cos
l
dx
=

2l
1 n x
l0(l  x) 2 cos
l
dx
=

2l
  
  n x    n x     n x   
sin    cos     sin 
1  l     l     2 0  1 l  
 (l  x) 2 
n    2 l  x  1   
l       n 
2
     n    
3

         
  l     l       l    
=  0

1 
2l
  2l 2   n x  
 0   2 2  l  x  cos    0
l  n    l  0 
= 

1    2l 2  
  2 2   l  2l cos 2n   l  0 cos 0  
l  n   
=

1    2l 2  
  2 2    l 1  l 1 
l  n   
=

1    2l 2   1  4l 3 
     2 2 
 2l
l   n 2 2   ln  
=

4l 2
an 
n 2 2

TO FIND bn
 2l
1 n x
bn l0f ( x)sin
l
dx
=

2l
1 n x
l0(l  x) 2 sin
l
dx
=

2l
  
    cos n x     sin n x     cos n x   
     
1        2 0  1   
   (l  x) 2  l
   2 l  x  1
l l
l   n      n    
2
  n    
3

          
   l     l      l     0

1 2 l    l3  
    (l  2l )   cos 2n  cos 0   0  2  3 3  cos 2n  cos 0 
l   n   n  

1  l    l3  
    ( l ) 2   1  1   0  2   1  1 
 n  n 
3 3
l   

bn 0

l 2  4l 2 n x
 f ( x)    2 2 cos
3 n 1 n  l

2 42 
1  n x 
3
 2

n 2
cos 
  

= n 1 -----------------(1)

TO FIND DEDUCTION:

put x = 2l, is a point of discontinuity in the extreme end

we get,

f (c)  f (c  2 )
f x  
2
f (0)  f (2l )
f x  
2
 l 2  l  2l 
2

f x  
2

l2  l2
f x  
2
f  x  l 2

Sub in eqn (1)

l 2 4l 2 
1 n 2l
l2  
3 n 2 2
n
n 1
2
cos
l

l 2 4l 2 1
l 2  
3 2
n 2

l 2 4l 2 1
l2  
3 2
n 2

2l 2 4l 2 1
3
 2

n 2

2l 2  2 
1
 2  2
3 4l n 1 n


1 2

n 1 n
2

6

l  x, 0 x l
f ( x ) 
by 0, l  x  2l .
2. Find the Fourier series f(x) of with period 2l defined
1 1 1 
1    ... 
Hence deduce that 3 5 7 4
[Nov 2016]

Solution:
a0  cos n x  sin n x
  an   bn
Let f(x) = 2 n 1 l n 1 l
 0
TO FIND a
2l
1
l
f ( x)dx
a0
= 0

l 2l l
1 1 1  (l  x) 2  1  l2 
l0(l  x)dx  0dx
l0 l   2  0

l  2 
= = =

l
a0 
2

TO FIND an
2l
1 n x
an l0f ( x) cos
l
dx
=
1
1 n x
l0(l  x) cos
l
dx  0
=
l
  n x   n x  
1  sin l    cos 
l 
 (l  x) 
n    1
l    n 
2 2

 
=   l   l2  0

1  cos n 2 l2  1  ( 1) n l 2 l2  l2
 l   
l  n 2 2 n 2 2  l  n 2 2 n 2 2  [1  ( 1) n ]
= n
2 2
= =

 2l
 , n is odd
an  n 2 2
0 , n is even

TO FIND bn
2l
1 n x
bn l0f ( x) sin
l
dx
=
l
  n x   n x  
1 1   cos l   sin 
1 n x  (l  x)     1 2 l2   1 l 
l0(l  x) sin
l
dx  0 l  n   n  
   0 l  
n 
= =   l   l 2   0 = l
l
bn 
n
 l 
2l n x  l n x
 f ( x)    2 2 cos  sin
4 n 1,3,5 n  l n 1 n l .

l 2l 1 x 1 3 x 1 5 x  l 1  x 1 2 x 1 3 x 
f x    2  12 cos l  32 cos l  52 cos l  .....    1 sin l  2 sin l  3 sin l  ....
4 

l
put x 
2

l l l 1  1 1 3 
l    sin  sin   sin  ......
2 4  1 2 2 3 2 

l l l  1 1 
   1    ..........  l  1  1  1  ..........
2 4  3 5  4 l 3 5

1 1 
1    .
3 5 4

x for 0  x  1
f ( x) 
3. Expand as a Fourier series of 0 for 1  x  2 . [MAY 11]
Solution:
a0   n x    n x 
f ( x)    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1    n 1   
W.K.T
2 2   1
Here

a0
To Find
2
1
a0  f ( x)dx
0
1 
1 2
a0   f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx 
10 1 
 1 2

a0  xdx  0.dx 
0 1 
1
 x2  1
a0   
 2 0 2
 1
a0 
2

an
To Find

2  n x 
an 
0f ( x) cos 
  
 dx

1  n x  
1 2
 n x 
an   f ( x) cos   dx  f ( x) cos   dx 
10  1  1  1  

1  n x  
1 2
 n x 
an   1.cos   dx   0.cos   dx 
10  1  1  1  
1
 n x 
an cos   dx
0  1 
1
  n x  
0

 sin   
  1  
an   0
  n  
   
1 
   0

an  0

bn
To Find

2  n x 
bn  f ( x) sin   dx
0   
1  n x  
1 2
 n x 
bn   f ( x) sin   dx   f ( x) sin   dx 
10  1  1  1  
1  n x 
2
 n x  
bn  1sin   dx  0sin   dx 
0  1  1  1  
1
bn sin n x  dx
0
1
  cos n x   1
bn     cos n  cos 0
 n 0 n
1
bn    1  1
n

n  
  2
 , if n is odd
bn  n
0, if n is even

a0   n x    n x 
f ( x)    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1    n 1    becomes

1 2  1  n x 
f ( x)    sin  
4  n odd n  1 
4. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) given that

1 , for o  x  1
f ( x) 
2 , for 1  x  3 [APR 13 & NOV 12]

Solution :

Since the function is defined in the range 3, it can be expanded as a Fourier series of
period 3.

3
2l 3  l
(i.e) 2

a0  2n x  2n x
f ( x)    an cos   bn sin
2 n 1 3 n 1 3 ,in (0,3) _________(1)

TO FIND a0

2 
1 3
a0   1 dx  2 dx 
30 1 

2
   x 0  2  x 1 
1 3

3  

2 10
  1  2 3  1 
3 3
 10
a0 
3 _______(2)

TO FIND an

2 
3
2n x
an    f ( x) cos dx 
30 3 

2 
1 3
2n x 2n x
  cos dx  2 cos dx 
30 3 1
3 

 2n x
1
  2n x 
3

 sin sin 
2  3   3 
    2  2n  
3   2n    
  3 0  3 1 

2 3  2n  3   6n   2n  

  sin    2  sin    sin   
3  2n  3  2n   3   3  

2 3  2n  3   2n   
  sin    sin  2n   sin   
3  2n  3  n   3  

2 3  2n  3   2n  
  sin    0  sin   
3  2n  3  n   3  

2 3  2n   1  2 3  2n   1  
  sin     1   sin    
3  n  3   2  3  n  3   2 

  1  2n  
an  sin   
 n  3  

TO FIND bn

2 
3
2n x
bn    f ( x) sin dx 
30 3 
 2 
1 3
2n x 2n x
  sin dx  2 sin dx 
30 3 1
3 

 2n x
1
  2n x 
3

cos  cos 3
2   3   
     2  
3  2n 2n 
  
  3 0  3 1 

2 3   2n   3   6n   2n  

  cos    cos 0   2  cos    cos   
3  2n   3   2n   3   3  

2 3  2n  3 3 3  2n  
  cos    cos  2n   cos  
3  2n  3  2n n n  3 

2 3  2n  3 3 3  2n  
  cos     cos  
3  2n  3  2n n n  3 

2 3  2n   1  3 1 
  cos   1     1 
3  n  3   2  n 2 

2 3  2n  3 
  cos    
3  2n  3  2n 

2 3   2n  
   cos  3   1
3 2n    

1   2n  
bn   cos    1
n   3  
_____(4)

Sub (2),(3) and(4) in (1) , we get

5  1 2n x 2n x   1  2n x  2n x

f ( x)    sin cos   1  cos  sin
3 n 1 n 3 3 n 1 n  3  3
  x, 0  x 1
f  x  
5. Expand the function f(x) = 2  x, 1  x  2 in the interval (0, 2) in fourier series.

Solution: The Fourier series for f(x) in the interval (0 , 2) is,

a0  n x  n x
  an cos   bn sin
f(x) = 2 n 1 l n 1 l

here 2l 2  l 1

a0  
 f x     an cos n x   bn sin n x
2 n 1 n 1

TO FIND a0

2l
1
l
f ( x)dx
a0
= 0

f ( x)dx
= 0

1 2

xdx  (2  x)dx

= 0 1

1 2
 x 2   (2  x) 2 
  
2  2  1
=  0 

1  1
   0  
=  2  2

1 1

= 2 2

a0 1

TO FIND an
 2l 2l
1 n x 1
an l0f ( x) cos
l
dx  f ( x) cos n xdx
10
=

1 2

x cos n xdx  (2  x) cos n xdx

= 0 1

1 2
  sin n x    cos n x     sin n x    cos n x  
 x  n   1 n 2 2     (2  x)  n    1 n2 2  
=      0     1

 sin n cos n 1    cos 2n cos n 

  2 2  2 2    2 2 
=  n n  n    n 
2 2
n 

 1
n
( 1) n 1 1
0 2 2  2 2  2 2  2 2
= n n n n

2
  ( 1) n  1
n 2 
2

 4
 , if n is odd
an  n 2 2

0, if n is even

TO FIND bn

2l 2l
1 n x 1
bn l0f ( x) sin
l
dx  f ( x) sin n xdx
10
=

1 2

x sin n xdx  (2  x) sin n xdx

= 0 1

=
1 2
   cos n x    sin n x      cos n x    sin n x  
  x  n
  1     (2  x)     1 
 n n  n
2 2 2 2
    0    1
  ( 1) n ( 1) n

= n n

bn 0

1  (  1) n  2 n x
 cos
 f(x) = 2 n 1 n 
2 2
l

1  ( 1) n  2
 cos n x
f(x) = 2 n 1 n 
2 2

f  x  2 x  x 2
6. in the range (0,3). [May
Find the Fourier series with period 3 to represent
2017]

Solution:

and

TO FIND a0

Here

.
TO FIND an

bn
TO FIND
  , 
INTERVAL

HALF RANGE SERIES

0, 
INTERVAL

f  x  sin x, 0  x  
1. Expand the function in fourier cosine series.( Nov-2012)
Solution:
a0 
f x     an cos nx
2 n 1

TO FIND a0


2
a0 
 f x dx
0


2 2
sin xdx   1   1

a0 
0


4
a0 


TO FIND an


2
an 
 f  x cos nxdx
0

 
2 2
an 
 sin x cos nxdx  cos nx sin xdx
0 0
 
2 1
 sin n  1 x  sin n  1 x  dx

an 
0
2


1   cos(n  1) x cos(n  1) x 
an   
 n 1 n  1  0
 1  cos(n  1) cos(n  1)  cos 0 cos 0  
an     
  n  1 n 1  n 1 n  1  

1    1   1  1 1 
n n

an      
  n  1 n  1  n 1 n  1  

1
an     1

n
 1

1  1
 
1 

n  1 n  1  n 1 n  1  

an 
1



  1 
n n  1 n  1  n  1 n  1 

n2  1
 2
 n  1 
  , n 1

an 
1



  1 2
n

 2   2 
  , n 1
n  1  n 2  1  

1 2 
 1 1 , n 1
n
an 
 n 1 2

0, n is odd
 4
an  , n 1
, n is even
 n2  1
  
TO FIND a1


2
a1 
 sin x cos xdx 0
0


1
a1 
 sin 2 xdx
0

1   cos 2 x 
 
  2  0

1 1
  cos 2 x 0   cos 2  cos 0 


2 2
1
 1  1
2
 a0 0

2 4
f x    cos nx
 
n 2,4,..  1  n 
2


1 2
f ( x )  x 0  x  
 n 2

6 .
2. Obtain the sine series for in and hence deduce n 1 [Nov
2010]
Solution:

f ( x)  bn sin nx
Fourier sine series is n 1

W.K.Tthe

bn
To Find

2
bn 
 f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
bn 
 x sin nx dx
0

2    cos nx    sin nx  
bn   x    (1)  
  n   n
2
 0

2   cos nx   sin nx  
bn    x  
   n   n 2   0
2     ( 1) n  
bn     0    0  0 
   n  
2    ( 1) n 
bn   
 n 
 2( 1) n
bn 
n

 f ( x)  bn sin nx
n 1 becomes


2( 1) n 1
 f ( x)  sin nx
n 1 n
By using Parsevals theorem
 
1 a0 2 1 
     an 2  bn 2 
2

b a 0
f ( x ) dx 
4 2 n 1
 
1 1 4
 x  dx    2 
2

  0
2 n  n 1


1  x3  
 2
  
  3  0 n 1  n 2 

1 3 
 1

 3 2   2
n 1  n 

2 
 1
  2 
6 n 1  n 

 1 
 2
   2 6
n 1  n 


3
3. Find the half range cosine series of f ( x)  x in 0  x   . [NOV 11]
Solution:
a0 
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n 1
W.K.T

a0
To Find

2
a0 
 f ( x)dx
0

2

3
a0  x dx
0

2  x4  2 4  3
a0       
  4 0  4 2
3
a0 
2
an
To Find

2
an 
 f ( x) cos nxdx
0
 
2

3
an  x cos nxdx
0

2  3  sin nx   cos nx  
0 0
2   cos nx    sin nx 
an   x 
   n 
 3 x  
 n2 
  6 x  
 n3 
  (6) 


n4  
 0

2  cos nx   cos nx  
an   3 x 2    6 
 2
 n   n  0
4

2  cos n   cos n   cos 0  

an   3 2    6   0  6 4 
 2
 n   n 
4
 n 
2  2 ( 1) n ( 1) n 1
an   3  6 4 6 4 
 n 2
n n 
2 ( 1) n 6 
an   3 2 2  4 1  ( 1) n 
 n n 

a0 
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n 1

3 2  2 ( 1) n 6


f ( x)     3  4 1  ( 1) n  cos nx
4  n 1  n 2
n 

4. Find the Half range cosine series of that function f ( x)  x(  x) in the interval
1 1 1 4
   ... 
0  x   . Hence deduce that 14 2 4 34 90 [April 2015]
Solution:
We know that
a0 
f x     an cos nx
2 n 1

TO FIND a0
 
2 2
a0 
 f  x dx  
 x  x dx
2

0 0

2 3 3  2 3
     
 2 3   6
 2
a0 
3 .

TO FIND an

2
an 
 f  x cos nx dx
0


2
 x  x cos nxdx
2

 0

0 
2 
0
 sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
   x  x 2      2 x     2    
  n   n
2
  n
3
 
 0

2 
2 
    2 x  cos nx  0
n

2
    cos n   cos 0
 n2

 2 
2 
 1 1
n

n 
 2
2 
 1 1
n

n 

 4
 , n is even
an  n 2
0, n is odd

2 
4
f x  
6
 
n 2,4,6..... n
2
cos nx

TO FIND DEDUCTION
Here and
4 16
a0 2  an  2 , where n is even
9 n
 
1 a0 2 1 
  f ( x)
2
dx 
4 2 n 1

  an 2  bn 2 
0


1 2 a0 2 1 

 0

 ( x  x 2
) 
 dx   
4 2 n 2,4,6...
an 2


1  4 1  16


  2 2
x  2 x 3
 x 4

 dx   
36 2 n 2,4,6... n 4
0


1   2 x3 2 x 4 x5  4 
1

 3

4
    8 
5  0 36 n 2,4,6... n 4

1 5 5 5  4 
1
      8 
  3 2 5  36 n 2,4,6... n 4

 5  10  15  6   4 
1
   8  4
  30  36 n 2,4,6... n

4 4 
1
30

36
8 
n 2,4,6... n
4

4 
1 4
8  1
8   
2 n  180 16 n 1 n 4
4
180 n 1

4 
1
 
n 
4
90 n 1

0,
INTERVAL

1. Expand f ( x)  x, 0  x  l as the half range fourier cosine series and hence find the

1
 4
value of 1,3,5 n
Solution:
 a0   n x 
f ( x)    an cos  
The Fourier sine series is 2 n 1   
W.K.

a0
To Find

2

a0  f ( x)dx
0

2
a0  x dx
0

2  x2  2 2
a0      
 2 0  2
a0 
an
To Find

2  n x 
an 
0f ( x) cos 
  
 dx

2  n x 
an  x cos   dx
0   

 0


  n x     n x   
 sin     cos  
2      (1)     
an   x
  n x   n 2 2 
    
     2  
0

2  2  n x  
an   2 2 cos  
 n     0
2
an   cos n  cos 0
n 2 2
2
an  2 2   1  1
n

n  
  4
 , if n is odd
an  n 2 2
0, if n is even
a0   n x 
f ( x)    an cos  
2 n 1    becomes
    4  n x 
f ( x)    2 2 cos  
2 n 1 n    
By using Parseval’s theorem

1 a0 2 1 
     an 2  bn 2 
2

b a 0
f ( x ) dx 
4 2 n 1

1 2 1   162 
   
2


x dx 
0
4 2 n 1,3,5..  n 4 4 

1  x3  2 1   162 
  
  3  0 4 2 n 1,3,5..  n 4 4 

1  3  2 1   162 
  
  3  4 2 n 1,3,5..  n 4 4 

2 2 16   2 

3 4
 
2 n 1,3,5..  n 4 4 

2 82 
 1

12  4
  4
n 1,3,5..  n 

4 
 1
96
   4
n 1,3,5..  n 

1 1 1 4
   .... 
14 34 54 96

f ( x) kx  x  
2. Obtain the half range sine series of the function is 0  x l [NOV 11]

Solution: We know that the half range sine series of f(x) in (0,l ) is given by

n x
f ( x)  bn sin
n 1 l

l
2 n x
bn  f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
Where
l
2 n x

l 0
(kx 2  kxl ) sin
l
dx
=
 l
  n x   n x   n x  
2 2   cos l    sin   cos 
 kx  klx     2 kx  kl   l   2k  l 
l  n   n
2 2
  n  
3 3

    
 l   l2   l3 
=  0

 

2 2k cos n 2k 
  
l  n3 3 n3 3 
=  l3 l 3 

4kl 2
3 3 
 ( 1) n  1
= n

0, n is even

bn   8kl 2

 3 3 , n is odd
n

 8kl 2 n x
 sin
f(x) = n 1,3 n 
3 3
 l


 8kl 2 n x
kx( x  l )   3 3 sin
n 1,3,5 n  l

 8kl 2 
1 n x
 3 
n 1,3,5 n
3
sin
l
=

 8kl 2 
1 (2n  1) x
 3  (2n  1) 3
sin
l
f(x) = n 1

f ( x) ( x  ) 2 in 0  x  l . Hence show
3. Find the half range cosine series for the function

1 2
 n 2

6 [Nov 2014]
that n 1

Solution:
We know that
 a0  
  an cos nx   bn sin nx
f(x) = 2 n 1 n 1

TO FIND a0
 
2 2
a0  f  x  dx   x   2 dx
0 0

2   x   
3

  2  0   
3
 
  3 
0   3 

22
a0 
3 .

TO FIND an

2  n x 
an  f  x  cos   dx
0   


2  n x 
  x   cos 
2
 dx
0   


  n x 
0
 n x   n x  
0

 sin    cos    sin   

2          
  x    2  x    2 1
2

 n n 2 2 n3 3 
 
 2 3
  0


2 22   n x   4
  2 2   x   cos 
    0 n 2 2 
 n 
  0  

42
an 
n 2 2

2 42 
1  n x 
 f x   
3 2
n
n 1
2
cos 
  


TO FIND DEDUCTION
 Put x = 0 is a point of continuity
f ( x) 2

2 42 
1
2  
3 2
n
n 1
2

2 42 
1
2
  
3 2
n
n 1
2

22 42 
1 2  1
3
 2


n 1 n
2
 
6 n 1 n 2

1 1 1 2
i.e)    ....  .
12 22 32 6

4. Find the half range sine series of f x  l  x in 0, l  . Hence show that
1 1 1 2
   ....... 
12 2 2 3 2 6 .
Solution:
We know that

 n x 
f  x   bn sin  
n 1   


2  n x 
bn  f  x sin   dx
0   


2  n x 
   x sin   dx
0   


  n x    n x   
0

  
2   cos       sin     
    x       1   
n    
2 2
    n
     
     2  
0
 2 
   0  cos 0
 n

2
bn 
n

42
bn 2 
n 2 2

Using Parseval’s theorem

b
1 2 1  2
b a 

 f  x 
 dx   bn
2 n 1
a


1 1 42 
1
  n
2


  x dx  
0
2 2 n 1
2


1    x  
3
22 
1
   n
 0 
2 2
   3 n 1

1 22 
1
 3
 0  3   2

n
n 1
2

2 22 
1

3 2
n
n 1
2


1 2
n
n 1
2

6

2
5. Find the half-range sine series for ( x  1) in (0,1). [ MAY 2012 ]
Solution:

 n x 
f ( x)  bn sin  
W.K.T The Fourier sine series is n 1   

bn
To Find

2  n x 
bn 
0f ( x) sin 
  
 dx
  1
Here
1
2  n x 
bn 
10( x  1) 2 sin 
 1 
 dx
1
   cos n x     sin n x  
0
 cos n x   
   2  x  1 
2
bn 2 ( x  1)    2(1) 
  n    n 
2 2
  n 
3 3
 
 0
1
  cos n x    cos n x   
bn 2   ( x  1) 2    2 
  n   n
3 3
  0
  cos n   cos 0   cos 0  
bn 2  0  2  3 3      2 3 3 
  n    n   n  
 2 1 2 
bn 2  3 3  1 
n
 3 3
n n n  
 2 1 
bn 2  3 3   1  1 
n

n   n 


 n x 
 f ( x)  bn sin  
n 1    becomes


 2 1 
 f ( x) 2  3 3   1  1   sin n x
n

n 1  n 
  n 

6. Obtain the half range cosine series for f ( x) x  2 in the interval 0<x<2 and deduce that
2


1 2
1 2n  12 8


Solution:
f ( x) ( x  2) 2 , 0  x  2
The Half range cosine series for f(x) in (0,2) is
a0  n x
f ( x)    an cos     (1)
2 n 1 2
2
2
2 2
 ( x  2)3  8
a0  f ( x)dx ( x  2) 2 dx   
20 0  3 0 3
2
2 n x
an  f ( x) cos dx
20 2
 2
n x
( x  2) 2 cos dx
0
2
2
 n x n x n x 
 sin  cos  sin 
 2  2( x  2) 2 2 2 
( x  2) 2 3 
 n x  n x 
2
 n x   16
 2     
 2   2  0 n 2 2
Deduction:
4 16  1
f (0) 4   2  2
3  n 1 n
 2
1 1 1
 2  2  2  ...
6 1 2 3
4 16  (  1) n
f (2)   2  2
3  n 1 n
 2
1 1 1
 2  2  2  ...
12 1 2 3
2 2 2 1 1 1
f (0)  f (2)     2  2  2 ...
6 12 8 1 3 5

f  x   x  x 2 in 0  x  1.
7. Find the half – range cosine series for the function [May 2017]
Solution:

The half range cosine series is

TO FIND a0
.
TO FIND an