Fuel System and

Components

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 Introduction

❖ Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion

engine.
❖ It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive engines,
having replaced carburetors during the 1980s and 1990s.
❖ The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel
injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle
under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on suction created by intake
air accelerated through a Venturi-tube to draw the fuel into the airstream.
❖ Fuel injection systems are for diesel and gasoline applications.

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 Functions of FIS

❖ It filters the fuel ensuring oil free from dirt.

❖ It measures the correct quantity of the fuel to be injected in each cylinder.
❖ It times the injection process in relation to the crank shaft revolution.
❖ It regulates the fuel supply.
❖ It atomizes the fuel under high pressure for better mixing with hot air
leading to an efficient combustion.
❖ It distributes the atomized fuel properly in the combustion chamber.

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 Major Parts of FIS

❖ Fuel tank – the part is where the fuel is stored.

❖ Fuel pump – it pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the fuel injection system.
❖ Injection pump – this part is a meter and pressurize fuel for injection.
❖ Governor – supply fuel in accordance to the load.
❖ Fuel injector – supplies fuel from the injection pump to the cylinders.
❖ Fuel filter – to filter dirt, duct and abrasive particles from blocking the
injection system.

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Carburetor

5
Carburetor

❖ Carburetor is a device which is used in spark ignition engine to mix

air-fuel in correct ratio outside the cylinder. This process is known
as carburation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDDJ9CA8jsY 6
 Carburetor Working

❖ First fuel is supplied into the float chamber through strainer. Strainer works
as a filter.
❖ The float maintains a constant level of fuel into the float chamber. If the
amount of fuel in the float chamber goes down below the designed limit,
the float goes down which opens the fuel supply valve and allows fuel to
flow into the float chamber.
❖ The one end of the fuel supply nozzle connected to the bottom of the float
chamber and the other one is to the venturi tube slightly above the
designed fuel level in the float chamber. This will avoid overflow when the
engine is not running.
❖ During suction stroke air is drawn into the cylinder through the venturi
tube. Venturi is a tube of decreasing cross-section and has a minimum area
at the throat.
❖ The fuel supply nozzle connects at the throat of the venturi tube. This air
has a maximum velocity at the throat. Due to this high velocity, the
pressure at the throat goes down below float chamber pressure. 7
 Carburetor Working

❖ This will create a pressure difference between the float chamber and the
venturi tube. This pressure difference is known as carburetor depression. It
acts as a driving force for fuel. It drives fuel from the float chamber to the
venturi tube through a fuel supply tube and the fuel is discharged into the
air stream.
❖ The fuel-air ratio depends on the size of the discharge jet and metering
system. So they are chosen as such, they can give the desired air-fuel ratio.
❖ This air fuel mixture provided to the cylinder through the throttle valve.
The quantity of the mixture provided into the cylinder is controlled by the
throttle valve and hence controls output power.
❖ For idling or when required rich mixture, extra fuel is supplied by the idling
system into the venturi tube. By restricting the flow of air into the throat,
the choke valve reduces the pressure inside the throat leading to a greater
amount of fuel to be pushed.

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Types of FIS based on the location of Fuel Added

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 Types of FIS based on the location of Fuel Added

Used for petrol

❖ Throttle Body Fuel Injection
❖ Multi-Port Injection
❖ Sequential Injection
❖ Direct Injection

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 Throttle Body Fuel Injection

❖ Also known as single port injection

system.
❖ It is the earliest type of fuel injection.
❖ TBFI works by adding the correct
amount of fuel to the air before it is
distributed to the individual cylinders.
❖ The advantage of TBFI is that it is
inexpensive and easy to maintain.
Additionally, since this injector has a
fairly high flow rate, it is not as easy to
clog up. Throttle body systems are
very robust.

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 Throttle Body Fuel Injection

❖ It is rarely used today. The maintenance cost is higher.

❖ TBFI systems are not as fuel efficient as modern systems. There is a lot of fuel
in the air mixture that is being sent to engine cylinders. This can result in
unburned fuel being sent out through the exhaust.

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Multi-Port Fuel Injection

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 Multi-Port Fuel Injection

❖ Also called multi point fuel injection

(MPFI) system.
❖ Multiport injection simply moved the
injectors further down towards the
cylinders. The injector is located at the
end of this port, right before it’s sucked
through the valve and into the cylinder.
❖ The advantage of this system is that fuel
is distributed more accurately, with each
cylinder receiving its own spray of fuel.
❖ Each injector is smaller and more
accurate, offering an improvement in
fuel economy.
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 Multi-Port Fuel Injection

❖ The downside is that all injectors spray at the same time, while the cylinders
fire one after the other. This means that there will be leftover fuel in between
intake periods.
❖ Multiport systems work great when the vehicle is traveling at a consistent
speed. But when you are quickly accelerating or removing your foot from the
throttle, this design reduces either fuel economy or performance.

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 Sequential Injection

❖ Sequential fuel delivery systems are very similar to multiport systems except
fuel deliver timing. Instead of all injectors firing at the same time, they
deliver fuel one after the other. The timing is matched to engine cylinders,
allowing the engine to mix the fuel right before the valve opens to suck it in.
This design allows for improved fuel economy and performance.
❖ Because fuel only remains in the port for a short amount of time, sequential
injectors tend to last longer and remain cleaner than other systems. Because
of these advantages, sequential systems are the most common type of fuel
injection in vehicles today.
❖ The fuel / air mixture is sucked into the cylinder only moments after the
injector opens. If it is dirty, clogged, or unresponsive, the engine will be
starved of fuel.

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 Direct Injection

❖ Also called gasoline direct injection (GDI) system.

❖ Direct injection is a more advanced version of multiport systems, where fuel
is injected directly into the combustion chamber instead of the intake port.
❖ Direct injection improves combustion efficiency, increases fuel economy and
lowers emissions.
❖ One of the problems with direct ignition engines, shoots from small particles
of oil/dirt that can blow back from the crankcase ventilation system and
deposit onto the walls of the intake port and the back of the valve. Carbon
sticks to the valve. The buildup can become significant enough that a piece
can break off and damage the catalytic converter. It also can cause ignition
problems.

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Fuel Injection

Throttle body Multiport Direction

injection injection injection

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