UNIT – I

Introduction
Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI):-
Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of
computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software.

AI (artificial intelligence) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,

especially computer systems.

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a

software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and
work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.

“AI is the science of making a machine think and act like an intelligent person.”

Foundation of A.I:- The foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) is built on several core
concepts and historical milestones. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Core Concepts
1. Machine Learning (ML):
o Supervised Learning: Algorithms learn from labeled data to make predictions
or decisions.
o Unsupervised Learning: Algorithms find patterns in unlabeled data.
o Reinforcement Learning: Algorithms learn by receiving rewards or penalties
for actions.
2. Neural Networks:
o Modeled after the human brain, these networks consist of layers of
interconnected nodes (neurons) that process information. Deep learning, a
subset of ML, uses neural networks with many layers to analyze complex
data.
3. Natural Language Processing (NLP):
o Enables machines to understand, interpret, and respond to human language.
Applications include chatbots, language translation, and sentiment analysis.
4. Search and Optimization:
o Techniques for finding the best solution among many possibilities. This
includes algorithms like genetic algorithms and simulated annealing.

History of AI :-

• 1943: early beginnings

- McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950:
Turing
- Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
• 1956: birth of AI
 - Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” name
adopted
• 1950s: initial promise
- Early AI programs, including
- Samuel’s checker's program
- Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist
• 1955-65: “great enthusiasm”
- Newell and Simon: GPS, general problem solver
- Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
- McCarthy: invention of LISP
• 1966-73: Reality dawns
- Realization that many AI problems are intractable
- Limitations of existing neural network methods
identified Neural network research almost disappear
• 1969-85: Adding domain knowledge
- Development of knowledge-based systems
- Success of rule-based expert systems,
o E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN
o But were brittle and did not scale well in practice
• 1986-- Rise of machine learning
- Neural networks return to popularity
- Major advances in machine learning algorithms and
applications
• 1990-- Role of Uncertainty
- Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation
framework 1995-- AI as Science
- Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge
representation
- AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc.

• 1997: IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov, showcasing
the potential of AI in complex problem-solving.

• 2012: The deep learning revolution begins with AlexNet winning the ImageNet
competition, significantly advancing image recognition technology.

• 2023: OpenAI releases GPT-4, a powerful language model that advances natural
language processing capabilities.

Application of A.I. :-
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
• Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
• Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice
to the users.
• Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example,
A spying airplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out
spatial information or map of the areas.
Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal
with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
• Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human
talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in
human’s noise due to cold, etc.
• Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written
on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and
convert it into editable text.
• Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature,
movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors
and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from
their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
Artificial Intelligence – Research Areas:-
The domain of artificial intelligence is
huge in breadth and width. While
proceeding, we consider the broadly
common and prospering research areas in
the domain of AI –
 Examples: Google Now feature, speech

Knowledge:-
Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something,
such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or
education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.
Knowledge is the body of facts and principles. Knowledge can be language, concepts,
procedures, rules, ideas, abstractions, places, customs, and so on. study of knowledge is called
Epistemology.
Knowledge is the information about a domain that can be used to solve problems in that
domain. To solve many problems requires much knowledge, and this knowledge must be
represented in the computer. As part of designing a program to solve problems, we must
define how the knowledge will be represented.
Types of knowledge:-
The types of knowledge include procedural knowledge, declarative knowledge and heuristic
knowledge, Meta Knowledge, Structural Knowledge.
• Procedural knowledge - Procedural knowledge is compiled or processed form of
information. Procedural knowledge is related to the performance of some task. For
example, sequence of steps to solve a problem is procedural knowledge.
• Declarative knowledge - Declarative knowledge is passive knowledge in the form of
statements of facts about the world. For example, mark statement of a student is
declarative knowledge.
• Heuristic knowledge - Heuristics knowledge are rules of thumb or tricks. Heuristic
knowledge is used to make judgments and also to simplify solution of problems. It is
acquired through experience. An expert uses his knowledge that he has gathered due to
his experience and learning.
• Meta Knowledge – It’s a knowledge about knowledge and how to gain them
• Structural Knowledge – Describes what relationship exists between concepts/ objects.

• Future of AI :- The future of artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to bring significant

changes across various sectors. Here are some key trends and predictions:

Key Trends

1. Generative AI:

o AI models like GPT-4 and beyond will continue to improve, enabling the
creation of high-quality text, images, audio, and video. This will revolutionize
content creation, entertainment, and even scientific research.

2. AI in Healthcare:

o AI will play a crucial role in personalized medicine, drug discovery, and

diagnostics. Machine learning algorithms can analyse vast amounts of medical
data to provide tailored treatment plans and early disease detection.

3. Autonomous Systems:

o Self-driving cars, drones, and robots will become more prevalent, transforming
industries such as transportation, logistics, and manufacturing. These systems
will rely on advanced AI for navigation, decision-making, and safety.

4. AI in Business Automation:

o AI will streamline business processes by automating routine tasks, enhancing

decision-making, and improving customer service through chatbots and virtual
assistants.

5. Ethical and Responsible AI:

o As AI becomes more integrated into society, there will be a growing focus on

ethical considerations, including data privacy, bias mitigation, and
transparency. Regulations and guidelines will evolve to ensure responsible AI
deployment.

Predictions for the Next Decade

 1. Enhanced Human-AI Collaboration:

o AI will augment human capabilities, leading to more efficient workflows and

innovative solutions. This collaboration will be particularly impactful in fields
like education, where AI can provide personalized learning experiences.

2. AI in Climate Change Mitigation:

o AI will be used to model climate patterns, optimize energy usage, and develop
sustainable technologies. This will help address environmental challenges and
promote green initiatives.

3. Expansion of AI in Developing Countries:

o AI technologies will become more accessible, driving economic growth and

improving the quality of life in developing regions. Applications in agriculture,
healthcare, and education will be particularly transformative.

4. Advancements in AI Research:

o Ongoing research will lead to breakthroughs in areas like artificial general

intelligence (AGI), which aims to create machines with human-like cognitive
abilities. While AGI is still a long-term goal, incremental advancements will
continue to push the boundaries of what AI can achieve.

• AI in India: -

Artificial intelligence (AI) in India is rapidly evolving, with significant contributions from
government initiatives, academic research, and private-sector innovation. Here’s an overview
of AI’s development and impact in India:

Development and Adoption

1. Government Initiatives:

o National Strategy for AI: Launched by NITI Aayog in 2018, this strategy aims to
leverage AI for inclusive growth and address societal needs in areas such as
healthcare, education, agriculture, and smart cities.

o Digital India: This initiative promotes digital infrastructure and literacy,

creating a conducive environment for AI adoption.

2. Academic and Research Contributions:

o Indian institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian
Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) are at the forefront of AI research
and development.

o Collaborations with global tech companies and research organizations enhance

India’s AI capabilities.

3. Private Sector Innovation:

 o Major technology companies and startups are driving AI innovation in India.
Cities like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Mumbai are emerging as key AI hubs.

o The AI market in India is projected to reach $8 billion by 2025, growing at a

compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 40% from 2020 to 2025.

Impact and Applications

1. Healthcare:

o AI is being used for predictive analytics, personalized medicine, and improving

diagnostic accuracy.

o AI-driven tools are helping in early disease detection and efficient management
of healthcare resources.

2. Agriculture:

o AI applications in agriculture include crop monitoring, yield prediction, and

precision farming.

o AI helps farmers make data-driven decisions, improving productivity and

sustainability.

3. Education:

o AI-powered platforms provide personalized learning experiences and improve

educational outcomes.

o AI is also used for administrative tasks, freeing up educators to focus more on

teaching.

4. Smart Cities:

o AI is integral to the development of smart cities, enhancing urban planning,

traffic management, and public safety.

o AI-driven solutions help in efficient resource management and improving the

quality of life for citizens.

Challenges and Future Directions

1. Data Privacy and Security:

o Ensuring data privacy and security is a major challenge. The Digital Personal
Data Protection Act, 2023, addresses some of these concerns.

2. Skill Shortages:

o There is a need for skilled professionals in AI. Initiatives to upskill the workforce
are crucial for sustaining AI growth.

3. Ethical Considerations:
o Responsible AI deployment requires addressing ethical issues such as bias,
transparency, and accountability.

o NITI Aayog’s “Principles for Responsible AI” provides guidelines for ethical AI
practices.