Mathematics SS 1 WK 5

CONTENT
Standard form of a number is the exact transformation of the number in the form of A X 10 n.
Where A is the number with the decimal point in front of the first significant number, ‘’n’’ is
the number pf places the decimal point must be shifted from its original position to the right
of the first significant number. Note that when the decimal point is shifted towards left, ‘n’
becomes positive and when shifted towards right, it becomes negative.
Example 1: Express the following in standard form:
(a). 263,000,000 (b). 348.9 (c). 0.00432 (d). 0.0006927
Solution:
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Operations on Standard form.

Addition and Subtraction Operations:
In order to add or subtract expressions in standard form, the powers of 10 must be made
equal.
Example 2: Simplify, 6.04 x 108 + 2.63 x 107.
Solution:
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Example 3: Simplify 9.32 x 106 – 2.456 x 104
Solution:
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Multiplication and Division Operations:

The processes of multiplication and division follow similar rule as in operation of indices.
E.g P = A X 10x and Q = B X 10y
Therefore, PQ = ( A X 10x) X ( B X 10y)
= AB X 10x+y
Also, in division of P/Q = A X 10x/ B X 10y = A/B X 10x-y
Example 4: Simplify (1.6 x 109 ) X ( 2.5 x 10-6).
Solution:
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Example 5: Simplify 5.8 x 1016 ÷ 0.14 x 1011.

Solution:
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EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT:
1. Express the following in standard form:
(a). 54000 (b). 0.00000364 (c). 263.478 (d). 7380.5

2. Find the value of A if 0.000046 = A X 10-5

3. What is the value of n if 0.0000094 = 9.4 X 10 n?

Solution:
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FURTHER ASSESSMENT:
1. Evaluate the following in standard form:
(a). (2.5 x 109) X (4.9 x 102)
(b). (4.6 x 108) ÷ (1.5 x 10-6)
(c). 4.8 x 1016/ 0.06 x 1012
(d). 5.76 x 10-9/0.24 x 10-6

Solution:
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WK 3
CONTENT
THE CONCEPT OF MODULAR ARITHMETIC.
In many part of the world, activities like markets days, clock timing, shift duties, weekly
activities etc are carried out in rotation or cycle. These activities are held for every specified
numbers of period.

For instance, if A, B, C and D respectively represent four market days, then the fifth day will
correspond to A where the market originally started.
The code 0,1,2 and 3 can also be used instead of alphabets.

The market codes can be illustrated below:

Market Code

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

Similarly, the days of the week can also be displayed using number code.

Consider the table below which shows some days of the first and second week in a month
when each market was held.
WEEKS SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI SAT
1st Week A B C D A B C
nd
2 Week D A B C D A B
rd
3 Week C D A B C D A
th
4 Week B C D A B C D
The table above can also be drawn using code.

WEEKS SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI SAT

st
1 Week 0 1 2 3 0 1 2
2nd Week 3 0 1 2 3 0 1
rd
3 Week 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
th
4 Week 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
From the table above, it is observed that 6 days after market A correspond to market C. This
is obtained by starting from market A denoted by 0 and counting the circle six point in a
clockwise direction.

Therefore, 0 + 6 = 2. Also, 3 + 10 = 1

0 + 7 = 3, 6 + 4 = 2, 0 – 3 = 1, 0 – 5 = 3.

a = b (mod n), then a and b has the same remainder when divided by n. Note that in
modular arithmetic, the interest is centered on the remainder after division.

Example 1:

Express each of the following number into modular number.

a. 7 to mod 3
b. 56 to mod 6
c. 20 to mod 12.

Solution:

a. 7 to mod 3
7 3 =2r1
Therefore, 7 = 1 (mod 3)
b. 56 to mod 6
56 6 = 9 r 2
Therefore, 56 = 2(mod 6).
c. 20 to mod 12
20 12 = 1 r 8
Therefore, 20 = 8(mod 12).

Example 2:

Find the solution set for a in each of the following equations.

a. a = 2(mod 3)
b. a = 0(mod 4)
c. a = 6(mod 12)
Solution:

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OPERATIONS ON MODULAR ARITHMETIC.

Addition and subtraction
Numbers can be added or subtracted from each other in modular arithmetic. This is called
modular addition or subtraction. It is represented respectively as and

Example 3:

Evaluate the following using their respective moduli.

a. 2 4 (mod 4)
b. 7 13(mod 5)
c. 15 8(mod 3)
d. 12 7 3 (mod 5)

Solution:
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Example 4: Copy and complete the table below for addition and subtraction in modulo 5.

0 1 2 3 4
0
1
2
3
4

0 1 2 3 4
0
1
2
3
4
Multiplication in modular arithmetic.
Multiplication of numbers can also be done in modular arithmetic. It can be represented by

Example 5. Evaluate the following.

a. 3 2 (mod 4)
b. 12 7(mod 3)
c. 35 10(mod 6)

Solution:

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Example 6:

Copy and complete the table below in modulo 6

0 1 2 3 4 5
0
1
2
3
4
5

Application of modular arithmetic to daily life.

The following are the activities in real life where modular arithmetic is carried out.

1. 12hour clock or 24hour clock: In 12hour clock, the day is divided into 12hours period.
So the clock time wraps around every 12hours since the noon time start when it
reaches 12. This is arithmetic modulo 12.

Example 7: What is the time 8hours after 7’o clock

Solution:

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2. Weekly activities: Some weekly activities like church, duty roaster, shift duty e.t.c
are done every week i.e every 7 days. This is in mod 7

Example 8: Which day of the week is 10 days after Sunday?

Solution:
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3. Octave keyboard in music was modulo 8 C# = db

4. Four market days uses modulo 4
5. In the field event 200m circular tracks uses modulo 200

EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT:
1. Evaluate the following:
(a). 3 18 9(mod 6)
(b). 81 63(mod 11)

2. State whether the following is true or false

(a). 10 = 3(mod 6)

(b). 35 = 3(mod 8)

(c). 46 = 4(mod 7)

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FURTHER ASSESSMENT:
 1. Using the following numbers in the given moduli.
(a). 27 28(mod 7)
(b). 63 60(mod 12)
2. Subtract the following numbers in the given moduli
(a). 40 51(mod 8)
3. Copy and complete the modular addition

0 1 2 3 4 5
0
1
2
3
4
5

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WK 2
CONTENT
Convert numbers from one base to another base
other than base 10.
This is the combination of converting a number in one base to a number in base ten and
then converting the number in base ten to a number in the required base using successive
division.

Example 1: Convert 134 five to base four.

Solution:

134five to base 10 = 1 x 52 + 3 x 51 + 4 x 50

= 1 x 25 + 3 x 5 + 4 x 1

= 25 + 15 + 4

= 44ten

Then 44ten to base four 4 44

4 11 r 0

4 2 r 3

0 r 2

134five = 44ten = 230four

Binary numbers (Base two)

The binary or base two is the counting of numerals based on 2. The binary system is very
important due to its application in computer programming. The highest digit is 1, so that
expressing a large number in base two becomes cumbersome. The following is a method of
counting some basic denary numerals in binary form.

Base Ten Value in Base 2

0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
 9 1001
10 1010

Operations on Number Bases such as addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division.
The process of addition and subtraction in number bases are done in similar way as done
when dealing with base ten calculation. The only caution is when place values are to be
determined whereby the number base concerned will have to be examined.
Example 2: Add 264, 86 and 475 in base nine.
Solution:
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Example 3: Subtract 265 from 317 in base eight.

Solution:

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The approach in multiplication and division is not different from what is obtainable under
base 10. The only caution being the use of the base as a bundle in each case.
Example 4: Evaluate 321six X 25six
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Example 5: Find the product of 1011two and 1101two

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Example 6: Divide 11001011two by 111two

Solution:

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EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT:

Evaluate the following binary numbers:

(a). 101 + 111 (b). 11001 + 1111 + 10110 (c). 11111 – 1010 (d). 1111 x 110
Solution:
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FURTHER ASSESSMENT:
1. If 2135 x 20113 = P6, find the value of P
2. Divide 101011012 by 1102
3. Find the missing number in the addition of the following numbers in base seven:
4321 + 1234 + **** = 12341
4. Evaluate 3112five x 34five
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WK 1
CONTENT
Number base could be described as the mode on which the number system is operated. It is
also a system of counting in which certain units make up a bundle. The bundle thus forms
the next place value. Generally, counting is done in base ten. The highest digit of any
number base is always one less than the base.
It should be noted that base two is also known as Binary, while base eight is known as Octal
numbers. The placing of the digits shows the place value. For instance, 4607 ten stands for 4
thousands, 6 hundreds, 0 tens and 7 units.
= 4 x 1000 + 6 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 7 x 1
= 4 x 103 + 6 x 102 + 0 x 101 + 7 x 100
Also, 246seven = 2 x forty nines, 4 sevens, 6 units
= 2 x 49 + 4 x 7 + 6 x 1
= 2 x 72 + 4 x 71 + 6 x70

Conversion of Bases
This involves the changing of the values of the original number by giving it a different base.

Conversion from any Base to Base 10.

Supposing 2345n is to be converted to base ten, the first thing that must be done is
numbering the digits of the number from right to the left hand side with 0, 1, 2, 3, ……….
Depending on the number of digits given. Then each digit will be multiplied with the new
base n raised to the power of their respective small numbering. The process is the converse
of the converting base ten to another base. There are basically two methods to be applied
here: The expansion method and successive multiplication method.
Example 1: convert 2345seven to base ten.
Solution:
Method 1: Expansion method.
2345seven = 2x73 + 3x72 + 4x71 + 5x70
= 2 x 343 + 3 x 49 + 4 x 7 + 5 x 1
= 686 + 147 + 28 + 5
= 866ten
Method 2: Successive multiplication method.
2345seven = (2x7) + 3 = 17
= (17x7) + 4 = 123
= (123x7) + 5 = 866ten.

Conversion of decimal fraction from other base to

base 10.
In a situation where there is decimal point in the number to be converted such as 0.342 5,
they must be numbered from left to right with negative.

Example 2: Convert 0.3425 to base 10

Solution:
0.3425 = 3 x 5-1 + 4 x 5-2 + 2 x 5-3
= 3 x 1/5 + 4 x 1/52 + 2 x 1/53
= 3/5 + 4/25 + 2/125
= 0.6 + 0.16 + 0.016
= 0.77610
When the whole number part and the decimal part are combined, such as 431.132 5, the
whole number parts are numbered from right to left in increasing order while the decimal
part will be numbered from left to right in decreasing order.

Example 3: Convert 431.1325 to base 10

Solution:
431.1325 = 4 x 52 + 3 x 51 + 1 x 50 + 1 x 5-1 + 3 x 5-2 + 2 x 5-3
= 4 x 25 + 3 x 5 + 1 x 1 + 1 x 1/5 + 3 x 1/52 + 2 x 1/53
= 100 + 15 + 1 + 1/5 + 3/25 + 2/125
= 116 + 0.2 + 0.12 + 0.016
= 116 + 0.336
= 116.33610.

EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT:

Write down the following in the powers of their number bases.

1. 3412five
2. 260453seven
3. 1101110two
 4. 10221three

FURTHER ASSESSMENT:
Convert the following decimal numbers to base two
1. 17.25ten
2. 9.75ten
3. 57/64ten
4. 32.75ten
5. 0.5625ten
WK 4
CONTENT
Index notation is a method of shortening the product of numbers of equal factors or
numbers that are repeated and the same. For instance:
(i). 2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 27
(ii). 5x5x5x5 = 54.
Generally, a x a x a x a x a x a = a6, the ‘’a’’ is called the base while 6 is called the power or
index.

Laws of indices
The following are the laws of indices:
1. Multiplication law: When numbers with equal bases are multiplied, their powers are
added.
E. g 34 x 35 = 34+5 = 39
Hence, ax X ay = ax+y
But if two groups of factors are multiplied, the different factors are collected as one
group to give the product.
E. g 25 x 32 x 23 x 34
= 2 5 x 23 x 32 x 34
= 25+3 x 32+4
= 2 8 x 36
2. Division law: When dividing numbers with equal bases, the power of the divisor is
subtracted from the power of the dividend.
E. g 29 ÷ 26
29-6 = 23
Generally, ax ÷ay = ax-y
3. Power law: If a number which is raised to a certain power is again raised to another
power, the two powers are multiplied for final result.
E. g (23)2 = 23x2 = 26
Generally, (ax)y = axy
4. Product Power law: When the product of different factors are raised to a certain
power, perhaps in a bracket, the power is distributed over each factor in the bracket.
E.g (3pq)2 = 32 x p2 x q2
 = 9p2q2
Generally, (ab)x = axbx.
5. Zero law: When any number or quantity is raised to power zero, the result is 1.
E. g 10000 = 1
Generally, a0 = 1.
6. Negative index: A number raised to a negative index equals the reciprocal raised to
the same positive index.
E. g 26 ÷ 29 = 26-9 = 2-3 = 1/23
Generally, a-n = 1/an
7. Roots Power law: This power involves the method of showing the indices for
different roots: square root, cube root, fourth root etc.
E. g 161/2 = √16 = 4
Generally, a1/2 = √a.
8. Fractional index: sometimes, a number might be raised to the power which is
fraction other than half. The method of resolving this is finding the value root (nth
root) of the denominator and later raising the outcome to the power of the
numerator. Generally, (n√a)m or n√am.

Operations on indices with examples.

Example 1:
Evaluate the following:
(a). 81/3 (b). 813/4 (c). (16/81)3/4 (d). (16/81)-3/4.
Solution:

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Example 2: Evaluate the following.
(a). 2a2 x 4a3 (b). (5x)3 ÷ (25x6)1/2 (c). (2a3)2 x (4a6)-2
Solution:
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Decimal Powers and Bases.

Sometimes the power or base of an expression may be in decimal form. The decimals must
be converted to fractions before solving. The final answer may therefore be converted back
to decimal.
Example 3:
Evaluate the following:
(a). (0.008)1/3 (b). (0.25)-2 (c). (32)0.2
Solution:
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Exponential Functions.
When an unknown is the index or power of a function, then it is an exponential function, e.g
3x = 9. The unknown can also be at the base. Such equation can only be solved if both sides
can be expressed in the same base.
Example 4:
Evaluate the following:
(a). 2x = 16 (b). 32x = 27 (c). 27x+2 = 92x (d). 8x-3 = 32x+2/4-x

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Example 5:

Solve the following equations:

(a). 25x – 5x – 20 = 0 (b). 32x+1 + 3x+2 = 12

Solution:

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EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT:
Evaluate the following binary numbers:

1. 4x + 1 = 8x+2 2. 163-x = 1 3. 10-x = 0.0001 4. 5x = 1/625

Solution:
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FURTHER ASSESSMENT:
1. Evaluate the following:
(a). (5d2)3 X (3d-3)2
(b). 24x6y3z3 ÷ 8x5y4z3
(c). 72x5y9/24x3y8
2. Solve for x in the following equations.
(a). 22x+1 – 33(2x) + 16 = 0
(b). 52x + 1 = 26 (5x-1)
(c). 92x+1 = 81x-2/3x
Solution:

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