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Network Protocols and Services - ASUG

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15 views5 pages

Network Protocols and Services - ASUG

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juvelynasug.wri
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

4 NCI 101 – NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION

Network Protocols and Services

Introduction to Networks
A network is a group of computers and devices connected by some type of transmission media (cables,
phone lines, satellite links, etc.) that share resources and communicate with each other.

What is a Network Protocol?


A network protocol is a set of rules, standards, and procedures that define how data is transmitted and
received over a network. Just like how humans need a common language to communicate, devices on a
network use protocols to ensure data is exchanged accurately.

Examples of Protocols
HTTP: Used for browsing the web.
FTP: Used for transferring files.
TCP/IP: The core protocol of the internet that ensures data is sent and received between devices.

Types of Network Protocols


Network protocols can be grouped based on their function:

1. Communication Protocols: Define how data is exchanged between devices.


2. Security Protocols: Ensure that data is transmitted securely and protected from unauthorized
access.
3. Management Protocols: Allow administrators to manage network performance, troubleshoot
issues, and ensure efficient operation.

Protocol Layers
To handle the complexity of data transmission, networks use a layered approach to protocols. Two
important models to understand protocol layers are the **OSI Model** and the **TCP/IP Model**.

The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection)


The OSI model is a conceptual framework that divides network communication into 7 distinct layers. Each
layer handles a specific aspect of the communication process.

JUVELYN C. ASUG
Reporter
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
4 NCI 101 – NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION

1. Physical Layer
Deals with the physical connection between devices and the transmission of binary data (1s and 0s)
through cables, radio frequencies, etc.
2. Data Link Layer
Ensures reliable data transfer between two directly connected devices. Handles error detection and
flow control.
3. Network Layer
Manages routing and forwarding of data packets from one device to another using IP addresses.
4. Transport Layer
Ensures complete data transfer, managing data flow control, error recovery, and reordering of packets.
5. Session Layer
Manages and controls connections (sessions) between computers. It starts, maintains, and ends
communication.
6. Presentation Layer:
Translates data formats from the application layer into formats that can be sent across a network and
vice versa.
7. Application Layer
Provides network services directly to users and applications.

The TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)


The TCP/IP model is more practical and widely used on the internet. It simplifies the communication
process into 4 layers:

1. Link Layer
Controls the physical hardware and protocols used to communicate on the local network.
2. Internet Layer
Handles logical addressing (IP addresses) and the routing of packets across the internet.
3. Transport Layer
Provides reliable delivery using protocols like TCP, or faster, less reliable delivery using UDP.

JUVELYN C. ASUG
Reporter
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
4 NCI 101 – NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION

4. Application Layer
Provides services directly to applications and users, such as web browsing (HTTP), email (SMTP), and file
transfer (FTP).

Key Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite

1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)


A reliable, connection-oriented protocol that ensures all data is received in the correct order.
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
A faster, connectionless protocol that doesn’t guarantee delivery or order.
3. IP (Internet Protocol)
Handles the addressing and routing of packets so they are delivered to the correct device.

Comparison Between OSI and TCP/IP Models

OSI Model
- A theoretical, 7-layer model that helps in understanding how network communication works in a
layered approach.
TCP/IP Model
- A more practical, 4-layer model used for internet communication.

Key Differences
- OSI is more detailed with 7 layers, while TCP/IP combines some functions into 4 layers.
- OSI is used primarily for teaching, while TCP/IP is the protocol suite used for actual internet
communication.

Protocols vs. Services


Protocol
A set of rules governing data communication (e.g., HTTP, TCP).

JUVELYN C. ASUG
Reporter
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
4 NCI 101 – NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION

Service
The functionality provided by a protocol (e.g., browsing a website using HTTP).

Advantages of Using Protocol Layers


Simplifies Troubleshooting Layers allow network administrators to isolate issues to a specific layer (e.g.,
hardware problems at the Physical Layer).
Modularity Each layer operates independently, making it easier to upgrade or change one layer without
affecting others.

Applications of TCP/IP Protocol


1. Web Browsing (HTTP/HTTPS)
- Uses TCP/IP to access websites.
- Example: Browsing the internet via Google Chrome.
2. Email (SMTP)
- Sends emails over TCP/IP using the SMTP protocol.
- Example: Sending an email via Gmail.
3. File Transfers (FTP)
- Transfers files between computers over TCP/IP.
- Example: Downloading software from a server.
4. Video Streaming (UDP)
- Uses UDP for real-time streaming with low latency.
- Example: Watching a live football match on YouTube.

Summary
In this module, we explored:
- The definitions and types of network protocols.
- The OSI and TCP/IP models.
- The difference between protocols and services.
- Key TCP/IP protocols and their real-world applications.

JUVELYN C. ASUG
Reporter
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
4 NCI 101 – NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION

JUVELYN C. ASUG
Reporter

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