TVBI - Quarter 4 MATHEMATICS 8

Episode 1
Name: ____________________________________________ Score: _______________

Learning Competency:
Illustrates the following measures of position: quartiles, deciles and percentiles.
M10SP-IVa-1

KEY CONCEPTS:

Measures of position give us a way to see where a certain data point or value falls in
a sample or distribution. A measure can tell us whether a value is about the average, or whether it’s
unusually high or low. Measures of position are used for quantitative data that falls on some
numerical scale. Sometimes, measures can be applied to ordinal variables— those variables that
have an order, like first, second…fiftieth.

To have more knowledge about the data set, we may divide it into more parts of equal sizes. The
measures of central tendency which are used for dividing the data into several equal parts are
called partition values.

Quartiles
Quartiles are a form of percentiles. Quartiles split the distribution into four. A good way of
remembering this is that quartile sounds similar to quarter, which is a fourth.
Here is how quartiles are illustrated.

The Quartile for Ungrouped Data

The quartiles are the score points which divide a distribution into four equal parts. Twenty-
five percent (25%) of the distribution are below the first quartile, fifty percent (50%) are below the
second quartile, and seventy-five percent (75%) are below the third quartile. Q1 is called the lower
quartile and Q3 is the upper quartile. Q1 < Q2 < Q3 , where Q2 is nothing but the median. The
difference between Q3 and Q1 is the interquartile range.
Since the second quartile is equal to the median, the steps in the computation of median by
identifying the median class is the same as the steps in identifying the Q1 class and the Q3 class.

Example 1.
The owner of a coffee shop recorded the number of customers who came into his café each
hour in a day. The results were 14, 10, 12, 9, 17, 5, 8, 9, 14, 10, and 11. Find the lower quartile and
upper quartile of the data.
Solution:
 In ascending order, the data are
5, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 14, 17
 The least value in the data is 5 and the greatest value in the data is 17.
 The middle value in the data is 10.
 The lower quartile is the value that is between the middle value and the least value in the
data set.
  So, the lower quartile is 9.
 The upper quartile is the value that is between the middle value and the greatest value in
the data
set.
 So, the upper quartile is 14.

Example 2:
Find the average of the lower quartile and the upper quartile of the data.

Solution:
 In ascending order, the data are 180, 260, 290, 370, 430.
 The least value of the data is 180 and the greatest value of the data is 430.
 The middle value of the data is 290.
 The lower quartile is the value that is between the least value and the middle value.
 So, the lower quartile is 260.
 The upper quartile is the value that is between the greatest value and the middle value.
 So, the upper quartile is 370.
 The average of the lower quartile and the higher quartile is equal to 315.

There is also another way of solving for the quartile. We call it a Mendenhall and Sincich
Method.
Mendenhall and Sincich Method

To apply their method on a data set with n elements, for the Q1 we use the formula:
1
Lower Quartile (L) = Position of Q1 = (n+1)
4

then round to the nearest integer. If L falls halfway between two integers, round up, then the
Lth element is now the lower quartile value(Q1).

Example:
For the data set {1, 3 , 7, 7, 16 , 21, 27, 30 , 31} and n = 9, find Q1.

Solution:
1
To find Q1, locate its position using the formula Q1 = (n+1)
4

The computed value 2.5 becomes 3 after rounding up, we rounded up because it falls
halfway between two integers. So the lower quartile value (Q1) now is the 3rd data element.
 The 3rd data element is {1, 3 , 7, 7, 16 , 21, 27, 30 , 31},

Therefore the Q1 = 7.

Similarly in Upper quartile(Q3), we use the formula

3
Upper Quartile (U) = Position of Q3  (n+1)
4

then round to the nearest integer. If U falls halfway between two integers, round down. The
Uth element is the upper quartile value (Q3).

Example:
Using the same set of data; {1, 3 , 7, 7, 16 , 21, 27, 30 , 31} and n = 9, find Q3.

Solution:

The computed value 7.5 becomes 7 after rounding down. We rounded it down because it
falls halfway between two integers. The upper quartile value (Q3) is the 7th data element.
The 7th element is {1, 3 , 7, 7, 16 , 21, 27, 30 , 31}

Therefore, the Q3 = 27.

Another way of solving for quartile is through the use of linear interpolation.
Example:
Find the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3), given the scores of 10 students in their
Mathematics activity using Linear Interpolation.
1 27 16 7 31 7 30 3 21

Solution:
a) First, arrange the scores in ascending order. 1 3 7 7 16 21 27 30 31

b) Second, locate the position of the score in the distribution.

Since the result is a decimal number, interpolation is needed.

c) Third, interpolate the value to obtain the 1st quartile.

Steps of Interpolation:
Step 1: Subtract the 2nd data from the 3rd data.
7–3=4

Step 2: Multiply the result by the decimal part obtained in the second step (Position of
Q1).
4(0.5) = 2
 Step 3: Add the result in step 2, to the 2nd or smaller number.
3+2=5

Therefore the value of Q1 is 5 using the linear interpolation.

For the 3rd quartile(Q3)

a) First, arrange the scores in ascending order. 1 3 7 7 16 21 27 30 31

b) Second, locate the position of the score in the distribution.

Since the result is a decimal number, interpolation is needed.

c) Third, interpolate the value to obtain the 3rd quartile.

Steps of Interpolation
Step 1: Subtract the 7th data from the 8th data.
30 - 27 = 3
Step 2: Multiply the result by the decimal part obtained in the third step (Position of Q3).
3(0.5) = 1.5
Step 3: Add the result in step 2, (1.5), to the 7th or smaller number.
27 + 1.5 = 28.5

Therefore, the value of Q3 = 28.5 using linear interpolation.

Deciles
Deciles are percentiles that split the data into groups of 10%. Meaning, every decile
contains 10% of the data.
Here is how deciles are illustrated:

The Deciles for Ungrouped Data

The deciles are the nine score points which divide a distribution into ten equal parts. They
are deciles and are denoted as D1, D2, D3,…, D9. They are computed in the same way that the
quartiles are calculated. Since it is divided into ten equal parts then our formula would be
k
Position of D k = (n+1); where k the number of decile and n be the number of elements
10

Example:
Find the 3rd decile or D3 of the following test scores of a random sample of ten students:
35 , 42 , 40 , 28 , 15 , 23 , 33 , 20 , 18 and 28

Solution:
a) First, arrange the scores in ascending order
15 18 20 23 28 28 33 35 40 42
 3
b) To find its D3 position, use the formula D 3= (n+1)and round off to the nearest integer.
10

D3 is the 3rd element, Therefore, D3 = 20.

Percentiles
Percentiles indicate the percentage of scores that fall below a particular value. They tell you
where a score stands relative to other scores.
Here is how percentiles are illustrated:

The percentiles are the ninety-nine score points which divide a distribution into one hundred equal
parts, so that each part represents the data set. It is used to characterize values according to the
percentage below them. For example, the first percentile (P1) separates the lowest 1% from the
other 99%, the second percentile (P2) separates the lowest 2% from the other 98%, and so on.

k
To solve for the percentile we use the formula Pk = (n+1); where k the number of percentile and
100
n be the number of elements

Example:
Find the 30th percentile or P30 of the following test scores of a random sample of ten
students:
35, 42, 40, 28, 15, 23, 33, 20, 18, and 28.

Solution:
a) Arrange the scores from the lowest to the highest. 15 18 20 23 28 28 33 35 40 42
30
b) To find its P30 position, use the formula P30= (n+1)and round off to the nearest integer
100

P30 is the 3rd element, Therefore, P30 = 20.

As a summary we have,
Activity:
Direction: Read the given situation and answer the questions that follow.

Mrs. Marasigan is a veterinarian. One morning, she asked her secretary to record the
service time for 15 customers. The following are service times in minutes.
20, 35, 55, 28, 46, 32, 25, 56, 55, 28, 37, 60, 47, 52, 17

1) Using the Mendenhall and Sincich Method, find the upper quartile.
2) Find the value of the 2nd decile.
3) What is the value of D8?
4) Find P30.
5) Find the 10th percentile.

ANSWER KEY

1) 11. 25
2) 3
3) 12
4) 4.5
5) 1.5