COSC 323

Computer Organization and Assembly

Language

Akinsola, JET Ph.D.

Adigun, T. Ph.D.
Content:
 Basic Computer Architecture and Organization  Data Representation & Numbering Systems
 Representation of Basic Information  Binary Numbering Systems
 Computer Organization and Architecture  Octal Numbering Systems
 Basic Computer Model and different units of  Decimal Numbering Systems
Computer
 Hexadecimal Numbering Systems
 Basic Digital Electronics in Computer Architecture
and Organization  Types of encoding & Mode of data
representation
 Digital Circuits
 American Standard Code for Information
 Logic Gates/ Basic Logic Operations Interchange (ASCII)
 The Truth Table  Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
 Digital Comparators  Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code (EBCDIC)
 Microprocessor History and Background
 Integer Representation
 Microprocessor Organization & Introduction to
Programming languages  Floating Point Representation
 Basic Microprocessor Structure and Function
 Machine Language
 Low-Level Language
 High-Level Language
  Instruction Sets
 Computer instruction set  The 80x86 instruction sets
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer  The control transfer instruction
(RISC)  The standard input routines
 Complex Instruction Set Computer  The standard output routines
(CISC)
 Macros
 Registers
 Assembly Language Programs
 General Purpose Registers
 An overview of Assembly Language program
 Segment Registers
 The linker
 Special Purpose Registers
 Examples of common Assemblers
 80x86 instruction sets and Modes
of addressing  A simple Hello World Program using FASM

 Addressing modes with Register  A simple Hello World Program using NASMS
operands  Job Control Language
 Addressing modes with constants  Introduction
 Addressing modes with memory  Basic syntax of JCL statements
operands
 Types of JCL statements
 Addressing mode with stack
memory
Basic Computer Architecture and
Organization
Basic Computer Architecture and Organization

Outline:

 Representation of Basic Information

 Computer Organization and Architecture
 Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer
 Basic Computer Architecture and Organization

Specific Objectives:

By the end of this lecture, you should be able:

 Describe data representation in computer system

 Define computer architecture and computer organization
 Describe the collective function of computer cooperating components
Representation of Basic Information

 A computer consists of an interrelated set of components that are made of basic

functional units.
 The basic functional units of computer are made of electronics circuit and it works with
electrical signal. We provide input to the computer in form of electrical signal and get
the output in form of electrical signal.
 There are two basic types of electrical signals;
i. Analog: analog signals are continuous in nature
ii. Digital: digital signals are discrete in nature.

 The electronic device that works with continuous signals is known as analog device and
the electronic device that works with discrete signals is known as digital device. In
present days most of the computers are digital in nature and we will deal with Digital
Computer in this course.
 Computer is a digital device, which works on two levels of signal. We say these two
levels of signal as High and Low. The High-level signal basically corresponds to some
high-level signal (say 5 Volt or 12 Volt) and Low-level signal basically corresponds to
Low-level signal (say 0 Volt).
Representation of Basic Information

 Computer is used to solve mainly numerical problems. Again it is not convenient to

work with symbolic representation. For that purpose numeric representation as
follow;
0 means LOW
1 means HIGH
 These two numeric symbols, 0 and 1 are used to explain the working principle of
computer, that is all the functionalities of computer can be captured with 0 and 1
and its theoretical background corresponds to two valued Boolean algebra.
 With the symbol 0 and 1, we arrived at a mathematical system, which is knows as
binary number system.
 Basically binary number system is used to represent the information and
manipulation of information in computer. Computer information is basically strings
of 0s and 1s.
Representation of Basic Information

 The smallest unit of information that is represented in computer is known as Bit ( Binary
Digit ), which is either 0 or 1.
Four bits such as 1001 is known as a Nibble
Eight bits such as 10100101 is known as a Byte.
210 (1024) bytes = 1kilobyte
 Computer storage and memory is often measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes
(GB). 1 MB is 1,024 kilobytes, or 1,048,576 (1024x1024) bytes.
 Similarly, one 1 GB is 1,024 MB, or 1,073,741,824 (1024x1024x1024) bytes.
 A terabyte (TB) is 1,024 GB; 1 TB is about the same amount of information as all of the
books in a large library, or roughly 1,610 CDs worth of data.
 A petabyte (PB) is 1,024 TB. 1 PB of data, if written on DVDs, would create roughly
223,100 DVDs, i.e., a stack about 878 feet tall, or a stack of CDs a mile high.
 An exabyte (EB) is 1,024 PB.
 A zettabyte (ZB) is 1,024 EB.
 Finally, a yottabyte (YB) is 1,024 ZB.
Representation of Basic Information

In summary, we have;

1 kilobyte (KB) 1,024 bytes

1 megabyte (MB) 1,048,576 bytes
1 gigabyte (GB) 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 terabyte (TB) 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
1 petabyte (PB) 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
Note:
 The abbreviations for numbers of bits use a lower-case "b" bytes use an upper-case "B".
 For example, a broadband Internet connection with a download speed of 3.0 Mbps, its
speed is 3.0 megabits per second, or 0.375 megabytes per second (which would be
abbreviated as 0.375 MBps).
 Bits and bit rates (bits over time, as in bits per second [bps]) are most commonly used to
describe connection speeds, so pay particular attention when comparing Internet
connection providers and services.
Computer Organization and Architecture
 Computer technology has made incredible improvement in the past years.
 In the early part of computer evolution, there were no stored-program computer, the computational
power was less and on the top of it the size of the computer was a very huge one.
 Today, a personal computer has more computational power, more main memory, more disk storage,
smaller in size and it is available in affordable cost.
 This rapid rate of improvement has come both from advances in the technology used to build
computers and from innovation in computer design which is based on the initial Von Neumann
machine.
 Computer is an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a
series of stored instructions.
 A computer system consists of an interrelated set of components characterized in terms of:
Structure - the way in which components are interconnected, and
Function - the operation of the individual components.

Computer System = Software + Hardware + Humanware

 Four basic functions a computer can perform are:
- Data processing
- Data storage
- Data movement, and
Control
Computer Organization and Architecture

 Computer Architecture is a functional description of requirements and design implementation for the
various parts of a computer. It deals with the functional behavior of computer units. It refers to those
attributes of a system visible to a programmer.
 Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications. Computer Organization is how operational attributes are linked together and
contribute to realizing the architectural specification. Computer Organization deals with a structural
relationship of components.
 Therefore, Computer Organization and Architecture is the study of internal working, structuring, and
implementation of a computer system.
 The four main structural components of a computer are:
i. Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
ii. Main memory: Stores data.
iii. I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment.
iv. System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O. A common name of system interconnection is system bus, consisting of a
number of conducting wires to which all the other components are attached.
 Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer

The model of a computer can be described by four

basic units in high level abstraction. These basic units
are:
i. Central Processor Unit
ii. Input Unit
iii. Output Unit
iv. Memory Unit
Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer

Central Processor Unit [CPU] :

 The “brain” of the machine that is responsible for carrying out computational task. It contains
ALU, CU, Registers
 Central processor unit shortly referred to as Processor consists of two basic blocks :
i. The program control unit has a set of registers and control circuit to generate control signals.
ii. The execution unit or data processing unit contains a set of registers for storing data and an Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU) for execution of arithmetic and logical operations.
 Major components of a processor are :
i. Control Unit: Provides control signals for the operation and coordination of all processor components
ii. ALU: Arithmetic logic unit -This is the part of the CPU that executes individual instructions involving data (operands).
iii. Register: High-speed memory units within the CPU which holds a fixed amount of data. Registers of most current
systems hold 64 bits or 8 bytes of data.
iv. PC: Program counter - Also called the instruction pointer, is a register which holds the memory address of the next
instruction to be executed.
v. IR: Instruction register - A register which holds the current instruction being executed.
vi. Acc: Accumulator - A register designated to hold the result of an operation performed by the ALU.
vii. Busses: Carries data, control signals and addresses between the processor components and other devices within the
computer.
viii. Clock: synchronizes all the steps in fetching, decoding and executing instructions.
Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer

Input Unit :
 With the help of input unit data from outside can be supplied to the computer.
 Program or data is read into main storage from input device or secondary storage under
the control of CPU input instruction.
 Converts the external world data to a binary format, which can be understood by CPU
 Example of input devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD-ROM drive etc.

Output Unit :
 With the help of output unit computer results can be provided to the user or it can be
stored in storage device permanently for future use.
 Output data from main storage go to output device under the control of CPU output
instructions.
 Converts the binary format data to a format that a common man can understand
Example of output devices: Printer, Monitor, Plotter, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk etc.
Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer

Memory Unit :
 Memory unit is used to store data, results, programs.
 There are two classes of storage
i. Primary
ii. Secondary
Primary
 This memory unit is termed as main memory module. CPU works directly with the information
stored in primary memory unit.
 They are basically semi conductor memories and are divided into two:
i. Volatile Memory : RAM (Random Access Memory).
ii. Non-Volatile Memory : ROM (Read only Memory), PROM (Programmable ROM) EPROM (Erasable
PROM), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM).
Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer

Memory Unit :
Secondary
 Secondary memories are non volatile memory and they are used for permanent storage of data
and program.
 Example of secondary memories:
i. Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tape ------ These are magnetic devices,
ii. CD-ROM ------ is optical device
iii. USB drive (or pen drive) ------ is semiconductor memory.
Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer

Computer Bus:
 A negligible but an important unit of a computer system.
 A collection of parallel electrical conductors called ‘lines’ onto which a number of components or
devices may be connected or it is a common pathway or channel between multiple devices.
 For instance, a 16-bit bus transfers 2 bytes at a time over 16 wires, and a 32-bit bus uses 32 wires,
and so on.
 Three types of Bus Systems:
i. Address bus
ii. Data bus
iii. Control bus
Basic Computer Model and different units of Computer

Computer Bus:
Address bus:
 It is used to transport the source and destination addresses of information transmitted on the data bus.
 It is also used to indicate memory locations generated by the microprocessor, bus master, or DMA.

Data bus:
 It is the internal pathway across which data is transferred to and from the processor or to and from
memory.
 The width and speed of the data bus directly affects performance and significantly influence system
throughput.
 Data bus width indicates how many bytes the bus can carry during each transfer.

Control bus:
 It is technically a pathway for collection of control signals.
 It is used to identify the type of bus cycle and indicate when the cycle is complete.