A N S W E R S

To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems

Chapter 1 95. (a) 12 min; (b) 5.9 min 97. (a) 46 mi/h; (b) 66 yd 99. (a)
P 1. (a) 4.00 × 104 km; (b) 5.10 × 108 km2; (c) 1.08 × 1012 km3 47.2 m/s2; (b) 4.81g; (c) 810 m/s2; (d) 82.7g 101. (a) 10.16 m/s;
3. (a) 109 μm; (b) 10−4; (c) 9.1 × 105 μm 5. (a) 160 rods; (b) 40 (b) 0.6610 m/s2 103. (a) +0.90 m/s3; (b) −0.20 m/s3; (c) −0.21
chains 7. 1.1 × 103 acre-feet 9. 1.9 × 1022 cm3 11. (a) 1.43; m/s3; (d) +0.68 m/s3 105. (a) −11 m; (b) 15 m/s 107. (a) 6.3 m,
(b) 0.864 13. (a) 495 s; (b) 141 s; (c) 198 s; (d) −245 s 6.8 yd; (b) 25 m, 27 yd; (c) 63 m, 68 yd (more than half of a foot-
15. 1.21 × 1012 μs 17. C, D, A, B, E; the important criterion is the ball playing field!) 109. (a) 17 kn; (b) 20 mi/h; (c) 31 km/h
consistency of the daily variation, not its magnitude 19. 5.2 ×
→
CP 3.1.1 (a) 7 m (→ a and b are in same direction); (b) 1 m (→
106 m 21. 9.0 × 1049 atoms 23. (a) 1 × 103 kg; (b) 158 kg/s Chapter 3
→
25. 1.9 × 105 kg 27. (a) 1.18 × 10−29 m3; (b) 0.282 nm a

be head to tail; →
29. 1.75 × 103 kg 31. 1.43 kg/min 33. (a) 293 U.S. bushels; and b are in opposite directions) 3.1.2 c, d, f (components must
(b) 3.81 × 103 U.S. bushels 35. (a) 22 pecks; (b) 5.5 Impe- a must extend from tail of one component to
→ →
rial bushels; (c) 200 L 37. 8 × 102 km 39. (a) 18.8 gallons; head of the other) 3.2.1 (a) +, +; (b) +, −; (c) +, + (draw vector
(b) 22.5 gallons 41. 0.3 cord 43. 3.8 mg/s 45. (a) yes; from tail of d 1 to head of d 2) 3.3.1 (a) 90°; (b) 0° (vectors are
(b) 8.6 universe seconds 47. 0.12 AU/min 49. (a) 3.88; parallel—same direction); (c) 180° (vectors are antiparallel—
(b) 7.65; (c) 156 ken3; (d) 1.19 × 103 m3 51. 1.4 × 103 kg/m3 opposite directions) 3.3.2 (a) 0° or 180°; (b) 90°
→ → → → →
53. 3.0 × 109 ft2 55. 72 y 57. 8.07 × 1060 59. 6.400 m Q 1. yes, when the vectors are in same direction 3. Either the
61. (a) 1.4 × 103 h; (b) 5.2 × 106 s sequence d 2, d 1 or the sequence d 2, d 2, d 3 5. all but (e)

(b) −x for (1), −z for (2), −z for (3) 11. → s,→p, →r or →p, →
s,→
7. (a) yes; (b) yes; (c) no 9. (a) +x for (1), +z for (2), +z for (3);
Chapter 2 r
CP 2.1.1 b and c 2.2.1 (check the derivative dx/dt) (a) 1 and 4; 13. Correct: c, d, f, h. Incorrect: a (cannot dot a vector with a
(b) 2 and 3 2.3.1 (a) plus; (b) minus; (c) minus; (d) plus scalar), b (cannot cross a vector with a scalar), e, g, i, j (cannot add
2.4.1 1 and 4 (a = d 2x/dt2 must be constant) 2.5.1 (a) plus a scalar and a vector).
(upward displacement on y axis); (b) minus (downward displace- P 1. (a) −2.5 m; (b) −6.9 m 3. (a) 47.2 m; (b) 122° 5. (a) 156

(c) perpendicular 9. (a) (3.0 m)i ̂ − (2.0 m)ˆj + (5.0 m)k̂ ; (b) (5.0
ment on y axis); (c) a = −g = −9.8 m/s2 2.6.1 (a) integrate; (b) km; (b) 39.8° west of due north 7. (a) parallel; (b) antiparallel;

m)i ̂ − (4.0 m)ˆj − (3.0 m)k̂ ; (c) (−5.0 m)i ̂ + (4.0 m)ˆj + (3.0 m)k̂
find the slope

11. (a) (−9.0 m)i ̂ + (10 m)ˆj; (b) 13 m; (c) 132° 13. 4.74 km
Q 1. (a) negative; (b) positive; (c) yes; (d) positive; (e) con-
stant 3. (a) all tie; (b) 4, tie of 1 and 2, then 3 5. (a) positive
direction; (b) negative direction; (c) 3 and 5; (d) 2 and 6 tie, 15. (a) 1.59 m; (b) 12.1 m; (c) 12.2 m; (d) 82.5° 17. (a) 38 m; (b)
then 3 and 5 tie, then 1 and 4 tie (zero) 7. (a) D; (b) E 9. (a) −37.5°; (c) 130 m; (d) 1.2°; (e) 62 m; (f) 130° 19. 5.39 m at 21.8°

−172° 23. 3.2 25. 2.6 km 27. (a) 8i ̂ + 16ˆj; (b) 2i ̂ + 4ˆj
3, 2, 1; (b) 1, 2, 3; (c) all tie; (d) 1, 2, 3 11. 1 and 2 tie, then 3 left of forward 21. (a) −70.0 cm; (b) 80.0 cm; (c) 141 cm; (d)
P 1. 13 m 3. (a) +40 km/h; (b) 40 km/h 5. (a) 0; (b) −2 m;
(c) 0; (d) 12 m; (e) +12 m; (f) +7 m/s 7. 60 km 9. 1.4 m 29. (a) 7.5 cm; (b) 90°; (c) 8.6 cm; (d) 48° 31. (a) 9.51 m;
11. 128 km/h 13. (a) 73 km/h; (b) 68 km/h; (c) 70 km/h; (b) 14.1 m; (c) 13.4 m; (d) 10.5 m 33. (a) 12; (b) +z; (c) 12;

tion 37. (a) −21; (b) −9; (c) 5i ̂ − 11ˆj − 9k̂ 39. 70.5° 41. 22°
(d) 0 15. (a) −6 m/s; (b) −x direction; (c) 6 m/s; (d) decreas- (d) −z; (e) 12; (f) +z 35. (a) −18.8 units; (b) 26.9 units, +z direc-
ing; (e) 2 s; (f) no 17. (a) 28.5 cm/s; (b) 18.0 cm/s; (c) 40.5 cm/s;

m; (g) −6.67; (h) 4.33 45. (a) −83.4; (b) (1.14 × 103)k̂ ; (c) 1.14 ×
(d) 28.1 cm/s; (e) 30.3 cm/s 19. −20 m/s2 21. (a) 1.10 m/s; 43. (a) 3.00 m; (b) 0; (c) 3.46 m; (d) 2.00 m; (e) −5.00 m; (f) 8.66

103, 𝜃 not defined, 𝜙 = 0°; (d) 90.0°; (e) −5.14i ̂ + 6.13ˆj + 3.00k̂ ;
(b) 6.11 mm/s2; (c) 1.47 m/s; (d) 6.11 mm/s2 23. 1.62 × 1015 m/s2
25. (a) 30 s; (b) 300 m 27. (a) +1.6 m/s; (b) +18 m/s
29. (a) 10.6 m; (b) 41.5 s 31. (a) 3.1 × 106 s; (b) 4.6 × 1013 m (f) 8.54, 𝜃 = 130°, 𝜙 = 69.4° 47. (a) 140°; (b) 90.0°; (c) 99.1°
33. (a) 3.56 m/s2; (b) 8.43 m/s 35. 0.90 m/s2 37. (a) 4.0 m/s2; 49. (a) 103 km; (b) 60.9° north of due west 51. (a) 27.8 m;
(b) +x 39. (a) −2.5 m/s2; (b) 1; (d) 0; (e) 2 41. 40 m (b) −13.4 m 53. (a) 30; (b) 52 55. (a) −2.83 m; (b) −2.83 m;
43. (a) 0.994 m/s2 45. (a) 31 m/s; (b) 6.4 s 47. (a) 29.4 m; (c) 5.00 m; (d) 0; (e) 3.00 m; (f) 5.20 m; (g) 5.17 m; (h) 2.37 m; (i)

west 57. 4.1 59. (a) (9.19 m)i′̂ + (7.71 m)ˆj′; (b) (14.0 m)i′̂ +
(b) 2.45 s 49. (a) 5.4 s; (b) 41 m/s 51. (a) 20 m; (b) 59 m 5.69 m; (j) 25° north of due east; (k) 5.69 m; (l) 25° south of due

(3.41 m)ˆj′ 61. (a) 11i ̂ + 5.0ˆj − 7.0k̂ ; (b) 120°; (c) −4.9; (d) 7.3
53. 4.0 m/s 55. (a) 857 m/s2; (b) up 57. (a) 1.26 × 103 m/s2;

63. (a) 3.0 m2; (b) 52 m3; (c) (11 m2)i ̂ + (9.0 m2)ˆj + (3.0 m2)k̂
(b) up 59. (a) 89 cm; (b) 22 cm 61. 20.4 m 63. 2.34 m

65. (a) (–40i ̂ – 20ˆj + 25k̂ ) m; (b) 45 m 67. (a) 0; (b) 0; (c) −1;
65. (a) 2.25 m/s; (b) 3.90 m/s 67. 0.56 m/s 69. 100 m
71. (a) 2.00 s; (b) 12 cm; (c) −9.00 cm/s2; (d) right; (e) left;

15 m; (b) south; (c) 6.0 m; (d) north 73. (a) 2k̂ ; (b) 26; (c) 46;
(f) 3.46 s 73. (a) 82 m; (b) 19 m/s 75. (a) 0.74 s; (b) 6.2 m/s2 (d) west; (e) up; (f) west 69. (a) 168 cm; (b) 32.5° 71. (a)
77. (a) 3.1 m/s2; (b) 45 m; (c) 13 s 79. 17 m/s 81. +47 m/s

(1300 m)i ̂ + (2200 m)ˆj − (410 m)k̂ ; (b) 2.56 × 103 m 79. (a)
83. (a) 1.23 cm; (b) 4 times; (c) 9 times; (d) 16 times; (e) 25 (d) 5.81 75. (a) up; (b) 0; (c) south; (d) 1; (e) 0 77. (a)
times 85. (a) 434 ms; (b) 2.79 ft 87. (a) 34 m; (b) 34 m
89. 2 cm/y 91. (a) 9.8 m/s; (b) 12 m/s; (c) 11 m/s 93. 108 13.9 m; (b) −12.7° 81. 4.8 m 83. 18 m 85. 20 m 87. 42 km

AN-1

bans_Regular.indd 1 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 AN-2 ANSWERS

CP 4.1.1 xy plane 4.2.1 (draw →

Chapter 4 5.2.1 (a) equal; (b) greater (acceleration is upward, thus net
v tangent to path, tail on force on body must be upward) 5.2.2 (a) equal; (b) greater; (c)
path) (a) first; (b) third 4.3.1 (take second derivative with less 5.3.1 (a) increase; (b) yes; (c) same; (d) yes

thus →a is constant; (2) and (4) ay is constant but ax is not, thus →

respect to time) (1) and (3) ax and ay are both constant and Q 1. (a) 2, 3, 4; (b) 1, 3, 4; (c) 1, +y; 2, +x; 3, fourth quadrant;
a 4, third quadrant 3. increase 5. (a) 2 and 4; (b) 2 and 4
is not 4.4.1 yes 4.4.2 (a) vx constant; (b) vy initially positive, 7. (a) M; (b) M; (c) M; (d) 2M; (e) 3M 9. (a) 20 kg; (b) 18 kg;
decreases to zero, and then becomes progressively more nega- (c) 10 kg; (d) all tie; (e) 3, 2, 1 11. (a) increases from initial

−(4 m/s)i;̂ (b) −(8 m/s2)ˆj 4.6.1 (a) 0; (b) increasing; (c) de-
tive; (c) ax = 0 throughout; (d) ay = −g throughout 4.5.1 (a) value mg; (b) decreases from mg to zero (after which the block

creasing 4.7.1 −(10 + 3t)i ̂ − (6 + 4t)ˆj + 2tk̂ P 1. 2.9 m/s2 3. (a) 1.88 N; (b) 0.684 N; (c) (1.88 N)i ̂ +
moves up away from the floor)

(0.684 N)ˆj 5. (a) (0.86 m/s2)i ̂ − (0.16 m/s2)ˆj; (b) 0.88 m/s2;
(c) −11° 7. (a) (−32.0 N)i ̂ − (20.8 N)ˆj; (b) 38.2 N; (c) −147°
Q 1. a and c tie, then b 3. decreases 5. a, b, c 7. (a) 0;
(b) 350 km/h; (c) 350 km/h; (d) same (nothing changed about
the vertical motion) 9. (a) all tie; (b) all tie; (c) 3, 2, 1; (d) 3, 9. (a) 8.37 N; (b) −133°; (c) −125° 11. 9.0 m/s2 13. (a) 4.0 kg;
2, 1 11. 2, then 1 and 4 tie, then 3 13. (a) yes; (b) no; (c) (b) 1.0 kg; (c) 4.0 kg; (d) 1.0 kg 15. (a) 108 N; (b) 108 N; (c)

P 1. (a) 6.2 m 3. (−2.0 m)i ̂ + (6.0 m)ˆj − (10 m)k̂ 5. (a) 7.59 21. (a) 11.7 N; (b) −59.0° 23. (a) (285 N)i ̂ + (705 N)ˆj; (b)
yes 15. (a) decreases; (b) increases 17. maximum height 108 N 17. (a) 42 N; (b) 72 N; (c) 4.9 m/s2 19. 1.2 × 105 N

km/h; (b) 22.5° east of due north 7. (−0.70 m/s)i ̂ + (1.4 m/s)ˆj − (285 N)i ̂ − (115 N)ˆj; (c) 307 N; (d) −22.0°; (e) 3.67 m/s2; (f)
(0.40 m/s)k̂ 9. (a) 0.83 cm/s; (b) 0°; (c) 0.11 m/s; (d) −63°
11. (a) (6.00 m)i ̂ − (106 m)ˆj; (b) (19.0 m/s)i ̂ − (224 m/s)ˆj; (c) (24.0
−22.0° 25. (a) 0.022 m/s2; (b) 8.3 × 104 km; (c) 1.9 × 103 m/s

m/s2)i ̂ − (336 m/s2)ˆj; (d) −85.2° 13. (a) (8 m/s2)t ˆj + (1 m/s)k̂ ;

27. 1.5 mm 29. (a) 494 N; (b) up; (c) 494 N; (d) down 31. (a)

(b) (8 m/s2)ˆj 15. (a) (−1.50 m/s)ˆj; (b) (4.50 m)i ̂ − (2.25 m)ˆj
1.18 m; (b) 0.674 s; (c) 3.50 m/s 33. 1.8 × 104 N 35. (a) 46.7°;

17. (32 m/s)i ̂ 19. (a) (72.0 m)i ̂ + (90.7 m)ˆj; (b) 49.5° 21. (a)
(b) 28.0° 37. (a) 0.62 m/s2; (b) 0.13 m/s2; (c) 2.6 m 39. (a) 2.2 ×
10−3 N; (b) 3.7 × 10−3 N 41. (a) 1.4 m/s2; (b) 4.1 m/s 43. (a)
18 cm; (b) 1.9 m 23. (a) 3.03 s; (b) 758 m; (c) 29.7 m/s 1.23 N; (b) 2.46 N; (c) 3.69 N; (d) 4.92 N; (e) 6.15 N; (f) 0.250 N
25. 43.1 m/s (155 km/h) 27. (a) 10.0 s; (b) 897 m 29. 78.5° 45. (a) 31.3 kN; (b) 24.3 kN 47. 6.4 × 103 N 49. (a) 2.18 m/s2;
31. 3.35 m 33. (a) 202 m/s; (b) 806 m; (c) 161 m/s; (d) −171 m/s (b) 116 N; (c) 21.0 m/s2 51. (a) 3.6 m/s2; (b) 17 N 53. (a) 0.970
35. 4.84 cm 37. (a) 1.60 m; (b) 6.86 m; (c) 2.86 m 39. (a) m/s2; (b) 11.6 N; (c) 34.9 N 55. (a) 1.1 N 57. (a) 0.735 m/s2;
32.3 m; (b) 21.9 m/s; (c) 40.4°; (d) below 41. 55.5° 43. (a) (b) down; (c) 20.8 N 59. (a) 4.9 m/s2; (b) 2.0 m/s2; (c) up;
11 m; (b) 23 m; (c) 17 m/s; (d) 63° 45. (a) ramp; (b) 5.82 m; (d) 120 N 61. 2Ma/(a + g) 63. (a) 8.0 m/s; (b) +x
(c) 31.0° 47. (a) yes; (b) 2.56 m 49. (a) 31°; (b) 63° 51. (a) 65. (a) 0.653 m/s3; (b) 0.896 m/s3; (c) 6.50 s 67. 81.7 N
→ → → →
2.3°; (b) 1.1 m; (c) 18° 53. (a) 75.0 m; (b) 31.9 m/s; (c) 66.9°; (d) 69. 2.4 N 71. (a) 4.9 × 105 N; (b) 1.5 × 106 N 73. (a) first
25.5 m 55. the third 57. (a) 7.32 m; (b) west; (c) north 59. (a) pair: F HS = −F SH (hand and stick), second pair: F SB = −F BS

m/s; (b) 7.9 × 105 m/s2; (c) increase 63. 2.92 m 65. (3.00 m/s2)i ̂
12 s; (b) 4.1 m/s2; (c) down; (d) 4.1 m/s2; (e) up 61. (a) 1.3 × 105 (stick and block); (b) 19 N; (c) 18 N; (d) 1.7 N 75. (a) 0.36 m;
(b) 0.24 m/s 77. 3.4 × 102 N 79. (a) 17.1 kN; (b) 68.5 kN

m/s2; (d) eastward 71. 1.67 73. (a) (80 km/h)i ̂ − (60 km/h)ˆj;
+ (6.00 m/s2)jˆ 67. 160 m/s2 69. (a) 13 m/s2; (b) eastward; (c) 13 81. 2.2 kg 83. (a) 147 N; (b) 33.0 lb; (c) 147 N

(b) 0°; (c) answers do not change 75. 32 m/s 77. 60° Chapter 6

west of due south 81. (a) (−32 km/h)i ̂ − (46 km/h)ˆj; (b)
79. (a) 38 knots; (b) 1.5° east of due north; (c) 4.2 h; (d) 1.5°
(b) 5 N; (c) no; (d) yes; (e) 8 N 6.2.1 greater 6.3.1 (→
CP 6.1.1 (a) zero (because there is no attempt at sliding);
[(2.5 km) − (32 km/h)t]i ̂ + [(4.0 km) − (46 km/h)t]ˆj; (c) 0.084 h; ed toward center of circular path) (a) →
→
a is direct-
→
(b) →
a downward, F N upward;
(d) 2 × 102 m 83. (a) −30°; (b) 69 min; (c) 80 min; (d) 80 min; a and F N upward; (c) same; (d) greater at lowest point
(e) 0°; (f) 60 min 85. (a) 2.7 km; (b) 76° clockwise 87. (a) Q 1. (a) decrease; (b) decrease; (c) increase; (d) increase;
44 m; (b) 13 m; (c) 8.9 m 89. (a) 45 m; (b) 22 m/s 91. (a) 2.6 × (e) increase 3. (a) same; (b) increases; (c) increases; (d) no
→
102 m/s; (b) 45 s; (c) increase 93. (a) 63 km; (b) 18° south of 5. (a) upward; (b) horizontal, toward you; (c) no change;
due east; (c) 0.70 km/h; (d) 18° south of due east; (e) 1.6 km/h; (d) increases; (e) increases 7. At first, f s is directed up
(f) 1.2 km/h; (g) 33° north of due east 95. (a) 1.5; (b) (36 m, the ramp and its magnitude increases from mg sin 𝜃 until it
54 m) 97. (a) 62 ms; (b) 4.8 × 102 m/s 99. 2.64 m 101. (a) reaches fs,max. Thereafter the force is kinetic friction directed
2.5 m; (b) 0.82 m; (c) 9.8 m/s2; (d) 9.8 m/s2 103. (a) 6.79 km/h; (b) up the ramp, with magnitude fk (a constant value smaller than
6.96° 105. (a) 16 m/s; (b) 23°; (c) above; (d) 27 m/s; (e) 57°; (f) fs,max). 9. 4, 3, then 1, 2, and 5 tie 11. (a) all tie; (b) all tie;
below 107. (a) 4.2 m, 45°; (b) 5.5 m, 68°; (c) 6.0 m, 90°; (d) 4.2 m, (c) 2, 3, 1 13. (a) increases; (b) increases; (c) decreases;
135°; (e) 0.85 m/s, 135°; (f) 0.94 m/s, 90°; (g) 0.94 m/s, 180°; (h) (d) decreases; (e) decreases
0.30 m/s2, 180°; (i) 0.30 m/s2, 270° 109. (a) 5.4 × 10–13 m; (b)
P 1. 36 m 3. (a) 2.0 × 102 N; (b) 1.2 × 102 N 5. (a) 6.0 N;
decrease 111. (a) 0.034 m/s2; (b) 84 min 113. (a) 8.43 m; (b)
(b) 3.6 N; (c) 3.1 N 7. (a) 1.9 × 102 N; (b) 0.56 m/s2 9. (a)
−129° 115. (a) 1.30 × 1014 m; (b) 2.3 × 108 y 117. 1.9 × 1013 m

(c) (−1.8i ̂ + 1.1ˆj) m/s2 123. (a) 12 m/s2; (b) 3.0 m/s2; (c) 1.0 m/s2
11 N; (b) 0.14 m/s2 11. (a) 3.0 × 102 N; (b) 1.3 m/s2 13. (a)

17. (a) (17 N)i;̂ (b) (20 N)i;̂ (c) (15 N)i ̂ 19. (a) no; (b) (−12 N)i ̂
119. (a) 2.1 m/s; (b) no accident 121. (a) 3.0 s; (b) 21 m;
1.3 × 102 N; (b) no; (c) 1.1 × 102 N; (d) 46 N; (e) 17 N 15. 2°

27. (a) 0; (b) (−3.9 m/s2)i;̂ (c) (−1.0 m/s2)i ̂ 29. (a) 66 N; (b) 2.3
125. 4.5 m 127. (a) −1.29 m; (b) −0.90 m; (c) 38 cm; (d) below
+ (5.0 N)jˆ 21. (a) 19°; (b) 3.3 kN 23. 0.37 25. 1.0 × 102 N

→ → →
Chapter 5 m/s2 31. (a) 3.5 m/s2; (b) 0.21 N 33. 9.9 s 35. 4.9 × 102 N
CP 5.1.1 c, d, and e (F 1 and F 2 must be head to tail, F net must 37. (a) 3.2 × 102 km/h; (b) 6.5 × 102 km/h; (c) no 39. 2.3 41.
be from tail of one of them to head of the other) 5.1.2 (a) and 0.60 43. 21 m 45. (a) light; (b) 778 N; (c) 223 N; (d) 1.11 kN
(b) 2 N, leftward (acceleration is zero in each situation) 47. (a) 10 s; (b) 4.9 × 102 N; (c) 1.1 × 103 N 49. 1.37 × 103 N

bans_Regular.indd 2 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 ANSWERS AN-3

51. 2.2 km 53. 12° 55. 2.6 × 103 N 57. 1.81 m/s 59. (a) 8.74 N; (d) 80.0 cm 21. (a) 8.35 m/s; (b) 4.33 m/s; (c) 7.45 m/s; (d) both
(b) 37.9 N; (c) 6.45 m/s; (d) radially inward 61. (a) 27 N; (b) 3.0 decrease 23. (a) 4.85 m/s; (b) 2.42 m/s 25. −3.2 × 102 J
m/s2 63. (b) 240 N; (c) 0.60 65. (a) 69 km/h; (b) 139 km/h; (c) 27. (a) no; (b) 9.3 × 102 N 29. (a) 35 cm; (b) 1.7 m/s 31. (a)
yes 67. g(sin 𝜃 − 20.5μk cos 𝜃) 69. 3.4 m/s2 71. (a) 35.3 N; (b) 39.2 J; (b) 39.2 J; (c) 4.00 m 33. (a) 2.40 m/s; (b) 4.19 m/s
39.7 N; (c) 320 N 73. (a) 7.5 m/s2; (b) down; (c) 9.5 m/s2; (d) 35. (a) 39.6 cm; (b) 3.64 cm 37. −18 mJ 39. (a) 2.1 m/s; (b)
down 75. (a) 3.0 × 105 N; (b) 1.2° 77. 147 m/s 79. (a) 13 N; 10 N; (c) +x direction; (d) 5.7 m; (e) 30 N; (f) −x direction
(b) 1.6 m/s2 81. (a) 275 N; (b) 877 N 83. (a) 84.2 N; (b) 52.8 N; 41. (a) −3.7 J; (c) 1.3 m; (d) 9.1 m; (e) 2.2 J; (f) 4.0 m;
(c) 1.87 m/s2 85. 3.4% 87. (a) 3.21 × 103 N; (b) yes 89. (a) 222 (g) (4 − x)e−x/4; (h) 4.0 m 43. (a) 5.6 J; (b) 3.5 J 45. (a) 30.1 J;
N; (b) 334 N; (c) 311 N; (d) 311 N; (e) c, d 91. (a) −7.5 m/s2; (b) 30.1 J; (c) 0.225 47. 0.53 J 49. (a) −2.9 kJ; (b) 3.9 × 102 J;
(b) −9.5 m/s2 93. (a) v20/(4g sin 𝜃); (b) no 95. (a) 2.3 × 108 y; (b) (c) 2.1 × 102 N 51. (a) 1.5 MJ; (b) 0.51 MJ; (c) 1.0 MJ; (d) 63 m/s
3.5 × 1020 N 97. (a) 52 m; (b) 120 m; (c) 240 m 99. (a) −9.5 m/s 53. (a) 67 J; (b) 67 J; (c) 46 cm 55. (a) −0.90 J; (b) 0.46 J; (c)
(slowed); (b) −17 m/s (speeded up); (c) −25 m/s (fatal); (d) 200 m 1.0 m/s 57. 1.2 m 59. (a) 19.4 m; (b) 19.0 m/s 61. (a) 1.5 ×
101. (a) 11.1 m/s (= 24.9 mi/h = 40.0 km/h); (b) 7.27 m/s 10−2 N; (b) (3.8 × 102)g 63. (a) 7.4 m/s; (b) 90 cm; (c) 2.8 m; (d)
(= 16.3 mi/h = 26.2 km/h); (c) 17.6 m/s (= 39.3 mi/h = 63.3 km/h); 15 m 65. 20 cm 67. (a) 7.0 J; (b) 22 J 69. 3.7 J 71. 4.33 m/s
(d) 11.5 m/s (= 25.7 mi/h = 41.4 km/h) 73. 25 J 75. (a) 4.9 m/s; (b) 4.5 N; (c) 71°; (d) same 77. (a) 4.8 N;
(b) +x direction; (c) 1.5 m; (d) 13.5 m; (e) 3.5 m/s 79. (a) 24 kJ;
Chapter 7
(b) 4.7 × 102 N 81. (a) 5.00 J; (b) 9.00 J; (c) 11.0 J; (d) 3.00 J;
CP 7.1.1 9.0 7.2.1 (a) decrease; (b) same; (c) negative,
(e) 12.0 J; (f) 2.00 J; (g) 13.0 J; (h) 1.00 J; (i) 13.0 J; (j) 1.00 J;
zero 7.3.1 greater than (greater height) 7.4.1 (a) positive;
(l) 11.0 J; (m) 10.8 m; (n) It returns to x = 0 and stops. 83. (a)
(b) negative; (c) zero 7.5.1 8.0 J 7.6.1 zero
6.0 kJ; (b) 6.0 × 102 W; (c) 3.0 × 102 W; (d) 9.0 × 102 W 85. 880
Q 1. all tie 3. (a) positive; (b) negative; (c) negative 5. b
MW 87. (a) v0 = (2gL)0.5; (b) 5mg; (c) −mgL; (d) −2mgL
(positive work), a (zero work), c (negative work), d (more
89. (a) 109 J; (b) 60.3 J; (c) 68.2 J; (d) 41.0 J 91. (a) 2.7 J;
negative work) 7. all tie 9. (a) A; (b) B 11. 2, 3, 1
(b) 1.8 J; (c) 0.39 m 93. (a) 10 m; (b) 49 N; (c) 4.1 m; (d) 1.2 ×
P 1. (a) 2.9 × 107 m/s; (b) 2.1 × 10−13 J 3. (a) 5 × 1014 J;
102 N 95. (a) 5.5 m/s; (b) 5.4 m; (c) same 97. 80 mJ
(b) 0.1 megaton TNT; (c) 8 bombs 5. (a) 2.4 m/s; (b) 4.8 m/s
99. 24 W 101. −12 J 103. (a) 8.8 m/s; (b) 2.6 kJ; (c) 1.6 kW
7. 0.96 J 9. 20 J 11. (a) 62.3°; (b) 118° 13. (a) 1.7 × 102
105. (a) 7.4 × 102 J; (b) 2.4 × 102 J 107. 15 J 109. (a) 2.35 ×
N; (b) 3.4 × 102 m; (c) −5.8 × 104 J; (d) 3.4 × 102 N; (e) 1.7 ×
103 J; (b) 352 J 111. 738 m 113. (a) −3.8 kJ; (b) 31 kN
102 m; (f) −5.8 × 104 J 15. (a) 1.50 J; (b) increases 17. (a)
115. (a) 300 J; (b) 93.8 J; (c) 6.38 m 117. (a) 5.6 J; (b) 12 J; (c)
12 kJ; (b) −11 kJ; (c) 1.1 kJ; (d) 5.4 m/s 19. 25 J 21. (a)
13 J 119. (a) 1.2 J; (b) 11 m/s; (c) no; (d) no 121. (a) 2.1 ×
−3Mgd/4; (b) Mgd; (c) Mgd/4; (d) (gd/2)0.5 23. 4.41 J 25. (a)
106 kg; (b) (100 + 1.5t)0.5 m/s; (c) (1.5 × 106)/(100 + 1.5t)0.5 N;
25.9 kJ; (b) 2.45 N 27. (a) 7.2 J; (b) 7.2 J; (c) 0; (d) −25 J
(d) 6.7 km 123. 54% 125. (a) 2.7 × 109 J; (b) 2.7 × 109 W;
29. (a) 0.90 J; (b) 2.1 J; (c) 0 31. (a) 6.6 m/s; (b) 4.7 m
(c) $2.4 × 108 127. (a) 2.1 m; (b) 2.27 × 103 N 129. (a) 0.396 m;
33. (a) 0.12 m; (b) 0.36 J; (c) −0.36 J; (d) 0.060 m; (e) 0.090 J
(b) 3.6 cm 131. (a) 17 cm; (b) 12 cm 133. (a) 70 J; (b) −98 J;
35. (a) 0; (b) 0 37. (a) 42 J; (b) 30 J; (c) 12 J; (d) 6.5 m/s, +x
(c) 190 J 135. (a) −495 J; (b) 1.65 kN
axis; (e) 5.5 m/s, +x axis; (f) 3.5 m/s, +x axis 39. 4.00 N/m
41. 5.3 × 102 J 43. (a) 0.83 J; (b) 2.5 J; (c) 4.2 J; (d) 5.0 W Chapter 9
45. 4.9 × 102 W 47. (a) 1.0 × 102 J; (b) 8.4 W 49. 7.4 × 102 W CP 9.1.1 (a) origin; (b) fourth quadrant; (c) on y axis below
51. (a) 32.0 J; (b) 8.00 W; (c) 78.2° 53. (a) 1.20 J; (b) 1.10 m/s origin; (d) origin; (e) third quadrant; (f) origin 9.2.1 (a)−(c)
55. (a) 1.8 × 105 ft · lb; (b) 0.55 hp 57. (a) 797 N; (b) 0; at the center of mass, still at the origin (their forces are internal
(c) −1.55 kJ; (d) 0; (e) 1.55 kJ; (f) F varies during displace- to the system and cannot move the center of mass) 9.3.1
ment 59. (a) 11 J; (b) −21 J 61. −6 J 63. (a) 314 J; (b) (Consider slopes and Eq. 9.3.2) (a) 1, 3, and then 2 and 4 tie
−155 J; (c) 0; (d) 158 J 65. (a) 98 N; (b) 4.0 cm; (c) 3.9 J; (zero force); (b) 3 9.4.1 (a) unchanged; (b) unchanged (see
(d) −3.9 J 67. (a) 23 mm; (b) 45 N 69. 165 kW 71. 23.1 kJ Eq. 9.4.5); (c) decrease (Eq. 9.4.8) 9.4.2 (a) zero; (b) positive
→
73. 2.21 hp 75. (a) 17.0 kN; (b) 68.6 kN; (c) 4 77. (a) (initial py down y; final py up y); (c) positive direction of y
0.5ma2t2; (b) 0.5ma2t2 + maut 9.5.1 (no net external force; P conserved.) (a) 0; (b) no; (c) −x
9.6.1 (a) 10 kg · m/s; (b) 14 kg · m/s; (c) 6 kg · m/s 9.7.1 (a) 4
Chapter 8 kg · m/s; (b) 8 kg · m/s; (c) 3 J 9.8.1 (a) 2 kg · m/s (conserve
CP 8.1.1 no (consider round trip on the small loop) momentum along x); (b) 3 kg · m/s (conserve momentum
8.1.2 3, 1, 2 (see Eq. 8.1.6) 8.2.1 (a) all tie; (b) all tie along y) 9.9.1 (a) 1; (b) increases
8.3.1 (a) CD, AB, BC (0) (check slope magnitudes); (b) posi- Q 1. (a) 2 N, rightward; (b) 2 N, rightward; (c) greater than
tive direction of x 8.4.1 all tie 8.5.1 9.8 J 2 N, rightward 3. b, c, a 5. (a) x yes, y no; (b) x yes, y no;
Q 1. (a) 3, 2, 1; (b) 1, 2, 3 3. (a) 12 J; (b) −2 J 5. (a) increas- (c) x no, y yes 7. (a) c, kinetic energy cannot be negative; d,
ing; (b) decreasing; (c) decreasing; (d) constant in AB and BC, total kinetic energy cannot increase; (b) a; (c) b 9. (a) one was
decreasing in CD 7. +30 J 9. 2, 1, 3 11. −40 J stationary; (b) 2; (c) 5; (d) equal (pool player’s result)
P 1. 89 N/cm 3. (a) 167 J; (b) −167 J; (c) 196 J; (d) 29 J; (e) 11. (a) C; (b) B; (c) 3
167 J; (f) −167 J; (g) 296 J; (h) 129 J 5. (a) 4.31 mJ; (b) −4.31 P 1. (a) −1.50 m; (b) −1.43 m 3. (a) −6.5 cm; (b) 8.3 cm; (c)

9. (a) 28 cm; (b) 2.3 m/s 11. (−4.0 m)i ̂ + (4.0 m)jˆ 13. 53 m
mJ; (c) 4.31 mJ; (d) −4.31 mJ; (e) all increase 7. (a) 13.1 J; 1.4 cm 5. (a) −0.45 cm; (b) −2.0 cm 7. (a) 0; (b) 3.13 × 10−11 m

15. (a) (2.35i ̂ – 1.57jˆ) m/s2; (b) (2.35i ̂ – 1.57jˆ)t m/s, with t in seconds;
(b) −13.1 J; (c) 13.1 J; (d) all increase 9. (a) 17.0 m/s; (b) 26.5
m/s; (c) 33.4 m/s; (d) 56.7 m; (e) all the same 11. (a) 2.08 m/s;
(b) 2.08 m/s; (c) increase 13. (a) 0.98 J; (b) −0.98 J; (c) 3.1 N/cm (d) straight, at downward angle 34° 17. 4.2 m 19. (a) 7.5 ×
15. (a) 2.6 × 102 m; (b) same; (c) decrease 17. (a) 2.5 N; 104 J; (b) 3.8 × 104 kg · m/s; (c) 39° south of due east 21. (a)
(b) 0.31 N; (c) 30 cm 19. (a) 784 N/m; (b) 62.7 J; (c) 62.7 J; 5.0 kg · m/s; (b) 10 kg · m/s 23. 1.0 × 103 to 1.2 × 103 kg · m/s

bans_Regular.indd 3 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 AN-4 ANSWERS

105 g · cm2; (d) (1.2 cm)i ̂ + (5.9 cm)ˆj 93. (a) 12:00; (b) 3:00, 6:00,
25. (a) 42 N · s; (b) 2.1 kN 27. (a) 67 m/s; (b) −x; (c) 1.2 kN; same 91. (a) 3.4 × 105 g · cm2; (b) 2.9 × 105 g · cm2; (c) 6.3 ×
(d) −x 29. 5 N 31. (a) 2.39 × 103 N · s; (b) 4.78 × 105 N; (c)
1.76 × 103 N · s; (d) 3.52 × 105 N 33. (a) 5.86 kg · m/s; (b) 59.8°; 9:00, 12:00; (c) 2:24, 4:48, 7:12, 9:36, 12:00 95. 0.56 N · m
(c) 2.93 kN; (d) 59.8° 35. 9.9 × 102 N 37. (a) 9.0 kg · m/s; (b) 97. ( μsg/R)0.5

m/s)i;̂ (b) 0.18 m 43. 55 cm 45. (a) (1.00i ̂ – 0.167ˆj) km/s;

3.0 kN; (c) 4.5 kN; (d) 20 m/s 39. 3.0 mm/s 41. (a) −(0.15
Chapter 11
(b) 3.23 MJ 47. (a) 14 m/s; (b) 45° 49. 3.1 × 102 m/s CP 11.1.1 (a) same; (b) less 11.2.1 less (consider the transfer
51. (a) 721 m/s; (b) 937 m/s 53. (a) 33%; (b) 23%; (c) decreases of energy from rotational kinetic energy to gravitational potential
55. (a) +2.0 m/s; (b) −1.3 J; (c) +40 J; (d) system got energy from energy) 11.3.1 decreases 11.4.1 (draw the vectors, use right-
some source, such as a small explosion 57. (a) 4.4 m/s; hand rule) (a) ±z; (b) +y; (c) −x 11.5.1 (see Eq. 11.5.4) (a) 1
(b) 0.80 59. 25 cm 61. (a) 99 g; (b) 1.9 m/s; (c) 0.93 m/s and 3 tie; then 2 and 4 tie, then 5 (zero); (b) 2 and 3 11.6.1 (see
63. (a) 3.00 m/s; (b) 6.00 m/s 65. (a) 1.2 kg; (b) 2.5 m/s Eqs. 11.6.2 and 11.4.3) (a) 3, 1; then 2 and 4 tie (zero); (b) 3
67. −28 cm 69. (a) 0.21 kg; (b) 7.2 m 71. (a) 4.15 × 105 m/s; 11.7.1 (a) all tie (same 𝜏, same t, thus same ΔL); (b) sphere, disk,
(b) 4.84 × 105 m/s 73. 120° 75. (a) 433 m/s; (b) 250 m/s hoop (reverse order of I) 11.8.1 (a) decreases; (b) same (𝜏net = 0,
77. (a) 46 N; (b) none 79. (a) 1.57 × 106 N; (b) 1.35 × 105 kg; so L is conserved); (c) increases 11.9.1 (a) decreases; (b)
(c) 2.08 km/s 81. (a) 7290 m/s; (b) 8200 m/s; (c) 1.271 × 1010 J; remains the same; (c) decreases
(d) 1.275 × 1010 J 83. (a) 1.92 m; (b) 0.640 m 85. (a) 1.78 m/s; Q 1. a, then b and c tie, then e, d (zero) 3. (a) spins in place;

(c) 1.8 × 102 N 89. (a) (7.4 × 103 N · s)i ̂ − (7.4 × 103 N · s)ˆj;
(b) less; (c) less; (d) greater 87. (a) 3.7 m/s; (b) 1.3 N · s; (b) rolls toward you; (c) rolls away from you 5. (a) 1, 2, 3

(b) (−7.4 × 103 N · s)i;̂ (c) 2.3 × 103 N; (d) 2.1 × 104 N; (e) −45°
(zero); (b) 1 and 2 tie, then 3; (c) 1 and 3 tie, then 2 7. (a)
same; (b) increase; (c) decrease; (d) same, decrease, increase

P 1. (a) 0; (b) (22 m/s)i;̂ (c) (−22 m/s)i;̂ (d) 0; (e) 1.5 × 103 m/s2;
91. +4.4 m/s 93. 1.18 × 104 kg 95. (a) 1.9 m/s; (b) −30°; (c) 9. D, B, then A and C tie 11. (a) same; (b) same

(f) 1.5 × 103 m/s2; (g) (22 m/s)i;̂ (h) (44 m/s)i;̂ (i) 0; (j) 0; (k) 1.5 ×
elastic 97. (a) 6.9 m/s; (b) 30°; (c) 6.9 m/s; (d) −30°; (e) 2.0 m/s;
(f) −180° 99. (a) xcom = 0, ycom = 0; (b) 0 101. 2.7 m/s 103.

(b) 4.0 m 9. 4.8 m 11. (a) (−4.0 N)i;̂ (b) 0.60 kg · m2 13. 0.50
(a) 4m1m2/(m1 + m2)2; (b) lead, 0.019; carbon, 0.28; hydrogen, 103 m/s2; (l) 1.5 × 103 m/s2 3. −3.15 J 5. 0.020 7. (a) 63 rad/s;
1.00 105. (a) 35 cm; (b) 35 cm 107. 2.78 m/s 109. (a) −2.9
m/s; (b) 52 m/s 111. (a) 12 m; (b) 7.4 × 1010 J 113. (a) m2/(m1 + 15. (a) −(0.11 m)ω; (b) −2.1 m/s2; (c) −47 rad/s2; (d) 1.2 s; (e) 8.6

102)i ̂ − (3.5 × 103)ˆj kg · m/s; 3.6 × 103 kg · m/s, 255.4° (or −105°); (e) 1.4 J; (f) 27 rev/s 19. (−2.0 N · m)i ̂ 21. (a) (6.0 N · m)ˆj +
m2); (b) m1/(m1 + m2); (c) less massive block 115. (a) −(9.1 × m; (f) 6.1 m/s 17. (a) 13 cm/s2; (b) 4.4 s; (c) 55 cm/s; (d) 18 mJ;

(8.0 N · m)k̂ ; (b) (−22 N · m)i ̂ 23. (a) (−1.5 N · m)i ̂ − (4.0 N · m)ˆj
− (1.0 N · m)k̂ ; (b) (−1.5 N · m)i ̂ − (4.0 N · m)ˆj − (1.0 N · m)k̂
(b) 2.6 × 105 N; (c) 329g 117. (a) 5mg; (b) 7mg; (c) 5 m

25. (a) (50 N · m)k̂ ; (b) 90º 27. (a) 0; (b) (8.0 N · m)i ̂ +
(8.0 N · m)k̂ 29. (a) 9.8 kg · m2/s; (b) +z direction 31. (a) 0; (b)
Chapter 10
CP 10.1.1 b and c 10.2.1 (a) and (d) (α = d 2𝜃/dt 2 must be

102 kg · m2/s)k̂ ; (b) (+56 N · m)k̂ ; (c) (+56 kg · m2/s2)k̂ 35. (a)
a constant) 10.3.1 (a) yes; (b) no; (c) yes; (d) yes 10.4.1 all −22.6 kg · m2/s; (c) −7.84 N · m; (d) −7.84 N · m 33. (a) (−1.7 ×

48tk̂ N · m; (b) increasing 37. (a) 4.6 × 10−3 kg · m2; (b) 1.1 ×
tie 10.5.1 1, 2, 4, 3 (see Eq. 10.5.2) 10.6.1 (see Eq. 10.6.2) 1 and
3 tie, 4, then 2 and 5 tie (zero) 10.7.1 (a) downward in the
figure (τnet = 0); (b) less (consider moment arms) 10.8.1 (a) A 10−3 kg · m2/s; (c) 3.9 × 10−3 kg · m2/s 39. (a) 1.47 N · m; (b) 20.4
and C tie, then B and D tie; (b) B and D; (c) A and C rad; (c) −29.9 J; (d) 19.9 W 41. (a) 1.6 kg · m2; (b) 4.0 kg · m2/s
Q 1. (a) c, a, then b and d tie; (b) b, then a and c tie, then d 43. (a) 1.5 m; (b) 0.93 rad/s; (c) 98 J; (d) 8.4 rad/s; (e) 8.8 × 102 J;
3. all tie 5. (a) decrease; (b) clockwise; (c) counterclock- (f) internal energy of the skaters 45. (a) 3.6 rev/s; (b) 3.0;
wise 7. larger 9. c, a, b 11. less (c) forces on the bricks from the man transferred energy from
P 1. 14 rev 3. (a) 4.0 rad/s; (b) 11.9 rad/s 5. 11 rad/s 7. (a) the man’s internal energy to kinetic energy 47. 0.17 rad/s
4.0 m/s; (b) no 9. (a) 3.00 s; (b) 18.9 rad 11. (a) 30 s; (b) 1.8 × 49. (a) 750 rev/min; (b) 450 rev/min; (c) clockwise 51. (a) 267
103 rad 13. (a) 3.4 × 102 s; (b) −4.5 × 10−3 rad/s2; (c) 98 s rev/min; (b) 0.667 53. 1.3 × 103 m/s 55. 3.4 rad/s 57. (a) 18
15. 8.0 s 17. (a) 44 rad; (b) 5.5 s; (c) 32 s; (d) −2.1 s; (e) 40 s rad/s; (b) 0.92 59. 11.0 m/s 61. 1.5 rad/s 63. 0.070 rad/s
19. (a) 2.50 × 10−3 rad/s; (b) 20.2 m/s2; (c) 0 21. 6.9 × 10−13 65. (a) 0.148 rad/s; (b) 0.0123; (c) 181° 67. (a) 0.180 m; (b)

(4.0 N)i ̂ 73. (a) 0; (b) 0; (c) −30t3k̂ kg · m2/s; (d) −90t2k̂ N · m; (e)
rad/s 23. (a) 20.9 rad/s; (b) 12.5 m/s; (c) 800 rev/min2; (d) 600 clockwise 69. 0.041 rad/s 71. (a) 1.6 m/s2; (b) 16 rad/s2; (c)

30t3k̂ kg · m2/s; (f) 90t2k̂ N · m 75. (a) 149 kg · m2; (b) 158 kg · m2/s;
rev 25. (a) 7.3 × 10−5 rad/s; (b) 3.5 × 102 m/s; (c) 7.3 × 10−5
rad/s; (d) 4.6 × 102 m/s 27. (a) 73 cm/s2; (b) 0.075; (c) 0.11
29. (a) 3.8 × 103 rad/s; (b) 1.9 × 102 m/s 31. (a) 40 s; (b) 2.0 (c) 0.744 rad/s 77. (a) 6.65 × 10−5 kg · m2/s; (b) no; (c) 0; (d) yes
rad/s2 33. 12.3 kg · m2 35. (a) 1.1 kJ; (b) 9.7 kJ 37. 0.097 79. −5.58 rad/s · m 81. (a) 0; (b) −2.86 × 10−4 kg · m2/s; (c)
kg · m2 39. (a) 49 MJ; (b) 1.0 × 102 min 41. (a) 0.023 kg · m2; 2.86 × 10−4 kg · m2/s 83. (a) 3.14 × 10−4 N · m; (b) −1.97 mJ;
(b) 1.1 mJ 43. 4.7 × 10−4 kg · m2 45. −3.85 N · m 47. 4.6 N · m (c) −3.59 mJ; (d) 0.0126
49. (a) 28.2 rad/s2; (b) 338 N · m 51. (a) 6.00 cm/s2; (b) 4.87 N;
→
(c) 4.54 N; (d) 1.20 rad/s2; (e) 0.0138 kg · m2 53. 0.140 N Chapter 12
55. 2.51 × 10−4 kg · m2 57. (a) 4.2 × 102 rad/s2; (b) 5.0 × 102 CP 12.1.1 c, e, f 12.2.1 (a) no; (b) at site of F 1, perpendicular
rad/s 59. 396 N · m 61. (a) −19.8 kJ; (b) 1.32 kW 63. to plane of figure; (c) 45 N 12.3.1 d
5.42 m/s 65. (a) 5.32 m/s2; (b) 8.43 m/s2; (c) 41.8º 67. 9.82 Q 1. (a) 1 and 3 tie, then 2; (b) all tie; (c) 1 and 3 tie, then 2
rad/s 69. 6.16 × 10−5 kg · m2 71. (a) 31.4 rad/s2; (b) 0.754 m/s2; (zero) 3. a and c (forces and torques balance) 5. (a) 12 kg;
(c) 56.1 N; (d) 55.1 N 73. (a) 4.81 × 105 N; (b) 1.12 × 104 N · m; (b) 3 kg; (c) 1 kg 7. (a) at C (to eliminate forces there from a
(c) 1.25 × 106 J 75. (a) 2.3 rad/s2; (b) 1.4 rad/s2 77. (a) −67 torque equation); (b) plus; (c) minus; (d) equal 9. increase
rev/min2; (b) 8.3 rev 81. 3.1 rad/s 83. (a) 1.57 m/s2; (b) 4.55 N; 11. A and B, then C
(c) 4.94 N 85. (a) 0.262 rad/h; (b) 0.267 rad/h; (c) 373 d P 1. (a) 1.00 m; (b) 2.00 m; (c) 0.987 m; (d) 1.97 m 3. (a)
87. (a) 0.74778 rev/s; (b) 1.40 ms 89. (a) −4.9 rad/s2; (b) stay the 9.4 N; (b) 4.4 N 5. 7.92 kN 7. (a) 2.8 × 102 N; (b) 8.8 × 102 N;

bans_Regular.indd 4 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 ANSWERS AN-5

(c) 71° 9. 74.4 g 11. (a) 1.2 kN; (b) down; (c) 1.7 kN; (d) up; 14.5.1 (a) all tie (the gravitational force on the penguin is the
(e) left; (f) right 13. (a) 2.7 kN; (b) up; (c) 3.6 kN; (d) down same); (b) 0.95𝜌0, 𝜌0, 1.1𝜌0 14.6.1 13 cm3/s, outward
15. (a) 5.0 N; (b) 30 N; (c) 1.3 m 17. (a) 0.64 m; (b) in- 14.7.1 (a) all tie; (b) 1, then 2 and 3 tie, 4 (wider means slower);
creased 19. 8.7 N 21. (a) 6.63 kN; (b) 5.74 kN; (c) 5.96 kN (c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (wider and lower mean more pressure)

(b) up; (c) 2.1 kN; (d) down 29. (a) (−80 N)i ̂ + (1.3 × 102 N)ˆj;
23. (a) 192 N; (b) 96.1 N; (c) 55.5 N 25. 13.6 N 27. (a) 1.9 kN; Q 1. (a) moves downward; (b) moves downward 3. (a)

(b) (80 N)i ̂ + (1.3 × 102 N)ˆj 31. 2.20 m 33. (a) 60.0°; (b) 300 N
downward; (b) downward; (c) same 5. b, then a and d tie
(zero), then c 7. (a) 1 and 4; (b) 2; (c) 3 9. B, C, A
35. (a) 445 N; (b) 0.50; (c) 315 N 37. 0.34 39. (a) 207 N; P 1. 0.074 3. 1.1 × 105 Pa 5. 2.9 × 104 N 7. (b) 26 kN
(b) 539 N; (c) 315 N 41. (a) slides; (b) 31°; (c) tips; (d) 34° 9. (a) 1.0 × 103 torr; (b) 1.7 × 103 torr 11. (a) 94 torr; (b) 4.1 ×
43. (a) 6.5 × 106 N/m2; (b) 1.1 × 10−5 m 45. (a) 0.80; (b) 0.20; 102 torr; (c) 3.1 × 102 torr 13. 1.08 × 103 atm 15. −2.6 × 104 Pa
(c) 0.25 47. (a) 1.4 × 109 N; (b) 75 49. (a) 866 N; (b) 143 N; 17. 7.2 × 105 N 19. 4.69 × 105 N 21. 0.635 J 23. 44 km
(c) 0.165 51. (a) 1.2 × 102 N; (b) 68 N 53. (a) 1.8 × 107 N; (b) 25. 739.26 torr 27. (a) 7.9 km; (b) 16 km 29. 8.50 kg 31. (a)
1.4 × 107 N; (c) 16 55. 0.29 57. 76 N 59. (a) 8.01 kN; (b) 6.7 × 102 kg/m3; (b) 7.4 × 102 kg/m3 33. (a) 2.04 × 10−2 m3;

(d) L/8; (e) 25L/24 65. (a) 88 N; (b) (30i ̂ + 97ˆj) N

3.65 kN; (c) 5.66 kN 61. 71.7 N 63. (a) L/2; (b) L/4; (c) L/6; (b) 1.57 kN 35. five 37. 57.3 cm 39. (a) 1.2 kg; (b) 1.3 × 103
kg/m3 41. (a) 0.10; (b) 0.083 43. (a) 637.8 cm3; (b) 5.102 m3;

73. (a) (35i ̂ + 200ˆj) N; (b) (–45i ̂ + 200ˆj) N; (c) 1.9 × 102 N
67. 2.4 × 109 N/m2 69. 60° 71. (a) μ < 0.57; (b) μ > 0.57 (c) 5.102 × 103 kg 45. 0.126 m3 47. (a) 1.80 m3; (b) 4.75 m3
49. (a) 3.0 m/s; (b) 2.8 m/s 51. 8.1 m/s 53. 66 W 55. 1.4 ×
75. (a) BC, CD, DA; (b) 535 N; (c) 757 N 77. (a) 2.5 m; (b) 7.3° 105 J 57. (a) 1.6 × 10−3 m3/s; (b) 0.90 m 59. (a) 2.5 m/s;
79. 340 N 81. 1.9 km 83. (a) 1.39 × 105 N; (b) 1.70 × 105 (b) 2.6 × 105 Pa 61. (a) 3.9 m/s; (b) 88 kPa 63. 1.1 × 102
N; (c) 2.52 × 105 N; (d) 2.26 × 108 N/m2; (e) 2.76 × 108 N/m2; m/s 65. (b) 2.0 × 10−2 m3/s 67. (a) 74 N; (b) 1.5 × 102 m3
(f) 4.09 × 108 N/m2; (g) first two are safe 85. 1.8 × 102 N 69. (a) 0.0776 m3/s; (b) 69.8 kg/s 71. (a) 35 cm; (b) 30 cm;
(c) 20 cm 73. 1.5 g/cm3 75. 5.11 × 10−7 kg 77. 44.2 g
Chapter 13 79. 42 h 81. (a) 0.10; (b) 2.94 × 1015 N 83. −1.1 kPa
CP 13.1.1 all tie 13.2.1 (a) 1, tie of 2 and 4, then 3; (b) line d 85. 0.95 m 87. 6 × 109 89. (a) 1.5 m/s; (b) RV/2πrv1;
13.3.1 less than 13.4.1 (a) decreases; (b) sphere 13.5.1 (a) (c) decreases; (d) 0.0042 cm; (e) 3.1 cm/s
increase; (b) negative 13.6.1 (a) 2; (b) 1 13.7.1 (a) path 1
(decreased E (more negative) gives decreased a); (b) less
(decreased a gives decreased T) Chapter 15
Q 1. 3GM2/d2, leftward 3. Gm2/r2, upward 5. b and c tie, CP 15.1.1 (sketch x versus t) (a) −xm; (b) +xm; (c) 0 15.1.2 c
then a (zero) 7. 1, tie of 2 and 4, then 3 9. (a) positive y; (b) (a must have the form of Eq. 15.1.8) 15.1.3 a (F must have the
yes, rotates counterclockwise until it points toward particle B form of Eq. 15.1.10) 15.2.1 (a) 5 J; (b) 2 J; (c) 5 J 15.3.1 (a)
11. b, d, and f all tie, then e, c, a 1.5R0, 1.2R0, R0; (b) k0, 1.1k0, 1.3k0; (c) all tie 15.4.1 all tie (in
Eq. 15.4.6, m is included in I) 15.5.1 1, 2, 3 (the ratio m/b mat-
P 1. 1_2 3. 19 m 5. 0.8 m 7. −5.00d 9. 2.60 × 105 km
ters; k does not) 15.6.1 (a) decrease; (b) increase
11. (a) M = m; (b) 0 13. 8.31 × 10−9 N 15. (a) −1.88d; Q 1. a and b 3. (a) 2; (b) positive; (c) between 0 and +xm
(b) −3.90d; (c) 0.489d 17. (a) 17 N; (b) 2.4 19. 2.6 × 106 m 5. (a) between D and E; (b) between 3π/2 rad and 2π rad
21. 5 × 1024 kg 23. (a) 7.6 m/s2; (b) 4.2 m/s2 25. (a) (3.0 × 7. (a) all tie; (b) 3, then 1 and 2 tie; (c) 1, 2, 3 (zero); (d) 1, 2, 3
10−7 N/kg)m; (b) (3.3 × 10−7 N/kg)m; (c) (6.7 × 10−7 N/kg · m)mr (zero); (e) 1, 3, 2 9. b (infinite period, does not oscillate), c, a
27. (a) 9.83 m/s2; (b) 9.84 m/s2; (c) 9.79 m/s2 29. 5.0 × 109 J 11. (a) greater; (b) same; (c) same; (d) greater; (e) greater
31. (a) 0.74; (b) 3.8 m/s2; (c) 5.0 km/s 33. (a) 0.0451; P 1. (a) 0.50 s; (b) 2.0 Hz; (c) 18 cm 3. 37.8 m/s2 5. (a) 1.0
(b) 28.5 35. −4.82 × 10−13 J 37. (a) 0.50 pJ; (b) −0.50 pJ mm; (b) 0.75 m/s; (c) 5.7 × 102 m/s2 7. (a) 498 Hz; (b) greater
39. (a) 1.7 km/s; (b) 2.5 × 105 m; (c) 1.4 km/s 41. (a) 82 km/s; 9. (a) 3.0 m; (b) −49 m/s; (c) −2.7 × 102 m/s2; (d) 20 rad; (e) 1.5
(b) 1.8 × 104 km/s 43. (a) 7.82 km/s; (b) 87.5 min 45. 6.5 × Hz; (f) 0.67 s 11. 39.6 Hz 13. (a) 0.500 s; (b) 2.00 Hz; (c) 12.6
1023 kg 47. 5 × 1010 stars 49. (a) 1.9 × 1013 m; (b) 6.4RP rad/s; (d) 79.0 N/m; (e) 4.40 m/s; (f) 27.6 N 15. (a) 0.18A; (b) same
51. (a) 6.64 × 103 km; (b) 0.0136 53. 5.8 × 106 m 57. 0.71 y direction 17. (a) 5.58 Hz; (b) 0.325 kg; (c) 0.400 m 19. (a)
59. (GM/L)0.5 61. (a) 3.19 × 103 km; (b) lifting 25 cm; (b) 2.2 Hz 21. 54 Hz 23. 3.1 cm 25. (a) 0.525 m; (b)
63. (a) 2.8 y; (b) 1.0 × 10−4 65. (a) r1.5; (b) r−1; (c) r0.5; (d) r−0.5 0.686 s 27. (a) 0.75; (b) 0.25; (c) 2−0.5xm 29. 37 mJ 31. (a)
67. (a) 7.5 km/s; (b) 97 min; (c) 4.1 × 102 km; (d) 7.7 km/s; 2.25 Hz; (b) 125 J; (c) 250 J; (d) 86.6 cm 33. (a) 1.1 m/s;
(e) 93 min; (f) 3.2 × 10−3 N; (g) no; (h) yes 69. 1.1 s (b) 3.3 cm 35. (a) 3.1 ms; (b) 4.0 m/s; (c) 0.080 J; (d) 80 N;
71. (a) GMmx(x2 + R2)−3/2; (b) [2GM(R−1 − (R2 + x2)−1/2)]1/2 (e) 40 N 37. (a) 2.2 Hz; (b) 56 cm/s; (c) 0.10 kg; (d) 20.0 cm
73. (a) 1.0 × 103 kg; (b) 1.5 km/s 75. 3.2 × 10−7 N 77. 037ˆj μN 39. (a) 39.5 rad/s; (b) 34.2 rad/s; (c) 124 rad/s2 41. (a) 0.205
79. 2πr1.5G−0.5(M + m/4)−0.5 81. (a) 2.2 × 10−7 rad/s; kg · m2; (b) 47.7 cm; (c) 1.50 s 43. (a) 1.64 s; (b) equal
(b) 89 km/s 83. (a) 2.15 × 104 s; (b) 12.3 km/s; (c) 12.0 45. 8.77 s 47. 0.366 s 49. (a) 0.845 rad; (b) 0.0602 rad
km/s; (d) 2.17 × 1011 J; (e) −4.53 × 1011 J; (f) −2.35 × 1011 J; 51. (a) 0.53 m; (b) 2.1 s 53. 0.0653 s 55. (a) 2.26 s; (b) increas-
(g) 4.04 × 107 m; (h) 1.22 × 103 s; (i) elliptical 85. 2.5 × 104 km es; (c) same 57. 6.0% 59. (a) 14.3 s; (b) 5.27 61. (a) Fm/b𝜔;
87. (a) 1.4 × 106 m/s; (b) 3 × 106 m/s2 89. −7.67 × 1028 J (b) Fm/b 63. 5.0 cm 65. (a) 2.8 × 103 rad/s; (b) 2.1 m/s; (c) 5.7
91. (a) 1.2 × 1014 m; (b) 1.9 × 1013 m; (c) 2.9 × 107 m; (d) 2.9 × km/s2 67. (a) 1.1 Hz; (b) 5.0 cm 69. 7.2 m/s 71. (a) 7.90 N/m;
103 m; (e) 3.0 × 10−35 m 93. (a) 3.5 × 1022 N; (b) 1 y (un- (b) 1.19 cm; (c) 2.00 Hz 73. (a) 1.3 × 102 N/m; (b) 0.62 s;
changed) 95. 7.2 × 10−9 N (c) 1.6 Hz; (d) 5.0 cm; (e) 0.51 m/s 75. (a) 16.6 cm; (b) 1.23%
77. (a) 1.2 J; (b) 50 79. 1.53 m 81. (a) 0.30 m; (b) 0.28 s;
Chapter 14 (c) 1.5 × 102 m/s2; (d) 11 J 83. (a) 1.23 kN/m; (b) 76.0 N
CP 14.1.1 1, 2, 3 14.2.1 all tie 14.3.1 2, 1, 3 14.4.1 (a) 85. 1.6 kg 87. (a) 0.735 kg · m2; (b) 0.0240 N · m; (c) 0.181
smaller face area; (b) larger face area; (c) same value rad/s 89. (a) 3.5 m; (b) 0.75 s 91. (a) 0.35 Hz; (b) 0.39 Hz;

bans_Regular.indd 5 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 AN-6 ANSWERS

(c) 0 (no oscillation) 93. (a) 245 N/m; (b) 0.284 s 95. 0.079 P 1. (a) 79 m; (b) 41 m; (c) 89 m 3. (a) 2.6 km; (b) 2.0 × 102
kg · m2 97. (a) 8.11 × 10−5 kg · m2; (b) 3.14 rad/s 99. 14.0° 5. 1.9 × 103 km 7. 40.7 m 9. 0.23 ms 11. (a) 76.2 μm; (b)
101. (a) 3.2 Hz; (b) 0.26 m; (c) x = (0.26 m) cos(20t − π/2), with t 0.333 mm 13. 960 Hz 15. (a) 2.3 × 102 Hz; (b) higher
in seconds 103. (a) 0.44 s; (b) 0.18 m 105. 0.93 s 107. 5.1 × 17. (a) 143 Hz; (b) 3; (c) 5; (d) 286 Hz; (e) 2; (f) 3 19. (a) 14;
102 m/s2 109. (a) 30°; (b) 6m2R2; (c) 3.8 rad/s 111. (a) 12 μm; (b) 14 21. (a) 343 Hz; (b) 3; (c) 5; (d) 686 Hz; (e) 2; (f) 3
(b) 2.8 cm/s 23. (a) 0; (b) fully constructive; (c) increase; (d) 128 m;
(e) 63.0 m; (f) 41.2 m 25. 36.8 nm 27. (a) 1.0 × 103; (b) 32
Chapter 16 29. 15.0 mW 31. 2 μW 33. 0.76 μm 35. (a) 5.97 × 10−5
CP 16.1.1 a, 2; b, 3; c, 1 (compare with the phase in Eq. 16.1.2, W/m2; (b) 4.48 nW 37. (a) 0.34 nW; (b) 0.68 nW; (c) 1.4 nW;
then see Eq. 16.1.5) 16.1.2 (a) 2, 3, 1 (see Eq. 16.1.12); (b) (d) 0.88 nW; (e) 0 39. (a) 405 m/s; (b) 596 N; (c) 44.0 cm;
3, then 1 and 2 tie (find amplitude of dy/dt) 16.2.1 (a) same (d) 37.3 cm 41. (a) 833 Hz; (b) 0.418 m 43. (a) 3; (b) 1129 Hz;
(independent of f); (b) decrease__ (𝜆 = v/f ); (c)
__ increase; (d) (c) 1506 Hz 45. (a) 2; (b) 1 47. 12.4 m 49. 45.3 N
increase 16.3.1 (a) P2 = √2 P1; (b) P3 = √2 P1 16.4.1 (a) ex- 51. 2.25 ms 53. 0.020 55. (a) 526 Hz; (b) 555 Hz 57. 0
treme displacement; (b) extreme displacement 16.5.1 0.20 and 59. (a) 1.022 kHz; (b) 1.045 kHz 61. 41 kHz 63. 155 Hz
0.80 tie, then 0.60, 0.45 16.6.1 A, D, C, B 16.7.1 (a) 1; (b) 3; 65. (a) 2.0 kHz; (b) 2.0 kHz 67. (a) 485.8 Hz; (b) 500.0 Hz;
(c) 2 16.7.2 (a) 75 Hz; (b) 525 Hz (c) 486.2 Hz; (d) 500.0 Hz 69. (a) 42º; (b) 11 s 71. 1 cm
Q 1. (a) 1, 4, 2, 3; (b) 1, 4, 2, 3 3. a, upward; b, upward; c, 73. 2.1 m 75. (a) 39.7 μW/m2; (b) 171 nm; (c) 0.893 Pa
downward; d, downward; e, downward; f, downward; g, upward; 77. 0.25 79. (a) 2.10 m; (b) 1.47 m 81. (a) 59.7; (b) 2.81 × 10−4
h, upward 5. intermediate (closer to fully destructive) 83. (a) rightward; (b) 0.90 m/s; (c) less 85. (a) 11 ms;
7. (a) 0, 0.2 wavelength, 0.5 wavelength (zero); (b) 4Pavg,1 9. d (b) 3.8 m 87. (a) 9.7 × 102 Hz; (b) 1.0 kHz; (c) 60 Hz, no
11. c, a, b 89. (a) 21 nm; (b) 35 cm; (c) 24 nm; (d) 35 cm 91. (a) 7.70 Hz;
P 1. 1.1 ms 3. (a) 3.49 m−1; (b) 31.5 m/s 5. (a) 0.680 s; (b) (b) 7.70 Hz 93. (a) 5.2 kHz; (b) 2 95. (a) 10 W;
1.47 Hz; (c) 2.06 m/s 7. (a) 64 Hz; (b) 1.3 m; (c) 4.0 cm; (d) (b) 0.032 W/m2; (c) 99 dB 97. (a) 0; (b) 0.572 m; (c) 1.14 m
5.0 m−1; (e) 4.0 × 102 s−1; (f) π/2 rad; (g) minus 9. (a) 3.0 mm; 99. 171 m 101. (a) 4.25 × 103 Hz; (b) 7.4 × 103 Hz
(b) 16 m−1; (c) 2.4 × 102 s−1; (d) minus 11. (a) negative; (b) 4.0 103. 3.74 Hz 105. (a) uncertainty of no more than 0.001 cm;
cm; (c) 0.31 cm−1; (d) 0.63 s−1; (e) π rad; (f) minus; (g) 2.0 cm/s; (b) no worse than one part in 6000 107. 0.667 s 109. (a) 5.0λ;
(h) −2.5 cm/s 13. (a) 11.7 cm; (b) π rad 15. (a) 0.12 mm; (b) fully constructive; (c) 5.5λ; (d) fully destructive
(b) 141 m−1; (c) 628 s−1; (d) plus 17. (a) 15 m/s; (b) 0.036 N
19. 129 m/s 21. 2.63 m 23. (a) 5.0 cm; (b) 40 cm; (c) 12 m/s;
(d) 0.033 s; (e) 9.4 m/s; (f) 16 m−1; (g) 1.9 × 102 s−1; (h) 0.93 rad; Chapter 18
(i) plus 27. 3.2 mm 29. 0.20 m/s 31. 1.41ym 33. (a) 9.0 mm; CP 18.1.1 1, then a tie of 2 and 4, then 3 18.2.1 (a) all tie;
(b) 16 m−1; (c) 1.1 × 103 s−1; (d) 2.7 rad; (e) plus 35. 5.0 cm (b) 50°X, 50°Y, 50°W 18.3.1 (a) 2 and 3 tie, then 1, then 4; (b)
37. (a) 3.29 mm; (b) 1.55 rad; (c) 1.55 rad 39. 84° 41. (a) 82.0 3, 2, then 1 and 4 tie (from Eqs. 18.3.1 and 18.3.2, assume that
m/s; (b) 16.8 m; (c) 4.88 Hz 43. (a) 7.91 Hz; (b) 15.8 Hz; (c) 23.7 change in area is proportional to initial area) 18.4.1 A (see
Hz 45. (a) 105 Hz; (b) 158 m/s 47. 260 Hz 49. (a) 144 m/s; Eq. 18.4.3) 18.5.1 c and e (maximize area enclosed by a clock-
(b) 60.0 cm; (c) 241 Hz 51. (a) 0.50 cm; (b) 3.1 m−1; (c) 3.1 × wise cycle) 18.5.2 (a) all tie (∆Eint depends on i and f, not on
102 s−1; (d) minus 53. (a) 0.25 cm; (b) 1.2 × 102 cm/s; (c) 3.0 cm; path); (b) 4, 3, 2, 1 (compare areas under curves); (c) 4, 3, 2, 1
(d) 0 55. 0.25 m 57. (a) 2.00 Hz; (b) 2.00 m; (c) 4.00 m/s; (d) (see Eq. 18.5.3) 18.5.3 (a) zero (closed cycle); (b) negative
50.0 cm; (e) 150 cm; (f) 250 cm; (g) 0; (h) 100 cm; (i) 200 cm (Wnet is negative; see Eq. 18.5.3) 18.6.1 b and d tie, then a, c
59. (a) 324 Hz; (b) eight 61. 36 N 63. (a) 75 Hz; (b) 13 ms (Pcond identical; see Eq. 18.6.1)
65. (a) 2.0 mm; (b) 95 Hz; (c) +30 m/s; (d) 31 cm; (e) 1.2 m/s Q 1. c, then the rest tie 3. B, then A and C tie 5. (a) f,
67. (a) 0.31 m; (b) 1.64 rad; (c) 2.2 mm 69. (a) 0.83y1; (b) 37° because ice temperature will not rise to freezing point and then
71. (a) 3.77 m/s; (b) 12.3 N; (c) 0; (d) 46.4 W; (e) 0; (f) 0; drop; (b) b and c at freezing point, d above, e below; (c) in b
(g) ±0.50 cm 73. 1.2 rad 75. (a) 300 m/s; (b) no 77. (a) liquid partly freezes and no ice melts; in c no liquid freezes and
[k ∆ℓ(ℓ + ∆ℓ)/m]0.5 79. (a) 144 m/s; (b) 3.00 m; (c) 1.50 m; no ice melts; in d no liquid freezes and ice fully melts; in e liquid
(d) 48.0 Hz; (e) 96.0 Hz 81. (a) 1.00 cm; (b) 3.46 × 103 s−1; (c) fully freezes and no ice melts 7. (a) both clockwise; (b) both
10.5 m−1; (d) plus 83. (a) 2πym/𝜆; (b) no 85. (a) 240 cm; (b) clockwise 9. (a) greater; (b) 1, 2, 3; (c) 1, 3, 2; (d) 1, 2, 3; (e) 2,
120 cm; (c) 80 cm 87. (a) 1.33 m/s; (b) 1.88 m/s; (c) 16.7 m/s2; 3, 1 11. c, b, a
(d) 23.7 m/s2 89. (a) 0.52 m; (b) 40 m/s; (c) 0.40 m 91. (a) P 1. 1.366 3. 348 K 5. (a) 320°F; (b) −12.3°F 7. −92.1°X
0.16 m; (b) 2.4 × 102 N; (c) y(x, t) = (0.16 m) sin[(1.57 m−1)x] 9. 2.731 cm 11. 49.87 cm3 13. 29 cm3 15. 360°C
sin[(31.4 s−1)t] 93. (a) v1 = 2v2; (b) 5L2/8 95. −0.64 rad 17. 0.26 cm3 19. 0.13 mm 21. 7.5 cm 23. 160 s 25. 94.6 L
27. 42.7 kJ 29. 33 m2 31. 33 g 33. 3.0 min 35. 13.5 C°
Chapter 17 37. (a) 5.3°C; (b) 0; (c) 0°C; (d) 60 g 39. 742 kJ 41. (a) 0°C;
CP 17.1.1 B 17.2.1 beginning to decrease (example: mentally (b) 2.5°C 43. (a) 1.2 × 102 J; (b) 75 J; (c) 30 J 45. −30 J
move the curves of Fig. 17.2.3 rightward past the point at x = 42 47. (a) 6.0 cal; (b) −43 cal; (c) 40 cal; (d) 18 cal; (e) 18 cal
cm) 17.3.1 C, then A and B tie 17.4.1 (a) 1 and 2 tie, then 3 49. 60 J 51. (a) 1.23 kW; (b) 2.28 kW; (c) 1.05 kW 53. 1.66
(see Eq. 17.4.3); (b) 3, then 1 and 2 tie (see Eq. 17.4.1) kJ/s 55. (a) 16 J/s; (b) 0.048 g/s 57. (a) 1.7 × 104 W/m2;
17.5.1 second (see Eqs.17.5.2 and 17.5.4) 17.6.1 (a) A, B, C; (b) 18 W/m2 59. 0.50 min 61. 0.40 cm/h 63. −4.2°C
(b) C, B, A 17.7.1 a, greater; b, less; c, can’t tell; d, can’t tell; e, 65. 1.1 m 67. 10% 69. (a) 80 J; (b) 80 J 71. 4.5 × 102 J/kg · K
greater; f, less 17.8.1 decreases 73. 0.432 cm3 75. 3.1 × 102 J 77. 79.5ºC 79. 23 J
Q 1. (a) 0, 0.2 wavelength, 0.5 wavelength (zero); (b) 4Pavg,1 81. (a) 11p1V1; (b) 6p1V1 83. 4.83 × 10−2 cm3 85. 10.5ºC
3. C, then A and B tie 5. E, A, D, C, B 7. 1, 4, 3, 2 9. 150 Hz 87. (a) 90 W; (b) 2.3 × 102 W; (c) 3.3 × 102 W 89. (a) 1.87 ×
and 450 Hz 11. 505, 507, 508 Hz or 501, 503, 508 Hz 104; (b) 10.4 h 91. 333 J 93. 8.6 J 95. (a) −45 J; (b) +45 J

bans_Regular.indd 6 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 ANSWERS AN-7

97. 4.0 × 103 min 101. 2.8 × 107 N/m2 103. 0.407 kW · h (b) 25 kJ; (c) 26 kJ; (d) 18 kJ 33. (a) 1.47 kJ; (b) 554 J;
105. 5.5 mm 107. 0.445 W 109. 65 W (c) 918 J; (d) 62.4% 35. (a) 3.00; (b) 1.98; (c) 0.660; (d) 0.495;
(e) 0.165; (f) 34.0% 37. 440 W 39. 20 J 41. 0.25 hp
Chapter 19 43. 2.03 47. (a) W = N!/(n1! n2! n3!); (b) [(N/2)! (N/2)!]/[(N/3)!
CP 19.1.1 divided by 2 19.2.1 all but c 19.3.1 C, B, A (N/3)! (N/3)!]; (c) 4.2 × 1016 49. 0.141 J/K· s 51. (a) 87 m/s;
19.4.1 (a) all tie; (b) 3, 2, 1 19.5.1 gas A 19.6.1 vrms, vavg, vP (b) 1.2 × 102 m/s; (c) 22 J/K 53. (a) 78%; (b) 82 kg/s
19.7.1 5 (greatest change in T), then tie of 1, 2, 3, and 4 55. (a) 40.9°C; (b) −27.1 J/K; (c) 30.3 J/K; (d) 3.18 J/K 57.
19.8.1 (a) 3, then a tie of 1 and 2; (b) all tie; (c) 3, then a tie of 1 +3.59 J/K 59. 1.18 × 103 J/K 63. (a) 0; (b) 0; (c) −23.0 J/K;
and 2 19.9.1 1, 2, 3 (Q3 = 0, Q2 goes into work W2, but Q1 goes (d) 23.0 J/K 65. (a) 25.5 kJ; (b) 4.73 kJ; (c) 18.5% 67. (a)
into greater work W1 and increases gas temperature) 1.95 J/K; (b) 0.650 J/K; (c) 0.217 J/K; (d) 0.072 J/K; (e) decrease
Q 1. d, then a and b tie, then c 3. 20 J 5. (a) 3; (b) 1; (c) 4; 69. (a) 4.45 J/K; (b) no 71. 53% 73. (a) 1.9 J; (b) 1.4 W;
(d) 2; (e) yes 7. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4; (b) 1, 2, 3 9. constant-volume (c) 1.9 J; (d) 19%
process
P 1. 0.933 kg 3. (a) 0.0388 mol; (b) 220°C 5. 25 molecules/ Chapter 21
cm3 7. (a) 3.14 × 103 J; (b) from 9. 186 kPa 11. 5.60 kJ CP 21.1.1 C and D attract; B and D attract 21.1.2 (a)
13. (a) 1.5 mol; (b) 1.8 × 103 K; (c) 6.0 × 102 K; (d) 5.0 kJ leftward; (b) leftward; (c) leftward 21.1.3 (a) a, c, b; (b) less
15. 360 K 17. 2.0 × 105 Pa 19. (a) 511 m/s; (b) −200°C; (c) than 21.2.1 −15e (net charge of −30e is equally shared)
899°C 21. 1.8 × 102 m/s 23. 1.9 kPa 25. (a) 5.65 × 10−21 J; Q 1. 3, 1, 2, 4 (zero) 3. a and b 5. 2kq2/r2, up the page
(b) 7.72 × 10−21 J; (c) 3.40 kJ; (d) 4.65 kJ 27. (a) 6.76 × 10−20 J; 7. b and c tie, then a (zero) 9. (a) same; (b) less than; (c) can-
(b) 10.7 29. (a) 6 × 109 km 31. (a) 3.27 × 1010 molecules/cm3; cel; (d) add; (e) adding components; (f) positive direction of y;
(b) 172 m 33. (a) 6.5 km/s; (b) 7.1 km/s 35. (a) 420 m/s; (b) (g) negative direction of y; (h) positive direction of x; (i)
458 m/s; (c) yes 37. (a) 0.67; (b) 1.2; (c) 1.3; (d) 0.33 negative direction of x 11. (a) +4e; (b) −2e upward; (c) −3e
39. (a) 1.0 × 104 K; (b) 1.6 × 105 K; (c) 4.4 × 102 K; (d) 7.0 × 103 upward; (d) −12e upward
K; (e) no; (f) yes 41. (a) 7.0 km/s; (b) 2.0 × 10−8 cm; (c) 3.5 × P 1. 0.500 3. 1.39 m 5. 2.81 N 7. −4.00 9. (a) −1.00 μC;
1010 collisions/s 43. (a) 3.49 kJ; (b) 2.49 kJ; (c) 997 J; (d) 1.00 (b) 3.00 μC 11. (a) 0.17 N; (b) −0.046 N 13. (a) −14 cm; (b) 0
kJ 45. (a) 6.6 × 10−26 kg; (b) 40 g/mol 47. (a) 0; (b) +374 J; 15. (a) 35 N; (b) −10º; (c) −8.4 cm; (d) +2.7 cm 17. (a) 1.60 N;
(c) +374 J; (d) +3.11 × 10−22 J 49. 15.8 J/mol· K 51. 8.0 kJ (b) 2.77 N 19. (a) 3.00 cm; (b) 0; (c) −0.444 21. 3.8 × 10−8 C
53. (a) 6.98 kJ; (b) 4.99 kJ; (c) 1.99 kJ; (d) 2.99 kJ 55. (a) 14 23. (a) 0; (b) 12 cm; (c) 0; (d) 4.9 × 10−26 N 25. 6.3 × 1011
atm; (b) 6.2 × 102 K 57. (a) diatomic; (b) 446 K; (c) 8.10 mol 27. (a) 3.2 × 10−19 C; (b) 2 29. (a) −6.05 cm; (b) 6.05 cm
59. −15 J 61. −20 J 63. (a) 3.74 kJ; (b) 3.74 kJ; (c) 0; (d) 0; 31. 122 mA 33. 1.3 × 107 C 35. (a) 0; (b) 1.9 × 10−9 N
(e) −1.81 kJ; (f) 1.81 kJ; (g) −3.22 kJ; (h) −1.93 kJ; (i) −1.29 37. (a) 9B; (b) 13N; (c) 12C 39. 1.31 × 10−22 N 41. (a) 5.7 ×
kJ; (j) 520 J; (k) 0; (l) 520 J; (m) 0.0246 m3; (n) 2.00 atm; (o) 1013 C; (b) cancels out; (c) 6.0 × 105 kg 43. (b) 3.1 cm
0.0373 m3; (p) 1.00 atm 65. (a) monatomic; (b) 2.7 × 104 K; 45. 0.19 MC 47. −45 μC 49. 3.8 N 51. (a) 2.00 × 1010 elec-
(c) 4.5 × 104 mol; (d) 3.4 kJ; (e) 3.4 × 102 kJ; (f) 0.010 trons; (b) 1.33 × 1010 electrons 53. (a) 8.99 × 109 N; (b) 8.99

1013 C 61. (a) (0.829 N)i;̂ (b) (−0.621 N)ˆj 63. (a) 1.37 × 105 C;
67. (a) 2.00 atm; (b) 333 J; (c) 0.961 atm; (d) 236 J 69. 349 K kN 55. (a) 0.5; (b) 0.15; (c) 0.85 57. 1.7 × 108 N 59. −1.32 ×
71. (a) −374 J; (b) 0; (c) +374 J; (d) +3.11 × 10−22 J 73. 7.03 ×
109 s−1 75. (a) 900 cal; (b) 0; (c) 900 cal; (d) 450 cal; (e) 1200 (b) 1.68 × 1016 N 65. (a) 8.2 × 10−8 N; (b) 3.6 × 10−47 N;
cal; (f) 300 cal; (g) 900 cal; (h) 450 cal; (i) 0; (j) −900 cal; (c) no 67. (a) xenon 131 67 90
54 Xe; (b) zinc 30 Zn; (c) zirconium 40 Zr
219 222 221
(k) 900 cal; (l) 450 cal 77. (a) 3/v 30; (b) 0.750v0; (c) 0.775v0 69. (a) radon 86 Rn; (b) radon 86 Rn; (c) francium 87 Fr
79. (a) −2.37 kJ; (b) 2.37 kJ 81. (b) 125 J; (c) to 83. (a) 8.0 71. (a) 89; (b) 36; (c) Kr; (d) 144
57 La
atm; (b) 300 K; (c) 4.4 kJ; (d) 3.2 atm; (e) 120 K; (f) 2.9 kJ;
(g) 4.6 atm; (h) 170 K; (i) 3.4 kJ 85. 1.0043 89. 1.93 × 104 K Chapter 22
91. (a) 1.44 × 103 m/s; (b) 5.78 × 10−4; (c) 71%; (d) 2.03 × CP 22.1.1 negatively charged 22.2.1 (a) rightward; (b)
103 m/s; (e) 4.09 × 10−4; (f) increased; (g) decreased leftward; (c) leftward; (d) rightward (p and e have same charge
magnitude, and p is farther) 22.3.1 (a) same; (b) same 22.4.1
Chapter 20 (a) toward positive y; (b) toward positive x; (c) toward nega-
CP 20.1.1 a, b, c 20.1.2 smaller (Q is smaller) 20.2.1 c, b, a tive y 22.5.1 decreases 22.6.1 (a) leftward; (b) leftward;
20.3.1 a, d, c, b 20.4.1 b (c) decrease 22.7.1 (a) all tie; (b) 1 and 3 tie, then 2 and 4 tie
Q 1. b, a, c, d 3. unchanged 5. a and c tie, then b and d tie Q 1. a, b, c 3. (a) yes; (b) toward; (c) no (the field vectors
7. (a) same; (b) increase; (c) decrease 9. A, first; B, first and are not along the same line); (d) cancel; (e) add; (f) adding
second; C, second; D, neither components; (g) toward negative y 5. (a) to their left; (b) no
P 1. (a) 9.22 kJ; (b) 23.1 J/K; (c) 0 3. 14.4 J/K 5. (a) 5.79 × 7. (a) 4, 3, 1, 2; (b) 3, then 1 and 4 tie, then 2 9. a, b, c
104 J; (b) 173 J/K 7. (a) 320 K; (b) 0; (c) +1.72 J/K 9. +0.76 11. e, b, then a and c tie, then d (zero) 13. a, b, c
J/K 11. (a) 57.0°C; (b) −22.1 J/K; (c) +24.9 J/K; (d) +2.8 J/K P 3. (a) 3.07 × 1021 N/C; (b) outward 5. 56 pC 7. (1.02 ×
13. (a) −710 mJ/K; (b) +710 mJ/K; (c) +723 mJ/K; (d) −723 105 N/C)ˆj 9. (a) 1.38 × 10−10 N/C; (b) 180º 11. −30 cm
mJ/K; (e) +13 mJ/K; (f) 0 15. (a) −943 J/K; (b) +943 J/K; 13. (a) 3.60 × 10−6 N/C; (b) 2.55 × 10−6 N/C; (c) 3.60 × 10−4
(c) yes 17. (a) 0.333; (b) 0.215; (c) 0.644; (d) 1.10; (e) 1.10; N/C; (d) 7.09 × 10−7 N/C; (e) As the proton nears the disk,
(f) 0; (g) 1.10; (h) 0; (i) −0.889; (j) −0.889; (k) −1.10; (l) −0.889; the forces on it from electrons es more nearly cancel. 15. (a)
(m) 0; (n) 0.889; (o) 0 19. (a) 0.693; (b) 4.50; (c) 0.693; (d) 0; 160 N/C; (b) 45º 17. (a) −90º; (b) +2.0 μC; (c) −1.6 μC
(e) 4.50; (f) 23.0 J/K; (g) −0.693; (h) 7.50; (i) −0.693; (j) 3.00; 19. (a) qd/4πε0r3; (b) −90º 23. 0.506 25. (a) 1.62 ×106 N/C;
(k) 4.50; (l) 23.0 J/K 21. −1.18 J/K 23. 97 K 25. (a) 266 (b) −45º 27. (a) 23.8 N/C; (b) −90º 29. 1.57 31. (a) −5.19 ×
K; (b) 341 K 27. (a) 23.6%; (b) 1.49 × 104 J 29. (a) 2.27 kJ; 10−14 C/m; (b) 1.57 × 10−3 N/C; (c) −180º; (d) 1.52 × 10−8 N/C;
(b) 14.8 kJ; (c) 15.4%; (d) 75.0%; (e) greater 31. (a) 33 kJ; (e) 1.52 × 10−8 N/C 35. 0.346 m 37. 28% 39. −5e

bans_Regular.indd 7 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 AN-8 ANSWERS

mV 35. (−12 V/m)i ̂ +(12 V/m)ˆj 37. 150 N/C 39. (−4.0 ×
41. (a) 1.5 × 103 N/C; (b) 2.4 × 10−16 N; (c) up; (d) 1.6 × 10−26 N; (b) −1.78 V 27. 13 kV 29. 32.4 mV 31. 47.1 μV 33. 18.6

10−16 N)i ̂ + (1.6 × 10−16 N)ˆj 41. (a) 0.90 J; (b) 4.5 J 43. −0.192
(e) 1.5 × 1010 43. 3.51 × 1015 m/s2 45. 6.6 × 10−15 N 47. (a)
1.92 × 1012 m/s2; (b) 1.96 × 105 m/s 49. (a) 0.245 N; (b) −11.3º;
(c) 108 m; (d) −21.6 m 51. 2.6 × 10−10 N; (b) 3.1 × 10−8 N; (c) pJ 45. 2.5 km/s 47. 22 km/s 49. 0.32 km/s 51. (a) +6.0 ×
moves to stigma 53. 27 μm 55. (a) 2.7 × 106 m/s; (b) 1.0 kN/C 104 V; (b) −7.8 × 105 V; (c) 2.5 J; (d) increase; (e) same; (f)
57. (a) 9.30 × 10−15 C · m; (b) 2.05 × 10−11 J 59. 1.22 × 10−23 J same 53. (a) 0.225 J; (b) A 45.0 m/s2, B 22.5 m/s2; (c) A
61. (1/2π)(pE/I)0.5 63. (a) 8.87 × 10−15 N; (b) 120 65. 217º 7.75 m/s, B 3.87 m/s 55. 1.6 × 10−9 m 57. (a) 3.0 J; (b) −8.5 m
67. 61 N/C 69. (a) 47 N/C; (b) 27 N/C 71. 38 N/C 59. (a) proton; (b) 65.3 km/s 61. (a) 12; (b) 2 63. (a) −1.8 ×
73. (a) −1.0 cm; (b) 0; (c) 10 pC 75. +1.00 μC 77. (a) 6.0 mm; 102 V; (b) 2.9 kV; (c) −8.9 kV 65. 2.5 × 10−8 C 67. (a)
(b) 180º 79. 8.4 × 107 N/C 81. 5.2 cm 12 kN/C; (b) 1.8 kV; (c) 5.8 cm 69. (a) 64 N/C; (b) 2.9 V; (c) 0
71. p/2πε0r3 73. (a) 3.6 × 105 V; (b) no 75. 6.4 × 108 V
Chapter 23 77. 2.90 kV 79. 7.0 × 105 m/s 81. (a) 1.8 cm; (b) 8.4 × 105 m/s;
CP 23.1.1 (a) +EA; (b) −EA; (c) 0; (d) 0 23.2.1 (a) 2; (b) 3; (c) 2.1 × 10−17 N; (d) positive; (e) 1.6 × 10−17 N; (f) negative
(c) 1 23.2.2 (a) equal; (b) equal; (c) equal 23.3.1 (a) −Q; 83. (a) +7.19 × 10−10 V; (b) +2.30 × 10−28 J; (c) +2.43 × 10−29 J
(b) 4Q; (c) Q; (d) 0; (e) 4Q 23.4.1 (a) λw; (b) 0; (c) −λw; (d) λw; 85. 2.30 × 10−28 J 87. 2.1 days 89. 2.30 × 10−22 J 91. 1.48 ×
(e) λw 23.5.1 all tie 23.6.1 3 and 4 tie, then 2, 1 107 m/s 93. 18 MV 95. 2.8 × 105
Q 1. (a) 8 N · m2/C; (b) 0 3. all tie 5. all tie 7. a, c, then b
Chapter 25
and d tie (zero) 9. (a) 2, 1, 3; (b) all tie (+4q) 11. (a) impos-
CP 25.1.1 (a) same; (b) same 25.2.1 (a) decreases; (b) in-
sible; (b) −3q0; (c) impossible
creases; (c) decreases 25.3.1 (a) V, q/2; (b) V/ 2, q 25.4.1 (a)
P 1. −0.015 N · m2/C 3. (a) 0; (b) −3.92 N · m2/C; (c) 0; (d) 0
E1 = E2; (b) Vol1 = 2(Vol2); (c) U1 = 2U2 25.6.1 (a) q1 = q2;
5. 3.01 nN · m2/C 7. 2.0 × 105 N · m2/C 9. (a) 8.23 N · m2/C;
(b) q1′ < q2′ ; (c) V1 > V2
(b) 72.9 pC; (c) 8.23 N · m2/C; (d) 72.9 pC 11. −1.70 nC
Q 1. a, 2; b, 1; c, 3 3. (a) no; (b) yes; (c) all tie 5. (a) same;
13. 3.54 μC 15. (a) 0; (b) 0.0417 17. (a) 37 μC; (b) 4.1 × 106
(b) same; (c) more; (d) more 7. a, series; b, parallel; c, parallel
N · m2/C 19. (a) 4.5 × 10−7 C/m2; (b) 5.1 × 104 N/C 21. (a)
9. (a) increase; (b) same; (c) increase; (d) increase; (e) increase;
−3.0 × 10−6 C; (b) +1.3 × 10−5 C 23. (a) 0.32 μC; (b) 0.14 μC
(f) increase 11. parallel, C1 alone, C2 alone, series
25. 5.0 μC/m 27. 3.8 × 10−8 C/m2 29. (a) 0.214 N/C; (b) in-
P 1. (a) 3.5 pF; (b) 3.5 pF; (c) 57 V 3. (a) 144 pF; (b) 17.3 nC
ward; (c) 0.855 N/C; (d) outward; (e) −3.40 × 10−12 C; (f)

105 N/C; (d) inward 33. (a) 0; (b) 0; (c) (−7.91 × 10−11 N/C)i ̂
5. 0.280 pF 7. 6.79 × 10−4 F/m2 9. 315 mC 11. 3.16 μF
−3.40 × 10−12 C 31. (a) 2.3 × 106 N/C; (b) outward; (c) 4.5 ×
13. 43 pF 15. (a) 3.00 μF; (b) 60.0 μC; (c) 10.0 V; (d) 30.0 μC;
(e) 10.0 V; (f) 20.0 μC; (g) 5.00 V; (h) 20.0 μC 17. (a) 789 μC;
35. −1.5 37. (a) 5.3 × 107 N/C; (b) 60 N/C 39. 5.0 nC/m2
(b) 78.9 V 19. (a) 4.0 μF; (b) 2.0 μF 21. (a) 50 V; (b) 5.0 ×
41. 0.44 mm 43. (a) 0; (b) 1.31 μN/C; (c) 3.08 μN/C; (d) 3.08
10−5 C; (c) 1.5 × 10−4 C 23. (a) 4.5 × 1014; (b) 1.5 × 1014; (c)
μN/C 45. (a) 2.50 × 104 N/C; (b) 1.35 × 104 N/C 47. −7.5 nC
3.0 × 1014; (d) 4.5 × 1014; (e) up; (f) up 25. 3.6 pC 27. (a) 9.00
49. (a) 0; (b) 56.2 mN/C; (c) 112 mN/C; (d) 49.9 mN/C; (e) 0; (f)
μC; (b) 16.0 μC; (c) 9.00 μC; (d) 16.0 μC; (e) 8.40 μC; (f) 16.8
0; (g) −5.00 fC; (h) 0 51. 1.79 × 10−11 C/m2 53. (a) 7.78 fC; (b)
μC; (g) 10.8 μC; (h) 14.4 μC 29. 72 F 31. 0.27 J 33. 0.11
0; (c) 5.58 mN/C; (d) 22.3 mN/C 55. 6Kε0r3 57. (a) 0; (b) 2.88
J/m3 35. (a) 9.16 × 10−18 J/m3; (b) 9.16 × 10−6 J/m3; (c) 9.16 ×
× 104 N/C; (c) 200 N/C 59. (a) 5.4 N/C; (b) 6.8 N/C 61. (a) 0;
106 J/m3; (d) 9.16 × 1018 J/m3; (e) ∞ 37. (a) 16.0 V; (b) 45.1 pJ;
(b) qa/4πε0r2; (c) (qa + qb)/4πε0r2 63. −1.04 nC 65. (a) 0.125;
(c) 120 pJ; (d) 75.2 pJ 39. (a) 190 V; (b) 95 mJ 41. 81 pF/m
(b) 0.500 67. (a) +2.0 nC; (b) −1.2 nC; (c) +1.2 nC; (d) +0.80
43. Pyrex 45. 66 μJ 47. 0.63 m2 49. 17.3 pF 51. (a)
nC 69. (5.65 × 104 N/C)ˆj 71. (a) −2.53 × 10−2 N · m2/C;
10 kV/m; (b) 5.0 nC; (c) 4.1 nC 53. (a) 89 pF; (b) 0.12 nF;
(b) +2.53 × 10−2 N · m2/C 75. 3.6 nC 79. (a) −q; (b) +q;
(c) 11 nC; (d) 11 nC; (e) 10 kV/m; (f) 2.1 kV/m; (g) 88 V; (h)
(c) kq/r2; (d) 0 (inside the conducting material); (e) +q; (f) yes,
−0.17 μJ 55. (a) 0.107 nF; (b) 7.79 nC; (c) 7.45 nC 57. 45 μC
positive charge shifts to be closer to the second particle; (g) no,
59. 16 μC 61. (a) 7.20 μC; (b) 18.0 μC; (c) Battery supplies
the second particle does not provide any force on the charge on
charges only to plates to which it is connected; charges on other
the inner surface; (h) yes; (i) no
plates are due to electron transfers between plates, in accord
with new distribution of voltages across the capacitors. So the
Chapter 24 battery does not directly supply charge on capacitor 4. 63. 21
CP 24.1.1 (a) negative; (b) positive; (c) increase; (d) higher pF/m 65. (a) 103 nJ; (b) 25.4 μJ/m3; (c) 13.7 cm 67. (a)
24.2.1 (a) rightward; (b) 1, 2, 3, 5: positive; 4, negative; (c) 3, q2/2ε0A; (b) 8.14 × 103 N; (c) ε0E2/2; (d) 1.34 × 10−2 N/m2
then 1, 2, and 5 tie, then 4 24.3.1 all tie 24.4.1 a, c (zero), b 69. (a) 50 V; (b) 0 V 71. (a) ε0A/(a − b); (b) 0.59 pF; (c) same
24.5.1 all tie 24.6.1 (a) 2, then 1 and 3 tie; (b) 3; (c) accelerate
leftward 24.7.1 A, B, C 24.8.1 (a) 3; (b) 4 Chapter 26
Q 1. −4q/4πε0d 3. (a) 1 and 2; (b) none; (c) no; (d) 1 and 2, CP 26.1.1 8 A, rightward 26.2.1 (a)−(c) rightward 26.3.1
yes; 3 and 4, no 5. (a) higher; (b) positive; (c) negative; (d) all a and c tie, then b 26.4.1 device 2 26.5.1 (a) and (b) tie, then
tie 7. (a) 0; (b) 0; (c) 0; (d) all three quantities still 0 9. (a) 3 (d), then (c)
and 4 tie, then 1 and 2 tie; (b) 1 and 2, increase; 3 and 4, de- Q 1. tie of A, B, and C, then tie of A + B and B + C, then
crease 11. a, b, c A + B + C 3. (a) top-bottom, front-back, left-right;
P 1. (a) 3.0 × 105 C; (b) 3.6 × 106 J 3. 3.0 × 1010 J; (b) 7.7 × 103 (b) top-bottom, front-back, left-right; (c) top-bottom, front-back,
m/s 5. 8.8 mm 7. −32.0 V 9. (a) 1.87 × 10−21 J; (b) −11.7 mV left-right; (d) top-bottom, front-back, left-right 5. a, b, and c
11. (a) −0.268 mV; (b) −0.681 mV 13. (a) 3.3 nC; (b) 12 nC/m2 all tie, then d 7. (a) B, A, C; (b) B, A, C 9. (a) C, B, A; (b)
15. (a) 0.54 mm; (b) 790 V 17. 0.562 mV 19. (a) 6.0 cm; (b) all tie; (c) A, B, C; (d) all tie 11. (a) a and c tie, then b (zero);
−12.0 cm 21. 16.3 μV 23. (a) 24.3 mV; (b) 0 25. (a) −2.30 V; (b) a, b, c; (c) a and b tie, then c

bans_Regular.indd 8 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 ANSWERS AN-9

→ → → → →
P 1. (a) 1.2 kC; (b) 7.5 × 1021 3. 6.7 μC/m2 5. (a) 6.4 A/m2; and −z tie, then +y and −y tie, then +x and −x tie (zero); (b) +y
(b) north; (c) cross-sectional area 7. 0.38 mm 9. 18.1 μA 5. (a) FE; (b) FB 7. (a) B 1; (b) B 1 into page, B 2 out of page;
11. (a) 1.33 A; (b) 0.666 A; (c) Ja 13. 13 min 15. 2.4 Ω (c) less 9. (a) positive; (b) 2 → 1 and 2 → 4 tie, then 2 → 3 (which

P 1. (a) 400 km/s; (b) 835 eV 3. (a) (6.2 × 10−14 N)k̂ ;

17. 2.0 × 106 (Ω · m)−1 19. 2.0 × 10−8 Ω · m 21. (1.8 × 103)ºC is zero) 11. (a) negative; (b) equal; (c) equal; (d) half-circle

(b) (−6.2 × 10−14 N)k̂ 5. −2.0 T 7. (−11.4 V/m)i ̂ − (6.00 V/m)ˆj

23. 8.2 × 10−8 Ω · m 25. 54 Ω 27. 3.0 29. 3.35 × 10−7 C

+ (4.80 V/m)k̂ 9. −(0.267 mT)k̂ 11. 0.68 MV/m 13. 7.4 μV

31. (a) 6.00 mA; (b) 1.59 × 10−8 V; (c) 21.2 nΩ 33. (a) 38.3

15. (a) (−600 mV/m)k̂ ; (b) 1.20 V 17. (a) 2.60 × 106 m/s;
mA; (b) 109 A/m2; (c) 1.28 cm/s; (d) 227 V/m 35. 981 kΩ
39. 150 s 41. (a) 1.0 kW; (b) US$0.25 43. 0.135 W 45. (a)
10.9 A; (b) 10.6 Ω; (c) 4.50 MJ 47. (a) 5.85 m; (b) 10.4 m (b) 0.109 μs; (c) 0.140 MeV; (d) 70.0 kV 19. 1.2 × 10−9 kg/C
49. (a) US$4.46; (b) 144 Ω; (c) 0.833 A 51. (a) 5.1 V; (b) 10 V; 21. (a) 2.05 × 10 7 m/s; (b) 467 μT; (c) 13.1 MHz; (d) 76.3 ns
(c) 10 W; (d) 20 W 53. (a) 28.8 Ω; (b) 2.60 × 1019 s−1 23. 21.1 μT 25. (a) 0.978 MHz; (b) 96.4 cm 27. (a) 495 mT;
55. 660 W 57. 28.8 kC 59. (a) silver; (b) 51.6 nΩ 61. (a) 2.3 × (b) 22.7 mA; (c) 8.17 MJ 29. 65.3 km/s 31. 5.07 ns
1012; (b) 5.0 × 103; (c) 10 MV 63. 2.4 kW 65. (a) 1.37; (b) 33. (a) 0.358 ns; (b) 0.166 mm; (c) 1.51 mm 35. (a) 200 eV;
0.730 67. (a) −8.6%; (b) smaller 69. 146 kJ 71. (a) 250ºC; (b) 20.0 keV; (c) 0.499% 37. 2.4 × 102 m 39. (a) 28.2 N;

(b) 0.138 N; (c) 0.138 N; (d) 0 45. (−2.50 mN)ˆj + (0.750 mN)k̂
(b) yes 73. 3.0 × 106 J/kg 75. 560 W 77. (a) 26 A/cm2; (b) horizontally west 41. (a) 467 mA; (b) right 43. (a) 0;
(b) 51 A/cm2; (c) 8.6 × 10−3 V/m
47. (a) 0.10 T; (b) 31º 49. (−4.3 × 10−3 N · m)ˆj 51. 2.45 A
Chapter 27 55. (a) 2.86 A · m2; (b) 1.10 A · m2 57. (a) 12.7 A; (b) 0.0805

(b) (96.0i ̂ + 48.0k̂ ) μN · m 63. (a) −(9.7 × 10−4 N · m)i ̂ − (7.2 ×

CP 27.1.1 (a) rightward; (b) all tie; (c) b, then a and c tie; N · m 59. (a) 0.30 A · m2; (b) 0.024 N · m 61. (a) −72.0 μJ;

10−4 N · m)ˆj + (8.0 × 10−4 N · m)k̂ ; (b) −6.0 × 10−4 J 65. (a)
(d) b, then a and c tie 27.1.2 (a) all tie; (b) R1, R2, R3 27.1.3
(a) less; (b) greater; (c) equal 27.2.1 (a) V/2, i; (b) V, i/2
27.4.1 (a) 1, 2, 4, 3; (b) 4, tie of 1 and 2, then 3 90º; (b) 1; (c) 1.28 × 10−7 N · m 67. (a) 20 min; (b) 5.9 × 10−2
Q 1. (a) equal; (b) more 3. parallel, R2, R1, series 5. (a) N · m 69. 8.2 mm 71. 127 u 73. (a) 6.3 × 1014 m/s2; (b)

(b) 0.50; (c) 14 cm; (d) 14 cm 81. (0.80ˆj –1.1k̂ ) mN

series; (b) parallel; (c) parallel 7. (a) less; (b) less; (c) more 3.0 mm 75. (a) 1.4; (b) 1.0 77. (−500 V/m)ˆj 79. (a) 0.50;

83. −40 mC 85. (a)(12.8i ̂ + 6.41ˆj) × 10−22 N; (b) 90°;

9. (a) parallel; (b) series 11. (a) same; (b) same; (c) less; (d)
more 13. (a) all tie; (b) 1, 3, 2
P 1. (a) 0.50 A; (b) 1.0 W; (c) 2.0 W; (d) 6.0 W; (e) 3.0 W; (c) 173° 87. 2iB(L + R) 89. (a) 18 cm/s; (b) 41 cm/s
(f) supplied; (g) absorbed 3. (a) 14 V; (b) 1.0 × 102 W; (c) 91. (a) 6.0 × 10−6 m; (b) 0.91 m
6.0 × 102 W; (d) 10 V; (e) 1.0 × 102 W 5. 11 kJ 7. (a) 80 J; Chapter 29
(b) 67 J; (c) 13 J 9. (a) 12.0 eV; (b) 6.53 W 11. (a) 50 V; (b) CP 29.1.1 a, c, b 29.2.1 b, c, a 29.3.1 d, tie of a and c, then b
48 V; (c) negative 13. (a) 6.9 km; (b) 20 Ω 15. 8.0 Ω 29.4.1 leftward 29.5.1 d, a, tie of b and c (zero)
17. (a) 0.004 Ω; (b) 1 19. (a) 4.00 Ω; (b) parallel 21. 5.56 Q 1. c, a, b 3. c, d, then a and b tie (zero) 5. a, c, b
A 23. (a) 50 mA; (b) 60 mA; (c) 9.0 V 25. 3d 27. 3.6 × 7. c and d tie, then b, a 9. b, a, d, c (zero) 11. (a) 1, 3, 2;
103 A 29. (a) 0.333 A; (b) right; (c) 720 J 31. (a) −11 V; (b) less
(b) −9.0 V 33. 48.3 V 35. (a) 5.25 V; (b) 1.50 V; (c) 5.25 V; P 1. (a) 3.3 μT; (b) yes 3. (a) 16 A; (b) east 5. (a) 1.0 mT;
(d) 6.75 V 37. 1.43 Ω 39. (a) 0.150 Ω; (b) 240 W 41. (a) (b) out; (c) 0.80 mT; (d) out 7. (a) 0.102 μT; (b) out
0.709 W; (b) 0.050 W; (c) 0.346 W; (d) 1.26 W; (e) −0.158 W 9. (a) opposite; (b) 30 A 11. (a) 4.3 A; (b) out 13. 50.3 nT

5.0 μT 21. 256 nT 23. (−7.75 × 10−23 N)i ̂ 25. 2.00 rad 27.
43. 9 45. (a) 0.67 A; (b) down; (c) 0.33 A; (d) up; (e) 0.33 A; 15. (a) 1.7 μT; (b) into; (c) 6.7 μT; (d) into 17. 132 nT 19.
(f) up; (g) 3.3 V 47. (a) 1.11 A; (b) 0.893 A; (c) 126 m 49. (a)

35. 88.4 pN/m 37. (−125 μN/m)i ̂ + (41.7 μN/m)ˆj 39. 800
0.45 A 51. (a) 55.2 mA; (b) 4.86 V; (c) 88.0 Ω; (d) decrease 61.3 mA 29. (80 μT)ˆj 31. (a) 20 μT; (b) into 33. (22.3 pT)ˆj
53. −3.0% 57. 0.208 ms 59. 4.61 61. (a) 2.41 μs; (b) 161 pF
63. (a) 1.1 mA; (b) 0.55 mA; (c) 0.55 mA; (d) 0.82 mA; (e) nN/m 41. (3.20 mN)ˆj 43. (a) 0; (b) 0.850 mT; (c) 1.70 mT; (d)
0.82 mA; (f) 0; (g) 4.0 × 102 V; (h) 6.0 × 102 V 65. 411 μA 0.850 mT 45. (a) –2.5 μT · m; (b) 0 47. (a) 0; (b) 0.10 μT; (c)
67. 0.72 MΩ 69. (a) 0.955 μC/s; (b) 1.08 μW; (c) 2.74 μW; 0.40 μT 49. (a) 533 μT; (b) 400 μT 51. 0.30 mT 53. 0.272 A
(d) 3.82 μW 71. (a) 3.00 A; (b) 3.75 A; (c) 3.94 A 73. (a) 55. (a) 4.77 cm; (b) 35.5 μT 57. (a) 2.4 A · m2; (b) 46 cm
1.32 × 107 A/m2; (b) 8.90 V; (c) copper; (d) 1.32 × 107 A/m2; 59. 0.47 A · m2 61. (a) 79 μT; (b) 1.1 × 10−6 N · m 63. (a)

(b) −z 71. 7.7 mT 73. (a) 15.3 μT 75. (a) (0.24i)̂ nT;
(e) 51.1 V; (f) iron 75. (a) 3.0 kV; (b) 10 s; (c) 11 GΩ (0.060 A · m2)ˆj; (b) (96 pT)ˆj 65. 1.28 mm 69. (a) 15 A;

(b) 0; (c) (−43k̂ ) pT; (d) (0.14k̂ ) nT 79. (a) 4.8 mT; (b) 0.93 mT;
77. (a) 85.0 Ω; (b) 915 Ω 81. 4.0 V 83. (a) 24.8 Ω; (b) 14.9
kΩ 85. the cable 87. −13 μC 89. 20 Ω 91. (a) 3.00 A; (b)
down; (c) 1.60 A; (d) down; (e) supply; (f) 55.2 W; (g) supply; (c) 0 83. 1.4 T
(h) 6.40 W 93. (a) 1.0 V; (b) 50 mΩ 95. 3 97. 0.58R
99. (a) 2.3 × 104 W; (b) 3.5 × 102 W; (c) 3.4 × 102 W; (d) 2.3 × Chapter 30
104 W 101. 14 ns CP 30.1.1 b, then d and e tie, and then a and c tie
(zero) 30.1.2 a and b tie, then c (zero) 30.2.1 c and d tie,
→
Chapter 28 then a and b tie 30.3.1 b, out; c, out; d, into; e, into
CP 28.1.1 a, +z; b, −x; c, FB = 0 28.2.1 (a) 2, then tie of 30.4.1 a, b, c 30.5.1 d and e 30.6.1 (a) 2, 3, 1 (zero); (b) 2, 3, 1
1 and 3 (zero); (b) 4 28.3.1 y, z, x 28.4.1 (a) electron; (b) 30.7.1 c 30.8.1 a and b tie, then c 30.9.1 b, c, a
clockwise 28.5.1 (a) 3, 2, 1; (b) 3, 2, 1 28.6.1 −y 28.7.1 Q 1. out 3. (a) all tie (zero); (b) 2, then 1 and 3 tie (zero) 5.
→
Q 1. (a) no, because →
circle 28.8.1 (a) all tie; (b) 1 and 4 tie, then 2 and 3 tie d and c tie, then b, a 7. (a) more; (b) same; (c) same; (d) same
→ →
v and FB must be perpendicular; (b) yes; (zero) 9. (a) all tie (zero); (b) 1 and 2 tie, then 3; (c) all tie
(c) no, because B and FB must be perpendicular 3. (a) +z (zero) 11. b

bans_Regular.indd 9 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 AN-10 ANSWERS

P 1. 0 3. 30 mA 5. 0 7. (a) 31 mV; (b) left 9. 0.198 mV (b) 38.8 V; (c) 159 V; (d) 224 V; (e) 64.2 V; (f) 75.0 V;
11. (b) 0.796 m2 13. 29.5 mC 15. (a) 21.7 V; (b) counter- (g) 100 W; (h) 0; (i) 0 61. (a) 0.743; (b) lead; (c) capacitive;
clockwise 17. (a) 1.26 × 10−4 T; (b) 0; (c) 1.26 × 10−4 T; (d) (d) no; (e) yes; (f) no; (g) yes; (h) 33.4 W 63. (a) 2.4 V; (b) 3.2
yes; (e) 5.04 × 10−8 V 19. 5.50 kV 21. (a) 40 Hz; (b) 3.2 mV mA; (c) 0.16 A 65. (a) 1.9 V; (b) 5.9 W; (c) 19 V; (d) 5.9 ×
23. (a) μ0iR2πr2/2x3; (b) 3μ0iπR2r2v/2x4; (c) counterclockwise 102 W; (e) 0.19 kV; (f) 59 kW 67. (a) 6.73 ms; (b) 2.24 ms;
25. (a) 13 μWb/m; (b) 17%; (c) 0 27. (a) 80 μV; (b) clockwise (c) capacitor; (d) 59.0 μF 69. (a) −0.405 rad; (b) 2.76 A;
29. (a) 48.1 mV; (b) 2.67 mA; (c) 0.129 mW 31. 3.68 μW (c) capacitive 71. (a) 64.0 Ω; (b) 50.9 Ω; (c) capacitive
33. (a) 240 μV; (b) 0.600 mA; (c) 0.144 μW; (d) 2.87 × 10−8 N; 73. (a) 2.41 μH; (b) 21.4 pJ; (c) 82.2 nC 75. (a) 39.1 Ω;
(e) 0.144 μW 35. (a) 0.60 V; (b) up; (c) 1.5 A; (d) clockwise; (b) 21.7 Ω; (c) capacitive 79. (a) 0.577Q; (b) 0.152
(e) 0.90 W; (f) 0.18 N; (g) 0.90 W 37. (a) 71.5 μV/m; (b) 143 81. (a) 45.0°; (b) 70.7 Ω 83. 1.84 kHz 85. (a) 0.689 μH;
μV/m 39. 0.15 V/m 41. (a) 2.45 mWb; (b) 0.645 mH (b) 17.9 pJ; (c) 0.110 μC 87. (a) 165 Ω; (b) 313 mH; (c) 14.9 μF
43. 1.81 μH/m 45. (a) decreasing; (b) 0.68 mH 47. (b) Leq 93. (a) 0.60 mA; (b) 52 mA
= ΣLj, sum from j = 1 to j = N 49. 59.3 mH 51. 46 Ω 53.
(a) 8.45 ns; (b) 7.37 mA 55. 6.91 57. (a) 1.5 s 59. (a) i[1 − Chapter 32
exp(−Rt/L)]; (b) (L/R) ln 2 61. (a) 97.9 H; (b) 0.196 mJ 63.
CP 32.1.1 d, b, c, a (zero) 32.2.1 a, c, b, d (zero) 32.3.1 tie
25.6 ms 65. (a) 18.7 J; (b) 5.10 J; (c) 13.6 J 67. (a) 34.2 J/m3;
of b, c, and d, then a 32.4.1 decrease 32.5.1 (a) 2; (b) 1
(b) 49.4 mJ 69. 1.5 × 108 V/m 71. (a) 1.0 J/m3; (b) 4.8 × 10−15
32.6.1 (a) away; (b) away; (c) less 32.7.1 (a) toward; (b) toward;
J/m3 73. (a) 1.67 mH; (b) 6.00 mWb 75. 13 μH 77. (b) have
(c) less 32.8.1 (a) up; (b) 2, 3, 1
the turns of the two solenoids wrapped in opposite direc-
Q 1. 1 a, 2 b, 3 c and d 3. a, decreasing; b, decreasing
tions 79. (a) 2.0 A; (b) 0; (c) 2.0 A; (d) 0; (e) 10 V;
5. supplied 7. (a) a and b tie, then c, d; (b) none (because
(f) 2.0 A/s; (g) 2.0 A; (h) 1.0 A; (i) 3.0 A; (j) 10 V; (k) 0; (l) 0 →

85. (a) (4.4 × 107 m/s2)i ;̂ (b) 0; (c) (−4.4 × 107 m/s2)i ̂
plate lacks circular symmetry, B not tangent to any circular
81. (a) 10 μT; (b) out; (c) 3.3 μT; (d) out 83. 0.520 ms
loop); (c) none 9. (a) 1 up, 2 up, 3 down; (b) 1 down, 2 up, 3
zero 11. (a) 1, 3, 2; (b) 2
87. (a) 0.40 V; (b) 20 A 89. (a) 10 A; (b) 1.0 × 102 J
P 1. +3 Wb 3. (a) 47.4 μWb; (b) inward 5. 2.4 × 1013 V/m · s
91. (a) 0; (b) 8.0 × 102 A/s; (c) 1.8 mA; (d) 4.4 × 102 A/s;
7. (a) 1.18 × 10−19 T; (b) 1.06 × 10−19 T 9. (a) 5.01 × 10−22 T;
(e) 4.0 mA; (f) 0 95. QR/if 97. (a) 1.26 × 10−4 T, 0, −1.26 ×
(b) 4.51 × 10−22 T 11. (a) 1.9 pT 13. 7.5 × 105 V/s
10−4 T; (b) 5.04 × 10−8 V
17. (a) 0.324 V/m; (b) 2.87 × 10−16A; (c) 2.87 × 10−18 19. (a)
Chapter 31 75.4 nT; (b) 67.9 nT 21. (a) 27.9 nT; (b) 15.1 nT 23. (a)
CP 31.1.1 (a) T/2; (b) T; (c) T/2; (d) T/4 31.1.2 (a) 4.25 V; 2.0 A; (b) 2.3 × 1011 V/m · s; (c) 0.50 A; (d) 0.63 μT · m 25. (a)
(b) 150 μJ 31.2.1 tie of 2 and 3, then 1 31.3.1 (a) remains the 0.63 μT; (b) 2.3 × 1012 V/m · s 27. (a) 0.71 A; (b) 0; (c) 2.8 A
same; (b) remains the same 31.3.2 (a) C, B, A; (b) 1, A; 2, B; 29. (a) 7.60 μA; (b) 859 kV · m/s; (c) 3.39 mm; (d) 5.16 pT
3, S; 4, C; (c) A 31.3.3 (a) remains the same; (b) increases; (c) 31. 55 μT 33. (a) 0; (b) 0; (c) 0; (d) ±3.2 × 10−25 J; (e) −3.2 ×
remains the same; (d) decreases 31.4.1 (a) 1, lags; 2, leads; 10−34 J · s; (f) 2.8 × 10−23 J/T; (g) −9.7 × 10−25 J; (h) ±3.2 ×
3, in phase; (b) 3 (ωd = ω when XL = XC) 31.5.1 (a) increase 10−25 J 35. (a) −9.3 × 10−24 J/T; (b) 1.9 × 10−23 J/T 37. (b) +x;
(circuit is mainly capacitive; increase C to decrease XC to be (c) clockwise; (d) +x 39. yes 41. 20.8 mJ/T 43. (b) Ki /B;
closer to resonance for maximum Pavg); (b) closer (c) −z; (d) 0.31 kA/m 47. (a) 1.8 × 102 km; (b) 2.3 × 10−5
31.6.1 (a) greater; (b) step-up 49. (a) 3.0 μT; (b) 5.6 × 10−10 eV 51. 5.15 × 10−24 A · m2
Q 1. b, a, c 3. (a) T/4; (b) T/4; (c) T/2; (d) T/2 5. c, b, a 53. (a) 0.14 A; (b) 79 μC 55. (a) 6.3 × 108 A; (b) yes; (c) no
7. a inductor; b resistor; c capacitor 9. (a) positive; (b) de- 57. 0.84 kJ/T 59. (a) (1.2 × 10−13 T) exp[−t/(0.012 s)];
creased (to decrease XL and get closer to resonance); (c) de- (b) 5.9 × 10−15 T 63. (a) 27.5 mm; (b) 110 mm 65. 8.0 A
creased (to increase XC and get closer to resonance) 67. (a) −8.8 × 1015 V/m · s; (b) 5.9 × 10−7 T · m 71. 1.9 × 10−12 T
11. (a) rightward, increase (XL increases, closer to resonance);
(b) rightward, increase (XC decreases, closer to resonance); Chapter 33
→
(c) rightward, increase (ωd /ω increases, closer to resonance) CP 33.1.1 (a) (Use Fig. 33.1.5.) On right side of rectangle, E
→ →
13. (a) inductor; (b) decrease is in negative y direction; on left side, E + dE is greater and
→ →
P 1. (a) 1.17 μJ; (b) 5.58 mA 3. (a) 6.00 μs; (b) 167 kHz; in same direction; (b) E is downward. On right side, B is in
→ →
(c) 3.00 μs 5. 45.2 mA 7. (a) 1.25 kg; (b) 372 N/m; negative z direction; on left side, B + dB is greater and in
(c) 1.75 × 10−4 m; (d) 3.02 mm/s 9. 7.0 × 10−4 s 11. (a) 6.0; same direction. 33.2.1 positive direction of x 33.3.1 (a)
(b) 36 pF; (c) 0.22 mH 13. (a) 0.180 mC; (b) 70.7 μs; (c) same; (b) decrease 33.4.1 a, d, b, c (zero) 33.5.1 a
66.7 W 15. (a) 3.0 nC; (b) 1.7 mA; (c) 4.5 nJ 17. (a) 275 Hz; 33.6.1 blue 33.7.1 (a) increase; (b) approximately 45°
(b) 365 mA 21. (a) 356 μs; (b) 2.50 mH; (c) 3.20 mJ Q 1. (a) positive direction of z; (b) x 3. (a) same; (b) increase;
23. (a) 1.98 μJ; (b) 5.56 μC; (c) 12.6 mA; (d) −46.9°; (e) +46.9° (c) decrease 5. (a) and (b) A = 1, n = 4, θ = 30° 7. a, b, c
25. 8.66 mΩ 29. (a) 95.5 mA; (b) 11.9 mA 31. (a) 0.65 kHz; (b) 9. B 11. none
24 Ω 33. (a) 6.73 ms; (b) 11.2 ms; (c) inductor; (d) 138 mH P 1. 7.49 GHz 3. (a) 515 nm; (b) 610 nm; (c) 555 nm; (d) 5.41 ×
35. 89 Ω 37. 7.61 A 39. (a) 267 Ω; (b) −41.5°; (c) 135 mA 1014 Hz; (e) 1.85 × 10−15 s 5. 5.0 × 10−21 H 7. 1.2 MW/m2
41. (a) 206 Ω; (b) 13.7°; (c) 175 mA 43. (a) 218 Ω; (b) 23.4°; 9. 0.10 MJ 11. (a) 6.7 nT; (b) y; (c) negative direction of y
(c) 165 mA 45. (a) yes; (b) 1.0 kV 47. (a) 224 rad/s; 13. (a) 1.03 kV/m; (b) 3.43 μT 15. (a) 87 mV/m; (b) 0.29 nT;
(b) 6.00 A; (c) 219 rad/s; (d) 228 rad/s; (e) 0.040 49. (a) (c) 6.3 kW 17. (a) 6.7 nT; (b) 5.3 mW/m2; (c) 6.7 W 19. 1.0 × 107
796 Hz; (b) no change; (c) decreased; (d) increased Pa 21. 5.9 × 10−8 Pa 23. (a) 4.68 × 1011 W; (b) any chance
53. (a) 12.1 Ω; (b) 1.19 kW 55. 1.84 A 57. (a) 117 μF; (b) 0; disturbance could move sphere from directly above source—
(c) 90.0 W; (d) 0°; (e) 1; (f) 0; (g) −90°; (h) 0 59. (a) 2.59 A; the two force vectors no longer along the same axis

bans_Regular.indd 10 25/05/21 12:10 PM

 ANSWERS AN-11

27. (a) 1.0 × 108 Hz; (b) 6.3 × 108 rad/s; (c) 2.1 m−1; (d) 1.0 μT; 87. (a) −5.5 cm; (b) +0.12; (c) V; (d) NI; (e) same 89. (a) 13.0
(e) z; (f) 1.2 × 102 W/m2; (g) 8.0 × 10−7 N; (h) 4.0 × 10−7 Pa cm; (b) 5.23 cm; (c) −3.25; (d) 3.13; (e) −10.2 91. (a) 25.0 cm;
29. 1.9 mm/s 31. (a) 0.17 μm; (b) toward the Sun 33. 3.1% (b) decrease 93. (a) 3.5; (b) 2.5 95. (a) +8.6 cm; (b) +2.6; (c)
35. 4.4 W/m2 37. (a) 2 sheets; (b) 5 sheets 39. (a) 1.9 V/m; R; (d) NI; (e) opposite 97. (a) +7.5 cm; (b) −0.75; (c) R; (d) I;
(b) 1.7 × 10−11 Pa 41. 20° or 70° 43. 0.67 45. 1.26 47. 1.48 (e) opposite 99. (a) +24 cm; (b) −0.58; (c) R; (d) I; (e) oppo-
49. 180° 51. (a) 56.9°; (b) 35.3° 55. 1.07 m 57. 182 cm site 105. (a) 3.00 cm; (b) 2.33 cm 107. (a) 40 cm; (b) 20 cm;
59. (a) 48.9°; (b) 29.0° 61. (a) 26.8°; (b) yes 63. (a) (1 + sin2 (c) −40 cm; (d) 40 cm 109. (a) 20 cm; (b) 15 cm
θ)0.5; (b) 20.5; (c) yes; (d) no 65. 23.2° 67. (a) 1.39; (b) 28.1°; 111. (a) 6.0 mm; (b) 1.6 kW/m2; (c) 4.0 cm 113. 100 cm
(c) no 69. 49.0° 71. (a) 0.50 ms; (b) 8.4 min; (c) 2.4 h; 115. 2.2 mm2 119. (a) −30 cm; (b) not inverted; (c) virtual;
(d) 5446 b.c. 73. (a) (16.7 nT) sin[(1.00 × 106 m−1)z + (3.00 × (d) 1.0 121. (a) −12 cm
1014 s−1)t]; (b) 6.28 μm; (c) 20.9 fs; (d) 33.2 mW/m2; (e) x;
(f) infrared 75. 1.22 77. (c) 137.6°; (d) 139.4°; (e) 1.7°
Chapter 35
81. (a) z axis; (b) 7.5 × 1014 Hz; (c) 1.9 kW/m2 83. (a) white;
(b) white dominated by red end; (c) no refracted light CP 35.1.1 b (least n), c, a 35.1.2 (a) top; (b) bright intermediate
85. 1.5 × 10−9 m/s2 87. (a) 3.5 μW/m2; (b) 0.78 μW; (c) 1.5 × illumination (phase difference is 2.1 wavelengths) 35.2.1 (a) 3λ,
10−17 W/m2; (d) 1.1 × 10−7 V/m; (e) 0.25 fT 89. (a) 55.8°; 3; (b) 2.5λ, 2.5 35.3.1 a and d tie (amplitude of resultant wave is
(b) 55.5° 91. (a) 83 W/m2; (b) 1.7 MW 93. 35° 4E0), then b and c tie (amplitude of resultant wave is 2E0) 35.4.1
97. cos−1( p/50)0.5 99. 8RI/3c 101. 247 zs (a) 1 and 4; (b) 1 and 4 35.5.1 (a) 6; (b) 4
Q 1. (a) decrease; (b) decrease; (c) decrease; (d) blue 3. (a)
2d; (b) (odd number)λ/2; (c) λ/4 5. (a) intermediate closer to
Chapter 34 maximum, m = 2; (b) minimum, m = 3; (c) intermediate closer
CP 34.1.1 0.2d, 1.8d, 2.2d 34.2.1 (a) real; (b) inverted; (c) to maximum, m = 2; (d) maximum, m = 1 7. (a) maximum;
same 34.3.1 (a) e; (b) virtual, same 34.4.1 virtual, same as (b) minimum; (c) alternates 9. (a) peak; (b) valley 11. c, d
object, diverging 34.5.1 (a) virtual; (b) virtual; (c) microscope 13. c
Q 1. (a) a; (b) c 3. (a) a and c; (b) three times; (c) you P 1. (a) 155 nm; (b) 310 nm 3. (a) 3.60 μm; (b) intermediate
5. convex 7. (a) all but variation 2; (b) 1, 3, 4: right, inverted; closer to fully constructive 5. 4.55 × 107 m/s 7. 1.56
5, 6: left, same 9. d (infinite), tie of a and b, then c 11. (a) x; 9. (a) 1.55 μm; (b) 4.65 μm 11. (a) 1.70; (b) 1.70; (c) 1.30;
(b) no; (c) no; (d) the direction you are facing (d) all tie 13. (a) 0.833; (b) intermediate closer to fully
P 1. 9.10 m 3. 1.11 5. 351 cm 7. 10.5 cm 9. (a) +24 cm; constructive 15. 648 nm 17. 16 19. 2.25 mm 21. 72 μm
(b) +36 cm; (c) −2.0; (d) R; (e) I; (f) same 11. (a) −20 cm; 23. 0 25. 7.88 μm 27. 6.64 μm 29. 2.65 31. 27 sin(ωt +
(b) −4.4 cm; (c) +0.56; (d) V; (e) NI; (f) opposite 13. (a) +36 8.5°) 33. (17.1 μV/m) sin[(2.0 × 1014 rad/s)t] 35. 120 nm
cm; (b) −36 cm; (c) +3.0; (d) V; (e) NI; (f) opposite 15. (a) 37. 70.0 nm 39. (a) 0.117 μm; (b) 0.352 μm 41. 161 nm
−16 cm; (b) −4.4 cm; (c) +0.44; (d) V; (e) NI; (f) opposite 43. 560 nm 45. 478 nm 47. 509 nm 49. 273 nm 51. 409 nm
17. (b) plus; (c) +40 cm; (e) −20 cm; (f) +2.0; (g) V; (h) NI; (i) 53. 338 nm 55. (a) 552 nm; (b) 442 nm 57. 608 nm
opposite 19. (a) convex; (b) −20 cm; (d) +20 cm; (f) +0.50; (g) 59. 528 nm 61. 455 nm 63. 248 nm 65. 339 nm 67. 329 nm
V; (h) NI; (i) opposite 21. (a) concave; (c) +40 cm; (e) +60 cm; 69. 1.89 μm 71. 0.012° 73. 140 75. [(m + _21 )λR]0.5, for m =
(f) −2.0; (g) R; (h) I; (i) same 23. (a) convex; (b) minus; (c) 0, 1, 2,… 77. 1.00 m 79. 588 nm 81. 1.00030 83. (a) 50.0
−60 cm; (d) +1.2 m; (e) −24 cm; (g) V; (h) NI; (i) opposite nm; (b) 36.2 nm 85. 0.23° 87. (a) 1500 nm; (b) 2250 nm; (c)
25. (a) concave; (b) +8.6 cm; (c) +17 cm; (e) +12 cm; (f) minus; 0.80 89. x = (D/2a)(m + 0.5)λ, for m = 0, 1, 2,… 91. (a) 22°;
(g) R; (i) same 27. (a) convex; (c) −60 cm; (d) +30 cm; (f) (b) refraction reduces θ 93. 600 nm 95. (a) 1.75 μm; (b) 4.8
+0.50; (g) V; (h) NI; (i) opposite 29. (b) −20 cm; (c) minus; mm 97. Im cos2(2πx/λ) 99. (a) 42.0 ps; (b) 42.3 ps; (c) 43.2 ps;
(d) +5.0 cm; (e) minus; (f) +0.80; (g) V; (h) NI; (i) opposite (d) 41.8 ps; (e) 4
31. (b) 0.56 cm/s; (c) 11 m/s; (d) 6.7 cm/s 33. (c) −33 cm; (e) V;
(f) same 35. (d) −26 cm; (e) V; (f) same 37. (c) +30 cm; (e) V; Chapter 36
(f) same 39. (a) 2.00; (b) none 41. (a) +40 cm; (b) ∞ 43. 5.0 CP 36.1.1 (a) expand; (b) expand 36.2.1 (a) second side
mm 45. 1.86 mm 47. (a) 45 mm; (b) 90 mm 49. 22 cm maximum; (b) 2.5 36.2.2 (a) red; (b) violet 36.3.1 dimin-
51. (a) −48 cm; (b) +4.0; (c) V; (d) NI; (e) same 53. (a) −4.8 ish 36.4.1 (a) 7; (b) increased; (c) decreased 36.5.1 (a) left;
cm; (b) +0.60; (c) V; (d) NI; (e) same 55. (a) −8.6 cm; (b) (b) less 36.6.1 decreases 36.7.1 c, b, a
+0.39; (c) V; (d) NI; (e) same 57. (a) +36 cm; (b) −0.80; (c) R; Q 1. (a) m = 5 minimum; (b) (approximately) maximum
(d) I; (e) opposite 59. (a) +55 cm; (b) −0.74; (c) R; (d) I; between the m = 4 and m = 5 minima 3. (a) A, B, C; (b) A,
(e) opposite 61. (a) −18 cm; (b) +0.76; (c) V; (d) NI; B, C 5. (a) 1 and 3 tie, then 2 and 4 tie; (b) 1 and 2 tie, then 3
(e) same 63. (a) −30 cm; (b) +0.86; (c) V; (d) NI; (e) same and 4 tie 7. (a) larger; (b) red 9. (a) decrease; (b) same; (c)
65. (a) −7.5 cm; (b) +0.75; (c) V; (d) NI; (e) same 67. (a) +84 remain in place 11. (a) A; (b) left; (c) left; (d) right 13. (a) 1
cm; (b) −1.4; (c) R; (d) I; (e) opposite 69. (a) C; (d) −10 cm; and 2 tie, then 3; (b) yes; (c) no
(e) +2.0; (f) V; (g) NI; (h) same 71. (a) D; (b) −5.3 cm; (d) −4.0 P 1. (a) 2.5 mm; (b) 2.2 × 10−4 rad 3. (a) 70 cm; (b) 1.0 mm
cm; (f) V; (g) NI; (h) same 73. (a) C; (b) +3.3 cm; (d) +5.0 cm; 5. (a) 700 nm; (b) 4; (c) 6 7. 60.4 μm 9. 1.77 mm 11. 160°
(f) R; (g) I; (h) opposite 75. (a) D; (b) minus; (d) −3.3 cm; (e) 13. (a) 0.18°; (b) 0.46 rad; (c) 0.93 15. (d) 52.5°; (e) 10.1°; (f)
+0.67; (f) V; (g) NI 77. (a) C; (b) +80 cm; (d) −20 cm; (f) V; 5.06° 17. (b) 0; (c) −0.500; (d) 4.493 rad; (e) 0.930; (f) 7.725
(g) NI; (h) same 79. (a) C; (b) plus; (d) −13 cm; (e) +1.7; (f) V; rad; (g) 1.96 19. (a) 19 cm; (b) larger 21. (a) 1.1 × 104 km; (b)
(g) NI; (h) same 81. (a) +24 cm; (b) +6.0; (c) R; (d) NI; 11 km 23. (a) 1.3 × 10−4 rad; (b) 10 km 25. 50 m 27. 1.6 ×
(e) opposite 83. (a) +3.1 cm; (b) −0.31; (c) R; (d) I; (e) opposite 103 km 29. (a) 8.8 × 10−7 rad; (b) 8.4 × 107 km; (c) 0.025 mm
85. (a) −4.6 cm; (b) +0.69; (c) V; (d) NI; (e) same 31. (a) 0.346°; (b) 0.97° 33. (a) 17.1 m; (b) 1.37 × 10−10

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 AN-12 ANSWERS

35. 5 37. 3 39. (a) 5.0 μm; (b) 20 μm 41. (a) 7.43 × 10−3; (b) 1, then a tie of 2 and 3, then 4, then a tie of 5 and 6; (c) 1, 2,
(b) between the m = 6 minimum (the seventh one) and the 3, 4, 5, 6; (d) 2 and 4; (e) 1, 2, 5 11. (a) 3, tie of 1 and 2, then 4;
m = 7 maximum (the seventh side maximum); (c) between the (b) 4, tie of 1 and 2, then 3; (c) 1, 4, 2, 3
m = 3 minimum (the third one) and the m = 4 minimum (the P 1. 0.990 50 3. (a) 0.999 999 50 5. 0.446 ps 7. 2.68 × 103 y
fourth one) 43. (a) 9; (b) 0.255 45. (a) 62.1°; (b) 45.0°; (c) 9. (a) 87.4 m; (b) 394 ns 11. 1.32 m 13. (a) 26.26 y;
32.0° 47. 3 49. (a) 6.0 μm; (b) 1.5 μm; (c) 9; (d) 7; (e) 6 (b) 52.26 y; (c) 3.705 y 15. (a) 0.999 999 15; (b) 30 ly
51. (a) 2.1°; (b) 21°; (c) 11 53. (a) 470 nm; (b) 560 nm 17. (a) 138 km; (b) −374 μs 19. (a) 25.8 μs; (b) small flash
55. 3.65 × 103 57. (a) 0.032°/nm; (b) 4.0 × 104; (c) 0.076°/nm; 21. (a) γ[1.00 μs − β(400 m)/(2.998 × 108 m/s)]; (d) 0.750;
(d) 8.0 × 104; (e) 0.24°/nm; (f) 1.2 × 105 59. 0.15 nm 61. (a) (e) 0 < β < 0.750; (f) 0.750 < β < 1; (g) no 23. (a) 1.25;
10 μm; (b) 3.3 mm 63. 1.09 × 103 rulings/mm 65. (a) 0.17 nm; (b) 0.800 μs 25. (a) 0.480; (b) negative; (c) big flash; (d) 4.39
(b) 0.13 nm 67. (a) 25 pm; (b) 38 pm 69. 0.26 nm μs 27. 0.81c 29. (a) 0.35; (b) 0.62 31. 1.2 μs 33. (a) 1.25 y;
71. (a) 15.3°; (b) 30.6°; (c) 3.1°; (d) 37.8° 73. (a) 0.7071a0; (b) 1.60 y; (c) 4.00 y 35. 22.9 MHz 37. 0.13c 39. (a) 550 nm;
(b) 0.4472a0; (c) 0.3162a0; (d) 0.2774a0; (e) 0.2425a0 75. (a) (b) yellow 41. (a) 196.695; (b) 0.999 987 43. (a) 1.0 keV; (b)
625 nm; (b) 500 nm; (c) 416 nm 77. 3.0 mm 83. (a) 13; (b) 6 1.1 MeV 45. 110 km 47. 1.01 × 107 km 49. (a) 0.222 cm;
85. 59.5 pm 87. 4.9 km 89. 1.36 × 104 91. 2 93. 4.7 cm (b) 701 ps; (c) 7.40 ps 51. 2.83mc 53. γ(2πm/|q|B); (b) no; (c)
97. 36 cm 4.85 mm; (d) 15.9 mm; (e) 16.3 ps; (f) 0.334 ns 55. (a) 0.707;
(b) 1.41; (c) 0.414 57. 18 smu/y 59. (a) 2.08 MeV; (b) −1.21
Chapter 37 MeV 61. (d) 0.801 63. (a) vt sin θ ; (b) t[1 − (v/c) cos θ]; (c)
3.24c 67. (b) +0.44c 69. (a) 1.93 m; (b) 6.00 m; (c) 13.6 ns;
CP 37.1.1 (a) same (speed of light postulate); (b) no (the start
(d) 13.6 ns; (e) 0.379 m; (f) 30.5 m; (g) −101 ns; (h) no; (i) 2; (k)
and end of the flight are spatially separated); (c) no (because
no; (l) both 71. (a) 5.4 × 104 km/h; (b) 6.3 × 10−10 73. 189
his measurement is not a proper time) 37.2.1 (a) 1, 2, 3; (b)
MeV 75. 8.7 × 10−3 ly 77. 7 79. 2.46 MeV/c 81. 0.27c
more than θ0 37.3.1 (a) Eq. 2; (b) +0.90c; (c) 25 ns; (d) −7.0 m
83. (a) 5.71 GeV; (b) 6.65 GeV; (c) 6.58 GeV/c; (d) 3.11 MeV;
37.4.1 c, then b and d tie, then a 37.5.1 (a) right; (b) more
(e) 3.62 MeV; (f) 3.59 MeV/c 85. 0.95c 87. (a) 256 kV;
37.6.1 (a) equal; (b) less
(b) 0.745c 89. (a) 0.858c; (b) 0.185c 91. 0.500c 93. 31.07 m/s
Q 1. c 3. b 5. (a) C ′1; (b) C ′1 7. (a) 4 s; (b) 3 s; (c) 5 s; (d)
4 s; (e) 10 s 9. (a) a tie of 3, 4, and 6, then a tie of 1, 2, and 5;

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 A P P E N D I X A

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)*

Table 1 The SI Base Units
Quantity Name Symbol Definition

length meter m “. . . the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum in

1/299,792,458 of a second.” (1983)
mass kilogram kg “. . . this prototype [a certain platinum–iridium cylinder] shall
henceforth be considered to be the unit of mass.” (1889)
time second s “. . . the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.” (1967)
electric current ampere A “. . . that constant current which, if maintained in two
straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible
circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a force equal to
2 × 10−7 newton per meter of length.” (1946)
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K “. . . the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature
of the triple point of water.” (1967)
amount of substance mole mol “. . . the amount of substance of a system which contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilo-
gram of carbon-12.” (1971)
luminous intensity candela cd “. . . the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source
that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 ×
1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction
of 1/683 watt per steradian.” (1979)

*Adapted from “The International System of Units (SI),” National Bureau of Standards Special Publication
330, 1972 edition. The definitions above were adopted by the General Conference of Weights and Measures,
an international body, on the dates shown. In this book we do not use the candela.

A-1

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 A-2 APPENDIX A THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

Table 2 Some SI Derived Units

Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

area square meter m2

volume cubic meter m3
frequency hertz Hz s−1
mass density (density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
speed, velocity meter per second m/s

angular velocity radian per second rad/s

acceleration meter per second per second m/s2
angular acceleration radian per second per second rad/s2
force newton N kg ⋅ m/s2
pressure pascal Pa N/m2

work, energy, quantity of heat joule J N⋅m

power watt W J/s
quantity of electric charge coulomb C A⋅s
potential difference, electromotive force volt V W/A
electric field strength volt per meter (or newton per coulomb) V/m N/C

electric resistance ohm Ω V/A

capacitance farad F A ⋅ s/V
magnetic flux weber Wb V⋅s
inductance henry H V ⋅ s/A
magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m2

magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m

entropy joule per kelvin J/K
specific heat joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg ⋅ K)
thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m ⋅ K)
radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr

Table 3 The SI Supplementary Units

Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

plane angle radian rad

solid angle steradian sr

bapp.indd 2 24/05/21 4:14 PM

 A P P E N D I X B

SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS OF PHYSICS*

Best (1998) Value

Constant Symbol Computational Value Valuea Uncertaintyb

Speed of light in a vacuum c 3.00 × 10 8 m/s 2.997 924 58 exact

Elementary charge e 1.60 × 10 −19 C 1.602 176 487 0.025
Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10 −11 m3/s2 ⋅ kg 6.674 28 100
Universal gas constant R 8.31 J/mol ⋅ K 8.314 472 1.7
Avogadro constant NA 6.02 × 10 23 mol−1 6.022 141 79 0.050
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K 1.380 650 4 1.7
Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ 5.67 × 10 −8 W/m2 ⋅ K4 5.670 400 7.0
Molar volume of ideal gas at STPd Vm 2.27 × 10 −2 m3/mol 2.271 098 1 1.7
Permittivity constant ε0 8.85 × 10 −12 F/m 8.854 187 817 62 exact
Permeability constant μ0 1.26 × 10 −6 H/m 1.256 637 061 43 exact
Planck constant h 6.63 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s 6.626 068 96 0.050

Electron massc me 9.11 × 10 −31 kg 9.109 382 15 0.050

5.49 × 10 −4 u 5.485 799 094 3 4.2 × 10 −4
Proton massc mp 1.67 × 10 −27 kg 1.672 621 637 0.050
1.0073 u 1.007 276 466 77 1.0 × 10 −4
Ratio of proton mass to electron mass mp/me 1840 1836.152 672 47 4.3 × 10 −4
Electron charge-to-mass ratio e/me 1.76 × 10 11 C/kg 1.758 820 150 0.025
Neutron massc mn 1.68 × 10 −27 kg 1.674 927 211 0.050
1.0087 u 1.008 664 915 97 4.3 × 10 −4
Hydrogen atom massc m1 H 1.0078 u 1.007 825 031 6 0.0005
Deuterium atom massc m2 H 2.0136 u 2.013 553 212 724 3.9 × 10 −5
Helium atom massc m4 He 4.0026 u 4.002 603 2 0.067
Muon mass mμ 1.88 × 10 −28 kg 1.883 531 30 0.056

Electron magnetic moment μe 9.28 × 10−24 J/T 9.284 763 77 0.025

Proton magnetic moment μp 1.41 × 10−26 J/T 1.410 606 662 0.026
Bohr magneton μB 9.27 × 10−24 J/T 9.274 009 15 0.025
Nuclear magneton μN 5.05 × 10−27 J/T 5.050 783 24 0.025
Bohr radius a 5.29 × 10−11 m 5.291 772 085 9 6.8 × 10 −4
Rydberg constant R 1.10 × 10 7 m−1 1.097 373 156 852 7 6.6 × 10 −6
Electron Compton wavelength λC 2.43 × 10−12 m 2.426 310 217 5 0.0014
a
Values given in this column should be given the same unit and power of 10 as the computational value.
b
Parts per million.
Masses given in u are in unified atomic mass units, where 1 u = 1.660 538 782 × 10 −27 kg.
c

d
STP means standard temperature and pressure: 0oC and 1.0 atm (0.1 MPa).

*The values in this table were selected from the 1998 CODATA recommended values
(www.physics.nist.gov).

A-3

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 A P P E N D I X C

SOME ASTRONOMICAL DATA

Some Distances from Earth
To the Moon* 3.82 × 10 8 m To the center of our Galaxy 2.2 × 10 20 m
To the Sun* 1.50 × 10 11 m To the Andromeda Galaxy 2.1 × 10 22 m
To the nearest star (Proxima Centauri) 4.04 × 10 16 m To the edge of the observable universe ∼10 26 m

*Mean distance.
The Sun, Earth, and the Moon
Property Unit Sun Earth Moon

Mass kg 1.99 × 10 30 5.98 × 10 24 7.36 × 10 22

Mean radius m 6.96 × 10 8 6.37 × 10 6 1.74 × 10 6
Mean density kg/m3 1410 5520 3340
Free-fall acceleration at the surface m/s2 274 9.81 1.67
Escape velocity km/s 618 11.2 2.38
Period of rotationa — 37 d at poles b 26 d at equator b 23 h 56 min 27.3 d
Radiation powerc W 3.90 × 10 26
a
Measured with respect to the distant stars.
b
The Sun, a ball of gas, does not rotate as a rigid body.
c
Just outside Earth’s atmosphere solar energy is received, assuming normal incidence, at the rate of 1340 W/m2.
Some Properties of the Planets
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Plutod

Mean distance from Sun, 57.9 108 150 228 778 1430 2870 4500 5900
106 km

Period of revolution, y 0.241 0.615 1.00 1.88 11.9 29.5 84.0 165 248

Period of rotation,a d 58.7 −243b 0.997 1.03 0.409 0.426 −0.451b 0.658 6.39

Orbital speed, km/s 47.9 35.0 29.8 24.1 13.1 9.64 6.81 5.43 4.74

Inclination of axis to orbit <28° ≈3° 23.4° 25.0° 3.08° 26.7° 97.9° 29.6° 57.5°

Inclination of orbit to 7.00° 3.39° 1.85° 1.30° 2.49° 0.77° 1.77° 17.2°
Earth’s orbit

Eccentricity of orbit 0.206 0.0068 0.0167 0.0934 0.0485 0.0556 0.0472 0.0086 0.250

Equatorial diameter, km 4880 12 100 12 800 6790 143 000 120 000 51 800 49 500 2300

Mass (Earth = 1) 0.0558 0.815 1.000 0.107 318 95.1 14.5 17.2 0.002

Density (water = 1) 5.60 5.20 5.52 3.95 1.31 0.704 1.21 1.67 2.03

Surface value of g,c m/s2 3.78 8.60 9.78 3.72 22.9 9.05 7.77 11.0 0.5

Escape velocity,c km/s 4.3 10.3 11.2 5.0 59.5 35.6 21.2 23.6 1.3

Known satellites 0 0 1 2 79 + ring 82 + rings 27 + rings 14 + rings 5

a
Measured with respect to the distant stars.
b
Venus and Uranus rotate opposite their orbital motion.
c
Gravitational acceleration measured at the planet’s equator.
d
Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet.

A-4

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 A P P E N D I X D

CONVERSION FACTORS
Conversion factors may be read directly from these tables. For example, 1 degree = 2.778 × 10 −3
revolutions, so 16.7° = 16.7 × 2.778 × 10 −3 rev. The SI units are fully capitalized. Adapted in part
from G. Shortley and D. Williams, Elements of Physics, 1971, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Plane Angle
° ′ ″ RADIAN rev

1 degree = 1 60 3600 1.745 × 10 −2 2.778 × 10 −3

1 minute = 1.667 × 10 −2 1 60 2.909 × 10 −4 4.630 × 10 −5
1 second = 2.778 × 10 −4 1.667 × 10 −2 1 4.848 × 10 −6 7.716 × 10 −7
1 RADIAN = 57.30 3438 2.063 × 10 5 1 0.1592
1 revolution = 360 2.16 × 10 4 1.296 × 10 6 6.283 1

Solid Angle

1 sphere = 4π steradians = 12.57 steradians

Length
cm METER km in. ft mi

1 centimeter = 1 10 −2 10 −5 0.3937 3.281 × 10 −2 6.214 × 10 −6

1 METER = 100 1 10 −3 39.37 3.281 6.214 × 10 −4
1 kilometer = 10 5 1000 1 3.937 × 10 4 3281 0.6214
1 inch = 2.540 2.540 × 10 −2 2.540 × 10 −5 1 8.333 × 10 −2 1.578 × 10 −5
1 foot = 30.48 0.3048 3.048 × 10 −4 12 1 1.894 × 10 −4
1 mile = 1.609 × 10 5 1609 1.609 6.336 × 10 4 5280 1

1 angström = 10 −10 m 1 fermi = 10 −15 m 1 fathom = 6 ft 1 rod = 16.5 ft

1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 light-year = 9.461 × 10 12 km 1 Bohr radius = 5.292 × 10 −11 m 1 mil = 10 −3 in.
= 1.151 miles = 6076 ft 1 parsec = 3.084 × 10 13 km 1 yard = 3 ft 1 nm = 10 −9 m

Area
METER2 cm2 ft2 in.2

1 SQUARE METER = 1 10 4 10.76 1550

1 square centimeter = 10 −4 1 1.076 × 10 −3 0.1550
1 square foot = 9.290 × 10 −2 929.0 1 144
1 square inch = 6.452 × 10 −4 6.452 6.944 × 10 −3 1

1 square mile = 2.788 × 10 7 ft2 = 640 acres 1 acre = 43 560 ft 2

1 barn = 10 −28 m2 1 hectare = 10 4 m2 = 2.471 acres

A-5

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 A-6 APPENDIX D CONVERSION FACTORS

Volume
METER3 cm3 L ft3 in.3

1 CUBIC METER = 1 10 6 1000 35.31 6.102 × 10 4

1 cubic centimeter = 10 −6 1 1.000 × 10 −3 3.531 × 10 −5 6.102 × 10 −2
1 liter = 1.000 × 10 −3 1000 1 3.531 × 10 −2 61.02
1 cubic foot = 2.832 × 10 −2 2.832 × 10 4 28.32 1 1728
1 cubic inch = 1.639 × 10 −5 16.39 1.639 × 10 −2 5.787 × 10 −4 1

1 U.S. fluid gallon = 4 U.S. fluid quarts = 8 U.S. pints = 128 U.S. fluid ounces = 231 in.3
1 British imperial gallon = 277.4 in.3 = 1.201 U.S. fluid gallons

Mass
Quantities in the colored areas are not mass units but are often used as such. For example, when we write 1 kg “=”
2.205 lb, this means that a kilogram is a mass that weighs 2.205 pounds at a location where g has the standard value
of 9.80665 m/s2.

g KILOGRAM slug u oz lb ton

1 gram = 1 0.001 6.852 × 10 −5 6.022 × 10 23 3.527 × 10 −2 2.205 × 10 −3 1.102 × 10 −6

1 KILOGRAM = 1000 1 6.852 × 10 −2 6.022 × 10 26 35.27 2.205 1.102 × 10 −3
1 slug = 1.459 × 10 4 14.59 1 8.786 × 10 27 514.8 32.17 1.609 × 10 −2
1 atomic
mass unit = 1.661 × 10 −24 1.661 × 10 −27 1.138 × 10 −28 1 5.857 × 10 −26 3.662 × 10 −27 1.830 × 10 −30
1 ounce = 28.35 2.835 × 10 −2 1.943 × 10 −3 1.718 × 10 25 1 6.250 × 10 −2 3.125 × 10 −5
1 pound = 453.6 0.4536 3.108 × 10 −2 2.732 × 10 26 16 1 0.0005
1 ton = 9.072 × 10 5 907.2 62.16 5.463 × 10 29 3.2 × 10 4 2000 1

1 metric ton = 1000 kg

Density
Quantities in the colored areas are weight densities and, as such, are dimensionally different from mass densities.
See the note for the mass table.

KILOGRAM/
slug/ft3 METER3 g/cm3 lb/ft3 lb/in.3

1 slug per foot3 = 1 515.4 0.5154 32.17 1.862 × 10 −2

1 KILOGRAM
per METER3 = 1.940 × 10 −3 1 0.001 6.243 × 10 −2 3.613 × 10 −5
1 gram per centimeter3 = 1.940 1000 1 62.43 3.613 × 10 −2
1 pound per foot3 = 3.108 × 10 −2 16.02 16.02 × 10 −2 1 5.787 × 10 −4
1 pound per inch3 = 53.71 2.768 × 10 4 27.68 1728 1

Time
y d h min SECOND
3 5
1 year = 1 365.25 8.766 × 10 5.259 × 10 3.156 × 10 7
1 day = 2.738 × 10 −3 1 24 1440 8.640 × 10 4
1 hour = 1.141 × 10 −4 4.167 × 10 −2 1 60 3600
1 minute = 1.901 × 10 −6 6.944 × 10 −4 1.667 × 10 −2 1 60
1 SECOND = 3.169 × 10 −8 1.157 × 10 −5 2.778 × 10 −4 1.667 × 10 −2 1

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 APPENDIX D CONVERSION FACTORS A-7

Speed
ft/s km/h METER/SECOND mi/h cm/s

1 foot per second = 1 1.097 0.3048 0.6818 30.48

1 kilometer per hour = 0.9113 1 0.2778 0.6214 27.78
1 METER per SECOND = 3.281 3.6 1 2.237 100
1 mile per hour = 1.467 1.609 0.4470 1 44.70
1 centimeter per second = 3.281 × 10 −2 3.6 × 10 −2 0.01 2.237 × 10 −2 1

1 knot = 1 nautical mi/h = 1.688 ft/s 1 mi/min = 88.00 ft/s = 60.00 mi/h

Force
Force units in the colored areas are now little used. To clarify: 1 gram-force (= 1 gf) is the force of gravity
that would act on an object whose mass is 1 gram at a location where g has the standard value of 9.80665 m/s2.

dyne NEWTON lb pdl gf kgf

1 dyne = 1 10 −5 2.248 × 10 −6 7.233 × 10 −5 1.020 × 10 −3 1.020 × 10 −6

1 NEWTON = 10 5 1 0.2248 7.233 102.0 0.1020
1 pound = 4.448 × 10 5 4.448 1 32.17 453.6 0.4536
1 poundal = 1.383 × 10 4 0.1383 3.108 × 10 −2 1 14.10 1.410 × 10 2
1 gram-force = 980.7 9.807 × 10 −3 2.205 × 10 −3 7.093 × 10 −2 1 0.001
1 kilogram-force = 9.807 × 10 5 9.807 2.205 70.93 1000 1

1 ton = 2000 lb

Pressure
atm dyne/cm2 inch of water cm Hg PASCAL lb/in.2 lb/ft2

1 atmosphere = 1 1.013 × 10 6 406.8 76 1.013 × 10 5 14.70 2116

1 dyne per
centimeter2 = 9.869 × 10 −7 1 4.015 × 10 −4 7.501 × 10 −5 0.1 1.405 × 10 −5 2.089 × 10 −3
1 inch of
watera at 4°C = 2.458 × 10 −3 2491 1 0.1868 249.1 3.613 × 10 −2 5.202
1 centimeter
of mercurya
at 0°C = 1.316 × 10 −2 1.333 × 10 4 5.353 1 1333 0.1934 27.85
1 PASCAL = 9.869 × 10 −6 10 4.015 × 10 −3 7.501 × 10 −4 1 1.450 × 10 −4 2.089 × 10 −2
1 pound per inch2 = 6.805 × 10 −2 6.895 × 10 4 27.68 5.171 6.895 × 10 3 1 144
1 pound per foot2 = 4.725 × 10 −4 478.8 0.1922 3.591 × 10 −2 47.88 6.944 × 10 −3 1
a
Where the acceleration of gravity has the standard value of 9.80665 m/s2.
1 bar = 10 6 dyne/cm2 = 0.1 MPa 1 millibar = 10 3 dyne/cm2 = 10 2 Pa 1 torr = 1 mm Hg

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 A-8 APPENDIX D CONVERSION FACTORS

Energy, Work, Heat

Quantities in the colored areas are not energy units but are included for convenience. They arise from the relativistic
mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 and represent the energy released if a kilogram or unified atomic mass
unit (u) is completely converted to energy (bottom two rows) or the mass that would be completely converted to
one unit of energy (rightmost two columns).
Btu erg ft ⋅ lb hp ⋅ h JOULE cal kW ⋅ h eV MeV kg u

1 British 1.055 777.9 3.929 1055 252.0 2.930 6.585 6.585 1.174 7.070
thermal unit = 1 × 10 10 × 10 −4 × 10 −4 × 10 21 × 10 15 × 10 −14 × 10 12
9.481 7.376 3.725 2.389 2.778 6.242 6.242 1.113 670.2
1 erg = × 10 −11 1 × 10 −8 × 10 −14 10 −7 × 10 −8 × 10 −14 × 10 11 × 10 5 × 10 −24
1.285 1.356 5.051 3.766 8.464 8.464 1.509 9.037
1 foot-pound = × 10 −3 × 10 7 1 × 10 −7 1.356 0.3238 × 10 −7 × 10 18 × 10 12 × 10 −17 × 10 9
1 horsepower- 2.685 1.980 2.685 6.413 1.676 1.676 2.988 1.799
hour = 2545 × 10 13 × 10 6 1 × 10 6 × 10 5 0.7457 × 10 25 × 10 19 × 10 −11 × 10 16
9.481 3.725 2.778 6.242 6.242 1.113 6.702
1 JOULE = × 10 −4 107 0.7376 × 10 −7 1 0.2389 × 10 −7 × 10 18 × 10 12 × 10 −17 × 10 9
3.968 4.1868 1.560 1.163 2.613 2.613 4.660 2.806
1 calorie = × 10 −3 × 10 7 3.088 × 10 −6 4.1868 1 × 10 −6 × 10 19 × 10 13 × 10 −17 × 10 10
1 kilowatt- 3.600 2.655 3.600 8.600 2.247 2.247 4.007 2.413
hour = 3413 × 10 13 × 10 6 1.341 × 10 6 × 10 5 1 × 10 25 × 10 19 × 10 −11 × 10 16
1.519 1.602 1.182 5.967 1.602 3.827 4.450 1.783 1.074
1 electron-volt = × 10 −22 × 10 −12 × 10 −19 × 10 −26 × 10 −19 × 10 −20 × 10 −26 1 10 −6 × 10 −36 × 10 −9
1 million 1.519 1.602 1.182 5.967 1.602 3.827 4.450 1.783 1.074
electron-volts = × 10 −16 × 10 −6 × 10 −13 × 10 −20 × 10 −13 × 10 −14 × 10 −20 10−6 1 × 10 −30 × 10 −3
8.521 8.987 6.629 3.348 8.987 2.146 2.497 5.610 5.610 1 6.022
1 kilogram = × 10 13 × 10 23 × 10 16 × 10 10 × 10 16 × 10 16 × 10 10 × 10 35 × 10 29 × 10 26
1 unified
atomic mass 1.415 1.492 1.101 5.559 1.492 3.564 4.146 9.320 932.0 1.661 1
unit = × 10 −13 × 10 −3 × 10 −10 × 10 −17 × 10 −10 × 10 −11 × 10 −17 × 10 8 × 10 −27

Power
Btu/h ft ⋅ lb/s hp cal/s kW WATT

1 British thermal unit per hour = 1 0.2161 3.929 × 10 −4 6.998 × 10 −2 2.930 × 10 −4 0.2930
1 foot-pound per second = 4.628 1 1.818 × 10 −3 0.3239 1.356 × 10 −3 1.356
1 horsepower = 2545 550 1 178.1 0.7457 745.7
1 calorie per second = 14.29 3.088 5.615 × 10 −3 1 4.186 × 10 −3 4.186
1 kilowatt = 3413 737.6 1.341 238.9 1 1000
1 WATT = 3.413 0.7376 1.341 × 10 −3 0.2389 0.001 1

Magnetic Field Magnetic Flux

gauss TESLA milligauss maxwell WEBER

1 gauss = 1 10 −4 1000 1 maxwell = 1 10 −8

1 TESLA = 10 4 1 10 7 1 WEBER = 10 8 1
1 milligauss = 0.001 10 −7 1

1 tesla = 1 weber/meter2

bapp.indd 8 24/05/21 4:14 PM

 A P P E N D I X E

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
Geometry ∼ is the order of magnitude of

Circle of radius r: circumference = 2πr; area = πr2. ≠ is not equal to

Sphere of radius r: area = 4πr 2; volume = 4_3 π r 3. ≡ is identical to, is defined as

Right circular cylinder of radius r and height h: > is greater than (⪢ is much greater than)
area = 2πr 2 + 2πrh; volume = πr 2h. < is less than (⪡ is much less than)
Triangle of base a and altitude h: area = _1 ah.
2 ≥ is greater than or equal to (or, is no less than)
≤ is less than or equal to (or, is no more than)
Quadratic Formula ± plus or minus
_
− b ± √ b2 − 4ac ∝ is proportional to
If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x = ______________.
2a Σ the sum of
xavg the average value of x
Trigonometric Functions of Angle θ
y
sin θ = __r x
cos θ = __
y axis Trigonometric Identities
r
sin(90° − θ) = cos θ
y x
tan θ = __
x cot θ = __
y cos(90° − θ) = sin θ
r
r r y sin θ/cos θ = tan θ
sec θ = __
x csc θ = __
y
θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
x axis
0 x sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1
Pythagorean Theorem csc2 θ − cot2 θ = 1
In this right triangle, sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
a2 + b2 = c2 c
a
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
b sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β
Triangles cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β
Angles are A, B, C tan α ± tan β
tan(α ± β) = _____________
Opposite sides are a, b, c C 1 ∓ tan α tan β
Angles A + B + C = 180o b a sin α ± sin β = 2 sin _12 (α ± β) cos _12 (α ∓ β)
sin A = _____
_____ sin C
sin B = _____ cos α + cos β = 2 cos _12 (α + β) cos _12 (α − β)
a b c D
c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
A B cos α − cos β = −2 sin _12 (α + β) sin _12 (α − β)
c
Exterior angle D = A + C
Binomial Theorem
Mathematical Signs and Symbols (1 + x)n = 1 + ___
n(n − 1)x 2 . . .
nx + _________ + (x 2 < 1)
1! 2!
= equals
≈ equals approximately Exponential Expansion
x 2 + __
e x = 1 + x + __ x3 + . . .
2 ! 3!
A-9

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 A-10 APPENDIX E MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

Logarithmic Expansion Products of Vectors

ln(1 + x) = x − _12 x 2 + _13 x 3 − . . . (|x| < 1) Let ˆi, ˆj, and kˆ be unit vectors in the x, y, and z direc-
tions. Then
ˆi ⋅ ˆi = ˆj ⋅ ˆj = kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 1, ˆi ⋅ ˆj = ˆj ⋅ kˆ = kˆ ⋅ ˆi = 0,
Trigonometric Expansions
ˆi × ˆi = ˆj × ˆj = kˆ × kˆ = 0,
(θ in radians)
ˆi × ˆj = kˆ , ˆj × kˆ = ˆi, kˆ × ˆi = ˆj
3 5
θ + __
sin θ = θ − __ θ −...
3! 5! Any vector → a with components ax, ay, and az along the
2 4
x, y, and z axes can be written as
θ + __
cos θ = 1 − __ θ −...
2! 4! →a = axˆi + ayˆj + azkˆ .
→
3
2θ + . . .
θ + ____ 5 Let → a , b , and → c be arbitrary vectors with magnitudes a,
tan θ = θ + __
3 15 b, and c. Then
→ → →
a × (b + → c ) = (→ a × b ) + (→ a×→ c)
Cramer’s Rule (s→
→
a) × b = →
→
a × (s b ) = s(→ a × b)
→
(s = a scalar).
Two simultaneous equations in unknowns x and y, →
Let θ be the smaller of the two angles between → a and b .
a1x + b1 y = c1 and a2x + b2 y = c2, Then
have the solutions → → →
a⋅ b = b ⋅→
a = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ

| c b | c b −c b
c b

| |
1 1
ˆi ˆj kˆ
x= _______
2
=2 __________
1 2 2 1 → → → →
a × b = − b × a = a x a y az
|a b | a b − a b
a b 1
2
1
2
1 2 2 1
bx by bz
and a y az a x az ax ay

a1 c1
= ˆi |b b | |
y z
− ˆj
bx bz | |
+ kˆ
bx by |
|
a2 c2
y = _______
|
a1c2 − a2c1
= __________ . = (aybz − byaz)ˆi + (azbx − bzax)ˆj
|
a1 b1
a2 b2 |
a1 b2 − a2b1
+ (axby − bxay)kˆ

|→ →
a × b | = ab sin θ
→ → → →
a ⋅ (b × →
c ) = b ⋅ (→c×→
a) = →c ⋅ (→
a × b)
→ → → →
a × (b × →c ) = (→
a⋅→
c ) b − (→
a ⋅ b )→
c

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 APPENDIX E MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS A-11

Derivatives and Integrals 1. ∫ dx = x

In what follows, the letters u and v stand for any functions
of x, and a and m are constants. To each of the indefinite
integrals should be added an arbitrary constant of inte-
2. ∫au dx = a∫u dx
gration. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC
Press Inc.) gives a more extensive tabulation.
3. ∫(u + v) dx = ∫u dx + ∫v dx
m+1
dx = 1
1. ___
dx
4. ∫ xm dx = ______
x
m+1
(m ≠ −1)

d (au) = a ___
2. ___ du 5. ∫ ___
dx = ln x
x | |
dx dx
d (u + v) = ___
3. ___ du + ___
dv 6. ∫u ___
dx ∫ du
dv dx = uv − v ___
dx
dx
dx dx dx
d x m = mx m−1
4. ___
7. ∫ex dx = ex
dx
d ln x = __
5. ___ 1 8. ∫sin x dx = −cos x
dx x

d (uv) = u ___
6. ___ dv + v ___
du 9. ∫cos x dx = sin x
dx dx dx
d ex = ex
7. ___
10. ∫tan x dx = ln |sec x|
dx
d sin x = cos x
8. ___
11. ∫sin2 x dx = _12 x − _14 sin 2x
dx
d cos x = − sin x
9. ___
12. ∫e−ax dx = −__a1 e−ax
dx
d tan x = sec2 x
10. ___
13. ∫xe−ax dx = −__
1 (ax + 1)e −ax
a2
dx
d cot x = − csc2 x
11. ___
14. ∫x 2e−ax dx = −__
1 ( a 2x 2 + 2ax + 2)e −ax
a3
dx
∞
n!
d sec x = tan x sec x
12. ___
15. ∫0 xne−ax dx = ____
a n+1
dx
∞ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 . . . (2n − 1) __
d csc x = − cot x csc x
∫0 √__aπ
2
13. ___ 16. x 2ne− ax dx = _________________
dx 2n+1a n
du
d e u = e u ___ _______
14. ___
dx dx 17. ∫_________
dx
_______
√x 2 + a 2
= ln(x + √x 2 + a 2 )
d sin u = cos u ___
15. ___ du
dx dx
d cos u = − sin u ___
16. ___ du
18. ∫__________
x dx
(x 2 + a 2)3/2
1
= − __________
(x + a 2)
2 1/2
dx dx

19. ∫ __________
dx x
= ____________
(x 2 + a 2)3/2 a 2(x 2 + a 2)1/2

∞
n!
∫0 x 2n+1 e− ax
2
20. dx = _____ (a > 0)
2 a n+1

21. ∫_____
x dx = x − d ln(x + d)
x+d

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 A P P E N D I X F

PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS

All physical properties are for a pressure of 1 atm unless otherwise specified.

Specific
Atomic Molar Boiling Heat,
Number Mass, Density, Melting Point, J/(g ⋅ °C)
Element Symbol Z g/mol g/cm3 at 20°C Point, °C °C at 25°C

Actinium Ac 89 (227) 10.06 1323 (3473) 0.092

Aluminum Al 13 26.9815 2.699 660 2450 0.900
Americium Am 95 (243) 13.67 1541 — —
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 6.691 630.5 1380 0.205
Argon Ar 18 39.948 1.6626 × 10 −3 −189.4 −185.8 0.523
Arsenic As 33 74.9216 5.78 817 (28 atm) 613 0.331
Astatine At 85 (210) — (302) — —
Barium Ba 56 137.34 3.594 729 1640 0.205
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) 14.79 — — —
Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 1.848 1287 2770 1.83
Bismuth Bi 83 208.980 9.747 271.37 1560 0.122
Bohrium Bh 107 262.12 — — — —
Boron B 5 10.811 2.34 2030 — 1.11
Bromine Br 35 79.909 3.12 (liquid) −7.2 58 0.293
Cadmium Cd 48 112.40 8.65 321.03 765 0.226
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 1.55 838 1440 0.624
Californium Cf 98 (251) — — — —
Carbon C 6 12.01115 2.26 3727 4830 0.691
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 6.768 804 3470 0.188
Cesium Cs 55 132.905 1.873 28.40 690 0.243
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 3.214 × 10 −3 (0°C) −101 −34.7 0.486
Chromium Cr 24 51.996 7.19 1857 2665 0.448
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 8.85 1495 2900 0.423
Copernicium Cn 112 (285) — — — —
Copper Cu 29 63.54 8.96 1083.40 2595 0.385
Curium Cm 96 (247) 13.3 — — —
Darmstadtium Ds 110 (271) — — — —
Dubnium Db 105 262.114 — — — —
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 8.55 1409 2330 0.172
Einsteinium Es 99 (254) — — — —
Erbium Er 68 167.26 9.15 1522 2630 0.167
Europium Eu 63 151.96 5.243 817 1490 0.163
Fermium Fm 100 (237) — — — —
Flerovium Fl 114 (289) — — — —
Fluorine F 9 18.9984 1.696 × 10 −3 (0°C) −219.6 −188.2 0.753
Francium Fr 87 (223) — (27) — —
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 7.90 1312 2730 0.234
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 5.907 29.75 2237 0.377
Germanium Ge 32 72.59 5.323 937.25 2830 0.322
Gold Au 79 196.967 19.32 1064.43 2970 0.131

A-12

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 APPENDIX F PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS A-13

Specific
Atomic Molar Boiling Heat,
Number Mass, Density, Melting Point, J/(g ⋅ °C)
Element Symbol Z g/mol g/cm3 at 20°C Point, °C °C at 25°C

Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 13.31 2227 5400 0.144

Hassium Hs 108 (265) — — — —
Helium He 2 4.0026 0.1664 × 10 −3 −269.7 −268.9 5.23
Holmium Ho 67 164.930 8.79 1470 2330 0.165
Hydrogen H 1 1.00797 0.08375 × 10 −3 −259.19 −252.7 14.4
Indium In 49 114.82 7.31 156.634 2000 0.233
Iodine I 53 126.9044 4.93 113.7 183 0.218
Iridium Ir 77 192.2 22.5 2447 (5300) 0.130
Iron Fe 26 55.847 7.874 1536.5 3000 0.447
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 3.488 × 10 −3 −157.37 −152 0.247
Lanthanum La 57 138.91 6.189 920 3470 0.195
Lawrencium Lr 103 (257) — — — —
Lead Pb 82 207.19 11.35 327.45 1725 0.129
Lithium Li 3 6.939 0.534 180.55 1300 3.58
Livermorium Lv 116 (293) — — — —
Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 9.849 1663 1930 0.155
Magnesium Mg 12 24.312 1.738 650 1107 1.03
Manganese Mn 25 54.9380 7.44 1244 2150 0.481
Meitnerium Mt 109 (266) — — — —
Mendelevium Md 101 (256) — — — —
Mercury Hg 80 200.59 13.55 −38.87 357 0.138
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 10.22 2617 5560 0.251
Moscovium Mc 115 (289) — — — —
Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 7.007 1016 3180 0.188
Neon Ne 10 20.183 0.8387 × 10 −3 −248.597 −246.0 1.03
Neptunium Np 93 (237) 20.25 637 — 1.26
Nickel Ni 28 58.71 8.902 1453 2730 0.444
Nihonium Nh 113 (286) — — — —
Niobium Nb 41 92.906 8.57 2468 4927 0.264
Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 1.1649 × 10 −3 −210 −195.8 1.03
Nobelium No 102 (255) — — — —
Organesson Og 118 (294) — — — —
Osmium Os 76 190.2 22.59 3027 5500 0.130
Oxygen O 8 15.9994 1.3318 × 10 −3 −218.80 −183.0 0.913
Palladium Pd 46 106.4 12.02 1552 3980 0.243
Phosphorus P 15 30.9738 1.83 44.25 280 0.741
Platinum Pt 78 195.09 21.45 1769 4530 0.134
Plutonium Pu 94 (244) 19.8 640 3235 0.130
Polonium Po 84 (210) 9.32 254 — —
Potassium K 19 39.102 0.862 63.20 760 0.758
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.907 6.773 931 3020 0.197
Promethium Pm 61 (145) 7.22 (1027) — —
Protactinium Pa 91 (231) 15.37 (estimated) (1230) — —
Radium Ra 88 (226) 5.0 700 — —
Radon Rn 86 (222) 9.96 × 10 −3 (0°C) (−71) −61.8 0.092
Rhenium Re 75 186.2 21.02 3180 5900 0.134
Rhodium Rh 45 102.905 12.41 1963 4500 0.243
Roentgenium Rg 111 (280) — — — —

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 A-14 APPENDIX F PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS

Specific
Atomic Molar Boiling Heat,
Number Mass, Density, Melting Point, J/(g ⋅ °C)
Element Symbol Z g/mol g/cm3 at 20°C Point, °C °C at 25°C

Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 1.532 39.49 688 0.364

Ruthenium Ru 44 101.107 12.37 2250 4900 0.239
Rutherfordium Rf 104 261.11 — — — —
Samarium Sm 62 150.35 7.52 1072 1630 0.197
Scandium Sc 21 44.956 2.99 1539 2730 0.569
Seaborgium Sg 106 263.118 — — — —
Selenium Se 34 78.96 4.79 221 685 0.318
Silicon Si 14 28.086 2.33 1412 2680 0.712
Silver Ag 47 107.870 10.49 960.8 2210 0.234
Sodium Na 11 22.9898 0.9712 97.85 892 1.23
Strontium Sr 38 87.62 2.54 768 1380 0.737
Sulfur S 16 32.064 2.07 119.0 444.6 0.707
Tantalum Ta 73 180.948 16.6 3014 5425 0.138
Technetium Tc 43 (99) 11.46 2200 — 0.209
Tellurium Te 52 127.60 6.24 449.5 990 0.201
Tennessine Ts 117 (293) — — — —
Terbium Tb 65 158.924 8.229 1357 2530 0.180
Thallium Tl 81 204.37 11.85 304 1457 0.130
Thorium Th 90 (232) 11.72 1755 (3850) 0.117
Thulium Tm 69 168.934 9.32 1545 1720 0.159
Tin Sn 50 118.69 7.2984 231.868 2270 0.226
Titanium Ti 22 47.90 4.54 1670 3260 0.523
Tungsten W 74 183.85 19.3 3380 5930 0.134
Uranium U 92 (238) 18.95 1132 3818 0.117
Vanadium V 23 50.942 6.11 1902 3400 0.490
Xenon Xe 54 131.30 5.495 × 10 −3 −111.79 −108 0.159
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 6.965 824 1530 0.155
Yttrium Y 39 88.905 4.469 1526 3030 0.297
Zinc Zn 30 65.37 7.133 419.58 906 0.389
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 6.506 1852 3580 0.276

The values in parentheses in the column of molar masses are the mass numbers of the longest-lived isotopes of those elements that are
radioactive. Melting points and boiling points in parentheses are uncertain.
The data for gases are valid only when these are in their usual molecular state, such as H2, He, O2, Ne, etc. The specific heats of the gases are the
values at constant pressure.
Source: Adapted from J. Emsley, The Elements, 3rd ed., 1998, Clarendon Press, Oxford. See also www.webelements.com for the latest values and
newest elements.

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 A P P E N D I X G

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Metals
Alkali Noble
metals Metalloids gases
IA 0
Nonmetals
1 2
1 H He
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
THE HORIZONTAL PERIODS

Transition metals
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg VIIIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra † Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Inner transition metals

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide series * La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinide series † Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

See www.webelements.com for the latest information and newest elements.

A-15

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