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Handout For Logic Statements and Quantifiers

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15 views32 pages

Handout For Logic Statements and Quantifiers

ninja black humuns

Uploaded by

dragonkin0201
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic Statements and

Quantifiers
Logic Statements
Logic Statements
Every language contains different types of
sentences, such as statements, questions, and
commands. For instance,

•“Is the test today?” is a question.


• “Go get the newspaper” is a command.
• “This is a nice car” is an opinion.
• “Denver is the capital of Colorado” is a
statement of fact.
Logic Statements
The symbolic logic that Boole was instrumental
in creating applies only to sentences that are
statements as defined below.
Example 1 – Identify Statements
Simple Statements
and Compound
Statements
Simple Statements and Compound Statements

Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as


and, or, if . . . then, and if and only if creates a compound
statement. For instance, “I will attend the meeting or I will go
to school” is a compound statement.

It is composed of the two simple statements, “I will attend the


meeting.” and “I will go to school.” The word and is a
connective for the two simple statements.
Simple Statements and Compound Statements

George Boole used symbols such as p, q, r, and s to


represent simple statements and the symbols
and to represent connectives. See Table 3.1.

Logic Connectives and Symbols


Simple Statements and Compound Statements

The negation of the statement “Today is Friday.” is the


statement “Today is not Friday.” In symbolic logic, the
tilde symbol is used to denote the negation of a
statement. If a statement p is true, its negation p is
false, and if a statement p is false, its negation p is true.
Example 2 – Write the Negation of a Statement

Write the negation of each statement.


a. Ellie Goulding is an opera singer.
b. The dog does not need to be fed.
Simple Statements and Compound Statements

We will often find it useful to write compound


statements in symbolic form.
Example 3 – Write Compound Statements in Symbolic Form
Consider the following simple statements.
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r : I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic


form.
a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a
movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball
game.
Example 3 – Solution
Simple Statements and Compound Statements

In the next example, we translate symbolic


statements into English sentences.
Example 4 – Translate Symbolic Statements

Consider the following statements.

p: The game will be played in Atlanta.


q: The game will be shown on CBS.
r : The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s: The Mets are favored to win.

Write each of the following symbolic statements in


words.
Example 4 – Solution
Compound Statements and
Grouping Symbols
Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols

If a compound statement is written in symbolic


form, then parentheses are used to indicate
which simple statements are grouped together.
Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols
If a compound statement is written as an English
sentence, then a comma is used to indicate which
simple statements are grouped together. Statements
on the same side of a comma are grouped together.
Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols

If a statement in symbolic form is written as an


English sentence, then the simple statements
that appear together in parentheses in the
symbolic form will all be on the same side of the
comma that appears in the English sentence.
Example 5 – Translate Compound Statements

Let p, q, and r represent the following.


p: You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r: You will receive a bonus.

a. Write as an English sentence.


b. Write “If you do not complete the
training, then you will not get a promotion
and you will not receive a bonus”in
symbolic form.
Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols

If you order cake and ice cream in a restaurant, the


waiter will bring both cake and ice cream. In
general, the conjunction is true if both p and
q are true, and the conjunction is false if either p or
q is false.
The truth table at the right
shows the four possible
cases that arise when we
form a conjunction of two
statements.
Compound Statements and Grouping Symbols

Any disjunction is true if p is true or q is


true or both p and q are true. The truth table
below shows that the disjunction p or q is false if
both p and q are false; however, it is true in all
other cases.
Example 6 – Determine the Truth Value of a Statement

Determine whether each statement is true or false.


a. 7  5.
b. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number.
c. 2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number.
Conditional Statements
Conditional Statements
Conditional statements can be written in if p, then
q form or in if p, q form. For instance, all of the
following are conditional statements.
If we order pizza, then we can have it delivered.
If you go to the movie, then you will not be able to meet us for
dinner.
If n is a prime number greater than 2, then n is an odd number.
In any conditional statement represented by “If p,
then q” or by “If p, q,” the p statement is called the
antecedent and the q statement is called the
consequent.
Conditional Statements
The Truth Table for the Conditional
p→q
The Truth Table for the Conditional p → q

The truth table for the conditional p → q is given


in.
The Biconditional
•The statement is called a
biconditional and is denoted by which is
read as “p if and only if q.”
The Biconditional
p q is true only when p and q have the same
truth value.

Truth Table for p q


Example 7 – Determine the Truth Value of a Biconditional

State whether each biconditional is true or false.


a. x + 4 = 7 if and only if x = 3.
b. x2 = 36 if and only if x = -6.

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