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• The mites can be controlled with 0.05% Monocrotophos+0.25%

wet able Sulphur.
2) Cutworms:
Control:
• The cut worms can be controlled by dusting the soil before
planting with 5% chloradane or Heptachlor dust at the rate of
50kg/ha and mixing it thoroughly in the soil by cultivator.
Disease of Strawberry:
• The two commonest diseases of strawberry are red stele, caused
by the fungus Phytophthora fragariae and black rot.
• The remedy for the former lies by growing resistant varieties like
stele master and for the latter to maintain the vigour of the plants
and rotate strawberry with other crops like legume vegetables
(beans, peas etc.).
• Strawberry also suffers from virus diseases know as yellow edge,
crinkle and dwarf.
• Raising of strawberry nursery in the hills helps to check these.
• Strawberry also throws some chlorotic plants, which result from
genetic segregation. These should not be confused with virus
affected plants and should be rogued out.

LITCHI Litchi chinensis

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ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION

➢ Litchi was originated from northern china, northern
Vietnam and Malaysia.
➢ Major producers in world are China, India, South Africa,
Mexico, Thailand etc.
➢ Major producers in Nepal are Khotang, Jhapa, Morang,
Sarlahi, Palpa, Rupendehi, Dang, Nuwakot, Dhading,
Chitwan etc.

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USES
➢ The ripe litchi fruit is eaten fresh.
➢ It makes an excellent canned fruit.
➢ The perseveration of fruit in syrup is a traditional practice,
the skin are peeled off, the seeds are removed and either
whole or halved, are impressed in syrup.
➢ Preservation in honey is also possible.
➢ A highly flavored squash is also prepared from fruits
which are liked by many during the summer months.
➢ Various other products such as pickles, sherbet, ice
cream, and wine also made from litchi.
➢ Dried litchi also known as litchi nut is also popular.
BOTANY
➢ The litchi belongs to the family Sapindaceae and sub
family Nepheleae which has about 150 genera and 2000
species.
➢ The litchi tree are long lived, medium to large, much
branched, round topped, handsome evergreen, reaching
up to 10 m or more height with short stocky trunk.
➢ Vegetative growth is rhythmic and occurs in 3-4 recurrent
flushes alternating with period of rest.
➢ The edible portion is aril.
➢ The seed is dark brown in color.
CLIMATE AND SOIL

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➢ The litchi is adapted to the warm sub tropic, cool dry, frost
free winter, and long, hot summer with high rainfall and
high humidity.
➢ The litchi usually likes low elevation but can be grown up
to 800masl.
➢ The optimum temperature requirement for flowering is
16-20°C.
➢ High temperature (>38°C) and low relative humidity
(<60%) during fruit development stage cause the fruit
cracking in litchi.
➢ The hot winds in summer cause fruit cracking and
subsequently damage the pulp (aril). Wet spring, dry
summer and light winter are desirable conditions for
fruiting in litchi.
➢ The litchi can grow under wide variety of soils including
alluvial soil, loams, and heavy clays with rich source of
organic matter.
➢ The optimum pH range is 5.5-6.5.
➢ It is suggested that new plant should be grown in soil
taken from the vicinity of old trees to introduce the
mycorrhiza.
CULTIVAR AND SPECIES
➢ The genus litchi has 3 species:
i. Sub species chinensis- the commercial litchi,
ii. Sub species philippinensis- it developed in the
Philippines. It has long oval shaped fruit with inedible
flesh and long thorn like protuberances which can be
used as root stock.

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iii. Sub species javenensis- bears fruit similar to chinensis

but the aril is thinner.
Varieties
Varieties:
4) Early varieties:
• Desi
• Early Bedana
• Mujafarpur
• Early large red
• Saharanpur
5) Mid varieties:
• Deharadun
• Maklin
• Rose scented
• Purbi
• China
6) Late varieties:
• Kalkatia
• Late bedana
• Kasawa
PROPAGATION
A. Seed propagation
➢ Propagation by seed is not common because the plants

raised from seed take 7-12 years to come into bearing.

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➢ They should be sown immediately after extraction from

the fruit, as they lose their viability in 4-5 days.

B. Vegetative propagation
➢ Litchi can be propagated successfully by cuttings and
grafting (splice and inarching).
➢ Budding is not commonly practiced.
➢ The most common and the easiest method adopted all over
the world is air layering.
➢ About 2 cm wide ring of bark is removed just below a bud
from a healthy and vigorous twig about one year old and
2.5-4.0 cm across. The cut is then surrounded with a mud
ball containing sphagnum moss (2 parts of damp moss and
1 part of soil from the foot of old litchi tree is best suited)
and wrapped with a polythene sheet.
➢ When sufficient roots are formed in about 2 months, the
branch is cut below the soil or sphagnum moss and potted
in a nursery.
➢ July –October is the most appropriate time.
➢ After removing the air layers (marcotts) from the mother
plant, it is desirable to provide some moist or humid
atmosphere by sprinkling water mist for further 2 or 3
weeks.
➢ At least 6 months old marcotted (air layered) plants should
be planted in the permanent field preferably in monsoon
(rainy season).
➢ IBA (2-10 g/liter of water) is the most effective in root
promotion in air layering of litchi.

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PLANTING
➢ Pit dimension of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m size should be dug at the
desired places a few weeks before the actual planting.
➢ These are kept open for 15- 20 days and then refilled with
a mixture of well-rotted farmyard manure.
➢ A mixture of farmyard manure (20-25 kg), bone meal (2kg)
and sulphate of potash (400g) & a basket full soil in a pit
from a litchi orchard, containing mycorrhizal fungi is
also recommended to be mixed. It is helpful in
establishment and quick growth of newly planted plants.
➢ The pits are watered to set this mixture with the earth.
➢ Planting is done after a week.
➢ Water is applied immediately after planting.

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Litchi trees are usually planted square system, 10 m

apart.
➢ The distance can be reduced to 7.5 m apart each
way where litchi plants need protection either from
frost or from the desiccating winds.
TRAINING AND PRUNING
➢ Training young litchi plants for making a good
framework is necessary.
➢ Once the desired shape and a strong framework is
achieved, pruning is not required, except removing
dead or diseased branches and damaged shoots.
➢ If trees become too old and produce small sized
fruits, pruning heavily improves the yield and quality
of fruits.
MANURING AND FERTILIZATION
➢ Litchi is grown mostly in natural fertile soil.

Table: Recommended fertilizer dose & schedule for litchi

➢ Fertilizer should be applied just after harvesting
during the rainy season. If fertilizers are applied

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late, there is more vegetative growth and less

fruiting.
➢ Method of manuring is similar to that of other fruit
crops.
➢ The plants grown under deficiency of NPK can
flower but do not set fruits.
➢ The plants grown under Mg deficiency do not even
bloom.
WEEDING
➢ Weeds are controlled mainly by hand weeding or
hoeing which is very laborious and expensive.
➢ Applying pre-emergence herbicides diuron or
atrazine @ 2 kg /acre at one month interval keeps
weeds under control.
➢ Use of black polythene mulch also controls weeds
more effectively than organic mulch.
INTERCROPPING
➢ Since litchi is a slow growing tree taking at least 6
years to come to flowering and fruiting,
intercropping vegetables, pulses and berseem is
advised.
➢ Some quick growing fruit plants like pineapple and
papaya can also be grown in early years of its
plantation.
➢ The intercrops should be manured separately and
protected from pests and diseases.

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IRRIGATION
➢ January end to the onset of monsoon is a critical
period for irrigation since vegetative growth and fruit
development take place.
➢ The fully grown trees are irrigated by flooding or by
furrow irrigation, depending on the availability and
source of water as per their requirement.
➢ The frequency of irrigation ordinarily depends on
soil type. Generally weekly irrigation should be
given in summer.
HARVESTING
➢ The number of days taken by the fruit to mature
varies with genotype and environment and hence
cannot be the deciding factor for its maturity.
➢ Generally litchi fruits, mature 50-60 days after fruit
set.
➢ Litchi fruits, like other fruits, are not harvested
individually to avoid skin rupturing at the stem end
and quick rotting of fruits.
➢ They are harvested in bunches along with a portion
of the branch and a few leaves. It prolongs the
storage life of fruits.
➢ Harvesting of litchi is usually done in May and June.
Maturity indices:
− Generally fruits turn deep red when fully ripe.

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− Maturity of fruit is also determined by the shape of the

tubercles which on ripening become somewhat flattened
and the epicarp becomes smooth.
YIELD
➢ Varies from 80-150kg fruits/ tree depending upon
variety and tree vigor.
POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT
➢ After harvesting, fruits should be packed as quickly
as possible, as their quality deteriorates markedly,
if they are exposed to sun even for a few hours.
➢ In packed litchi fruits, air should circulate freely.
➢ The damaged, sun burnt and cracked fruits should
be sorted and graded properly.
➢ There should be only fruits of one grade in a box.
➢ Fruits of different varieties should be packed
separately.
➢ It is better if the box or container is tagged having
name of variety and grade.
➢ Pericarp browning is the major post-harvest
problem. Browning is associated with desiccation
which enhances anthocyanin degradation.
Control:
− Sulfur treatment and packing in perforated plastic
bags and storage under cold condition (2-5ᵒc)
− Irradiation of fruits

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− Dipping fruit with hot benomyl

− Precooling practices
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER
A. Splitting or cracking of fruits

➢ Splitting of fruits is due to abrupt change in atmospheric

temperature, RH, soil moisture
Condition following rain or heavy irrigation.
Inadequate soil moisture during early period of fruit
growth results in the skin becoming hard and inelastic
and it may crack when subjected to increased internal
pressure as a result of rapid aril growth following
irrigation or rain.
➢ Fruit cracking in litchi is also favored if temperature goes
above 38°C and relative humidity less than 60%.
➢ The varietals susceptibility of cracking is Deshi (highest)
> Early large red > Muzzafapur > Mumbai > Seedless
(least).
Control of Splitting or cracking of fruits

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− Growth regulators reduce the incidence

of fruit cracking. E.g- NAA (20mg/
liter of water)
▪ GA (40 mg/ liter of water)
▪ 2, 4-D (10mg/ liter of water)
▪ 2, 4,5-T (10 mg/ liter of water)
▪ Ethephon (10 mg/ liter of water )
− Spraying with Zinc Sulphate (1.5%) weekly or Calcium
Nitrate (1.5%) fortnightly from pea size to harvesting of
fruit is an effective method to reduce cracking.
− Litchi should be trained to keep low headed. Such
trained plants with dense foliage, can withstand more
hot and desiccating winds and thus fruit splitting is the
least in their case.
− Frequent and adequate irrigation to bearing trees
during fruit growth and development period is most
useful.
− Mulching at the base of the trunk.

B. Sun burn
➢ High temperature, low humidity and soil moisture
conditions during fruits development promote sun burn.
➢ Inadequate moisture during early period of fruit growth

results in the skin becoming hard and sun burnt.

INSECT PEST

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A. Fruit-borers (Cryptophlebia illepida, Rapala varuna,

Deudorix epijarbas, Deudorix isocrates)

The caterpillars bore into developing fruits and seeds.

The bore-holes get filled with the excreta of the
caterpillars and infested fruits start rotting.
Control
− Collect all fallen fruits and destroy.
− At an early stage of fruiting (synchronizes with egg
laying), spray Fenvalerate (0.01%), Fenthion (0.05%)
and Phosalone (0.05%) alternately at 10 days interval.

B. Fruit-fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)

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Maggots of B. dorsalis feed on fruit pulp and

induce rotting.
Control:
• Plough the field in summer.
• Spray Malathion @ 0.055 from flowering to fruit set at 15
days interval.

GUAVA

➢ In Nepal, it is admired as the apple of tropics or

poor man’s apple.
➢ High nutritive value and demand of processed
guava product, makes this fruit important for
domestic and international market.

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ORIGIN: Tropical America

DISTRIBUTION
➢ Major producers in Nepal are Khotang, Dhading,
Jhapa, Surkhet, Kapilbastu, Nawalprasi Major
producers in world are Cuba, Brazil, India, Sri
Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh
USES
➢ The ripe fruits are rich source of vitamin c
(260mg/100 gm of fruits) which is 2-3 times
higher than fresh orange juice and a fair source
of vitamin A, calcium, phosphorous, riboflavin,
thiamin, and niacin.
➢ In general, pink fleshed cultivars are poor in
vitamin C content than in the white flashed fruit.
Guava fruits are best for jelly making as these are
rich in pectin.
BOTANY
➢ Belong to the large family, Myrtaceae which also
includes Eucalyptus, Cinamomum and Jamun
(Syzigium cumini).
➢ It is shallow rooted shrub or small tree, growing
3-10m.
➢ It is long lived and hardy tree & fruit is berry.
➢ In guava most of commercial varieties are diploid
whereas seedless varieties are triploid in nature
and shy bearer.

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CLIMATE AND SOIL

➢ Owing to its hardy nature, guava is grown
successfully in tropical and subtropical regions
up to 1,500 m above mean sea-level.
➢ Best quality guavas are obtained where low night
temperatures (10°C) prevail during winter. It
produce abundant fruit with better quality in
distinct winter.
➢ The required optimum temperature is 23-28°C.
➢ The tree can withstand up to 48°C.
➢ It requires dry conditions at the time of flowering
and fruiting.
➢ It is susceptible to severe frost as it can kill the
young plants.
➢ An annual rainfall of about 1000-2000mm is
sufficient.
➢ The rains during harvesting period, however,
deteriorate the quality of fruits.
➢ Guava is cultivated on varied types of soils-heavy
clay to light sandy soils.
➢ It is very much sensitive to water logging.
➢ The best soil is considered to be deep, fragile,
and well drained.
➢ It tolerates a soil pH of 6.5- 8.5.
➢ Maximum concentration of its feeding roots is
available up to 25 cm soil depth. Thus the top soil
should be quite rich to provide enough nutrients
for accelerating new growth which bears fruits.

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VARIETIES: Lucknow 49, Allahabad Safeda,

Chittidar, Harijha, Apple guava, Seedless
PROPAGATION
A. Seed propagation
➢ The propagation of guava through seeds should

not be encouraged because the seedlings have

long juvenile phase, give lower yields and bear
poor quality fruits.
➢ But the seedlings serve as rootstock material for

grafting or budding.
➢ The seeds should be sown as soon as possible

after extraction from the ripe fruits.

➢ Soaking of seeds in water for 12 hours or in

hydrochloric acid for 3 minutes gives about 90%

germination. About 1 year old seedlings become
ready for grafting or budding.

B. Vegetative propagation
➢ Various vegetative methods like layering (air

layering), grafting (inarching), and budding

(forket, patch and shield).
➢ Stooling and cutting are also practiced in
propagation of guava.
➢ However, air layering is the common in vegetative

propagation which is generally practiced by

frames.
FLOWERING

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➢ Guava tree bear flower solitary or in cymes of 2-

3 flowers, on the current season growth in the
axils of the leaves.
➢ Under natural condition, guava tree flowers twice
a year and sometime thrice a year.
➢ The flowering period may vary from 25-45 days.
Flowering pattern/time
a. Ambe bahar: the guava tree flowers during
February march (spring) and ripe from July to
September (rainy season). The fruits obtains
during this seasons are insipid, watery and poor
in quality.
b. Mrig bahar: the guava tree produce flower in June
to July (monsoon) and ripe from November –
December (winter). The fruit obtained are
excellent in quality.
c. Hasth bahar: sometime guava tree produces
flower in October and the fruits ripe from February
to April. Hasth bahar is not common. It is mostly
a chance crop. The fruit quality is good but low
yield.
Flower regulation
− The Bahar treatment increases the winter harvest by
removing flowers of Ambe bahar to favor flowers of Mrig
bahar.
− It is done to gain high quality yield in winter when market
price is high.

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− NAA (100ppm) or 2, 4-D (300ppm) when applied during

April resulting flower & fruit drop of Ambe bahar.
− Root pruning in summer months (Jestha-Asar) &
delayed fertilization also help to promote Mrig bahar.
FRUIT SET
➢ The initial fruit set in nature is high amount up to 80-
85% of the total flowers.
➢ But only 34-56% of fruits reach to maturity.
➢ Such drop of fruits may be due to several
physiological and environmental factors.
➢ In general, the fruit drop is higher in seedless variety.
➢ The formation of fruits is 1st noticed about after 12
days from flowering.

CULTURAL PRACTICES
A. Planting
➢ The pits of 1m x1m x 1m3 size are dug and filled with
a mixture of farmyard manure.
➢ The best time of planting is the beginning of monsoon
(June-July).
➢ Guava is commercially planted at a distance of 5-6 m.
➢ The exact planting distance is, however, decided
according to variety, soil fertility and availability of
irrigation facilities.
➢ Guava Lunknow 49 needs more spacing than apple
guava and Allahabad Safeda.

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B. Manuring and fertilization

➢ The required rate of manures and fertilizers

varies with the varieties grown, age of plantation,

management practices fertility status of soil.
➢ The fertilizer application should be based on leaf

nutrient status of an orchard, wherever feasible.

Time of manuring
− Chaitra – Baisakh - full dose of FYM+ ½N +
SSP + MOP
− Bhadra- Asoj - remaining ½ N
added
Fertilizer For young/non- For bearing plant
bearing plant

Organic 25 kg/plant/year 40-50kg/plant/year

Inorganic 50-100 : 25-40 : 50- 300 : 150 : 300gm
100gm NPK/plant/year
NPK/plant/year
Table: Fertilizer dose for non-bearing & bearing plant
C. Irrigation
➢ Watering is essential just after transplanting in the

absence of rain.
➢ In early stage guava plant requires 8-10 irrigation

per year.
➢ Full bearing plant requires watering during Mar-

May at fortnight interval to secure better fruit set

and reduced drop.

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➢ Young plants require water at weekly interval

during summer months and 2-3 irrigation during
winter months.

D. Intercropping
Coffee, papaya, pineapple, gram, beans,
cowpea etc. can be intercropped.

E. Training/ pruning
➢ The open center system may be adopted.

➢ The scaffold branches in young plants are to be

tipped back to encourage secondary branching,

the root sucker, water sprouts and criss-cross
branches are to be removed altogether.
➢ Pruning is usually recommended after harvesting

or in spring.
➢ Summer pruning may damage the plant by sun

burning.
HARVESTING
➢ Seedling starts bearing fruits in 4-5 years while
vegetatively propagated guava tree start bearing
at the age of 2-3 years and they attain full bearing
capacity at the age of 8-10 years.
➢ Guava fruits requires about 22 weeks (nearly 5
months) from full bloom to maturity.
➢ With the advancement of maturity, the color of
fruit changes from dark green to yellow green.

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YIELD
➢ The yield of a plant depends on its age, cropping
pattern and the cultural practices.
➢ However, the average yield is 80-90 kg from
growing seedling and 150-200 kg per tree from
tree raised vegetatively (1000-1500
fruits/plant/year). Generally, tree produce 7-
10mt.ton/ha fruits.
MARKETING & STORAGE
➢ Fruits are sorted, graded based on color, size etc.
& packed into wooden box or cartoons, crates,
tokari etc. for marketing.
➢ Fruits are marketed as early as possible (within
2-4 days). Fruits can be stored for 2-3 weeks
when kept at 10-14°C.
DISEASES
A. Guava wilts (Fusarium
oxysporium f.
psidi,Rhizoctonia spp.)

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It is a fungal disease.
➢ Yellowing and browning of leaves from the twigs
tip.
➢ Leaves die off causing cracking in the twigs and
trunk leading to the complete wilting and decline
of entire tree.
➢ The incidence is more sever in alkaline soil and
during winter season.
Control measures:
− It is better to remove such trees as soon as
the symptoms are identified to prevent the
spread of the disease.

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− Apply 15 gm of bavistin at the basin of the

each plat after pruning in March, June and
September.
− Liming of the pits.
− Use of resistant root stock such as Chinese
guava and wilt resistant variety like Allahabad
safeda, Banarasi, Nasik etc should be
planted.

B. Fruit-rot (Phomopsis psidi)

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➢ This is a serious disease of guava especially

during rainy seasons.
➢ The symptoms are manifested as development of
dark brown circular spots at the blossom end of
the immature green fruits.
Control measures
− Application of zineb (0.2%) or aureofungin (10
ppm) as monthly sprays during June to
October can control the disease.
− Apply Kavach/Rovral (2g/litre) and
Carbendazim (1g/litre) during rainy season.

C. Canker (Pestalotiopsis psidi)

➢ Bacterial disease
➢ Infected leaves & fruits of guava shows raised
lesions & spots.

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➢ Cankerous growth on fruit leading to cracking of

fruits

Control measures
− Prune infected parts.
− Spray Bordeaux mixture (4%) every 2 months.

D. Anthracnose

➢ Attacks leaves, young twigs & fruits.

➢ Produces black depressed spots or lesions on
leaves, branches wilt, fruits rot & finally death of
plant.

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➢ Spray 2-3 times Dithane M-45, Indofil M-45 @ 2-

3gm/liter water at 10-15 days interval.
INSECT PEST
A. Fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis)
➢ The fruit flies deposit eggs in the soft skin of

ripening fruits. On hatching the maggots bore into

fruit and feed on the soft pulp.
➢ The infested fruits show depressions with dark

greenish punctures and when cut open, the

maggots are visible. The infested fruits rot and
fall.
Control measures
− Monitor adult fruit-flies emergence by using
methyl eugenol/sex pheromone traps.
− First spray Deltamenthrin 0.0025% +
molasses 0.1%. After10-12 days spray Fenthion
0.05% + molasses 0.1% followed by
Dimethoate 0.045% +molasses 0.1%, if
required. − Collect all fallen infested fruits and
put in a drum covered with fine wire mesh.
− Do not retain birds’ damaged fruit on tree
because they attract adult fruit-flies.
− Harvest fully mature fruits one week early to
escape eggs laying.

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B. Green shield scale (Chloropulvinaria psidii)

➢ The scales are flat, broadly oval in shape and

yellowish-green in colour.
➢ Infestation is noticed on the ventral side of leaves,
shoots and occasionally on fruits.
Control measures
− If infestation is in the initial stage on the few
shoots, prune and burn them.
− In case of severe infestation, during new
growth, spray Phenthoate (0.05%) or
Metasystox (0.25%) or Dimecron (0.03%) at
10-015 days interval.

C. Mealy bugs (Ferrisia virgata, Plannococcus citri)

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➢ Severely infested fruits are covered by white

mealy bugs along with sooty mould and
honeydew.
➢ They affect fruit quality as well as size.
Control measures: Same to those of Green scale

Plantation crops:

Coffee (Coffea arabica)

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