Exposure Factor Selection

RT 203
EXPOSURE FACTOR SELECTION
Thea Kharyl C. Amante BSRT 2-B
1.LIST AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF AN X-RAY TUBE
An X-ray tube is a device that produces X-rays by accelerating electrons from a cathode
to an anode within a vacuum. Here are its main components:
 Cathode-The cathode is the negative electrode in the X-ray tube. It contains a

filament (usually tungsten) that, when heated, releases electrons through
thermionic emission. The electrons are then accelerated toward the anode.
 Filament-The filament is a small coil of tungsten wire within the cathode. When
current passes through, it heats up and releases electrons into the tube.
 Focusing Cup-This is a negatively charged structure surrounding the filament that
directs and focuses the electrons into a narrow beam towards the anode.
 Anode- The anode is the positive electrode in the X-ray tube and is the target for
the electrons. It is typically made of tungsten due to its high melting point. When
the electrons strike the anode, X-rays are produced.
 Target- The part of the anode where electrons hit and generate X-rays. The target
can either be stationary (in stationary anode tubes) or rotate (in rotating anode
tubes). Rotating targets allow for heat dissipation over a larger area.
 Glass or Metal Envelope- The envelope surrounds the internal components of the
tube and maintains a vacuum. The vacuum prevents electrons from colliding with
air molecules, ensuring they reach the anode efficiently.
 Tube Housing- The outer casing that shields and protects the tube components. It
also helps limit radiation leakage and contains oil for cooling.
 Oil or Coolant- Surrounds the tube to help dissipate heat generated during the
production of X-rays.
2. DISCUSS SPACE CHARGE
 Space charge is likely a cloud of negatively charged electrons that forms around
the filament in the cathode. When the filament is heated, it releases electrons,
which then repel each other and form a cloud around the filament. This space
charge limits the number of additional electrons that can be emitted due to mutual
repulsion. At low tube voltages, the space charge effect is more prominent, and
fewer electrons are accelerated toward the anode. This phenomenon affects the
flow of electrons and, therefore, the tube current.
3. DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF ANODE IN THE PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS

 The anode is essential in X-ray production because it serves as the target for high-
speed electrons from the cathode. When electrons strike the anode material (often
tungsten), their kinetic energy is converted into X-rays through interactions with
the atomic nuclei and electrons in the target. A high atomic number, such as
tungsten’s, increases the efficiency of X-ray production. The anode also plays a key
role in heat dissipation, as much of the electron energy converts to heat instead of
X-rays.
4.DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON THE IMAGE RECEPTOR
 X-rays interact with the image receptor (such as film or digital sensors) and
produce an image based on the varying levels of exposure received. When X-rays
pass through different tissues, they are absorbed at different rates depending on
tissue density. Dense tissues (like bone) absorb more X-rays, appearing lighter on
the image, while less dense tissues (like soft tissue) absorb fewer X-rays,
appearing darker. This variation in X-ray absorption is what creates contrast and
detail in the final image.
5. EXPLAIN X-RAY CIRCUIT
An X-ray circuit consists of two main sections: the primary (low-voltage) circuit and the
secondary (high-voltage) circuit.
 Primary Circuit- This circuit includes components like the power supply,
autotransformer, and timer. It provides the initial low voltage needed to heat the
filament and controls the duration of X-ray production.
 Secondary Circuit- This part of the circuit includes the high-voltage transformer,
rectifiers, and X-ray tube. It steps up the voltage from the primary circuit to
accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the anode. Rectifiers ensure the
current flows in one direction, which is necessary for X-ray production.
In short, the X-ray circuit’s components work together to generate a high potential
difference across the tube, enabling electron acceleration, and controlling the exposure
time and tube current to produce an image with the desired quality and contrast.

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RT 203

EXPOSURE FACTOR SELECTION

Thea Kharyl C. Amante BSRT 2-B

1.LIST AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF AN X-RAY TUBE

 Cathode-The cathode is the negative electrode in the X-ray tube. It contains a

2. DISCUSS SPACE CHARGE

3. DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF ANODE IN THE PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS

4.DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON THE IMAGE RECEPTOR

5. EXPLAIN X-RAY CIRCUIT

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