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6-Laws of Exponents

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35 views18 pages

6-Laws of Exponents

Uploaded by

Ellen Dadivas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTIONS,
EQUATIONS, AND
INEQUALITIES
LOGARITHMIC LOGARITHMIC LOGARITHMIC
EQUATION INEQUALITY FUNCTION
DEFINITION An equation An inequality Function of the
involving involving form 𝑓 𝑥 =
logarithms. logarithms. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 .
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 = 4 2 2 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
EXAMPLE ln 𝑥 > ln 𝑥
A logarithmic equation or inequality can be
solved for all x values that satisfy the equation or
inequality.

A logarithmic function expresses a relationship


between two variables (such as x and y), can be
represented by a table of values or a graph.
Example:
Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function, a
logarithmic equation and logarithmic inequality or none of
these.

1. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 Logarithmic Function

2. 𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 Logarithmic Function


3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4𝑥 = −log(3𝑥 + 5) Logarithmic Equation

4. 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥)- 1> 0 Logarithmic Inequality

5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑥 − 3 = log 4 Logarithmic Equation


BASIC
PROPERTIES OF
LOGARITHMS
DEFINITION: Let b and x be the real
numbers such that b > 0 and b ≠ 1, the
basic properties of logarithms are as
follows:
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑥
𝑥

3. If x > 0, then 𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥


=𝑥
Example 1:

Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of


the following logarithmic expressions.

𝑎. log 10
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

1
log 10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 10 = 1 (Property 2)
Example 1:

Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of


the following logarithmic expressions.
3
b. l𝑛 𝑒
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

3 3 (Property 2)
l𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑒 = 3
Example 1:

Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of


the following logarithmic expressions.

c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

3 (Property 2)
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64=𝑙𝑜𝑔4 4 = 3
Example 1:

Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of


the following logarithmic expressions.
1
d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5
125
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

1 −3
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 =𝑙𝑜𝑔5 5 = −3 (Property 2)
125
Example 1:

Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of


the following logarithmic expressions.
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2
e. 5
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2
=2 (Property 3)
Example 1:

Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of


the following logarithmic expressions.

f. log 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

log 1 = 0 (Property 1)
Example 2:
Suppose you have seats to a concert featuring your favorite
musical artist. Calculate the approximate decibel level
−2 𝑊
associated if a typical concert’s sound intensity is 10 𝑚2 .
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐼
𝐷 = 10 log
10−12
10−2 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
𝐷 = 10 log
10−12 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 100 𝑑𝐵.
𝐷 = 10 log 1010
𝐷 = 10 10 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 2
𝐷 = 100 𝑑𝐵
LAWS OF
LOGARITHMS
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS. Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
and let 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then
1. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒖𝒗 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒖 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒗
Ex. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
𝒖
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒖 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒗
𝒗
4
Ex. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 5
5

𝒏
3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒖 = 𝒏 ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒖
Ex. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 36 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 62 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔5 6
Example 1:
Use the properties of logarithms to expand each
expression in terms of the logarithms of the factors.
Assume each factor is positive.
2
𝑎. log(𝑎𝑏 )
S𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
2 2
log 𝑎𝑏 = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏
= log 𝑎 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
3 3
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
𝑥
S𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
3
3 3
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
𝑥 𝑥
= 3 (𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥)

= 3 (1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥)
= 3 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥

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