5.

10 An ideal gas, CP = (7/2)R, is heated in a steady-flow heat exchanger

from 70°C to 190°C by another stream of the same ideal gas which enters
Example 5.1 A central power plant, rated at 800,000 kW, generates steam at
at 320°C. The flow rates of the two streams are the same, and heat
585 K and discards heat to a river at 295 K. If the thermal efficiency of the
losses from the exchanger are negligible.
plant is 70% of the maximum possible value, how much heat is discarded to
the river at rated power? (a) Calculate the molar entropy changes of the two gas streams for both
Example 5.3 Methane gas at 550 K and 5 bar undergoes a reversible adiabatic parallel and countercurrent flow in the exchanger.
expansion to 1 bar. Assuming ideal-gas-state methane at these conditions, find
(b) What is ΔStotal in each case?
its final temperature.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for countercurrent flow if the heating stream
Example 5.4 A 40 kg steel casting (CP = 0.5 kJ⋅kg−1⋅K−1) at a temperature of
enters at 200°C.
450°C is quenched in 150 kg of oil (CP = 2.5 kJ⋅kg−1⋅K−1) at 25°C. If there
are no heat losses, what is the change in entropy of (a) the casting, (b) the 5.17 A Carnot engine operates between temperature levels of 600 K
oil, and (c) both considered together? and 300 K. It drives a Carnot refrigerator, which provides cooling at 250
Example 5.5 In a steady-state flow process carried out at atmospheric
K and discards heat at 300 K. Determine a numerical value for the ratio
pressure, 1 mol⋅s−1 of air at 600 K is continuously mixed with 2 mol⋅s−1 of of heat extracted by the refrigerator (“cooling load”) to the heat
delivered to the engine (“heating load”).
air at 450 K. The product stream is at 400 K and 1 atm. A schematic
representation of the process is shown in Fig. 5.4. Determine the rate of 5.18 An ideal gas with constant heat capacity undergoes a change of state
heat transfer and the rate of entropy generation for the process. Assume from conditions T1, P1 to conditions T2, P2. Determine ΔH (J·mol−1) and ΔS
the ideal-gas state for air with CP ig = (7/2)R, that the surroundings are at (J·mol−1·K−1) for one of the following cases.
300 K, and that kinetic- and potential-energy changes of the streams are
negligible. (a) T1 = 300 K, P1 = 1.2 bar, T2 = 450 K, P2 = 6 bar, CP/R = 7/2.

Example 5.7 What is the maximum work that can be obtained in a steady- (b) T1 = 300 K, P1 = 1.2 bar, T2 = 500 K, P2 = 6 bar, CP/R = 7/2.
state flow process from 1 mol of nitrogen in its ideal-gas state at 800 K and 5.19 An ideal gas, CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R, undergoes a cycle consisting
50 bar? Take the temperature and pressure of the surroundings as 300 K of the following mechanically reversible steps:
and 1.0133 bar.
• An adiabatic compression from P1, V1, T1 to P2, V2, T2
5.2 A Carnot engine receives 250 kJ·s−1 of heat from a heat-source
reservoir at 525°C and mrejects heat to a heat-sink reservoir at 50°C. What • An isobaric expansion from P2, V2, T2 to P3 = P2, V3, T3.
are the power developed and the heat rejected?
• An adiabatic expansion from P3, V3, T3 to P4, V4, T4.
5.3 The following heat engines produce power of 95,000 kW. Determine in
each case the rates at which heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir and • A constant-volume process from P4, V4, T4 to P1, V1 = V4, T1.
discarded to the cold reservoir. Sketch this cycle on a PV diagram and determine its thermal efficiency if T1
(a) A Carnot engine operates between heat reservoirs at 750 K and 300 K. = 200°C, T2 = 1000°C, and T3 = 1700°C
(b) A practical engine operates between the same heat reservoirs but with a 5.21 One mole of an ideal gas, CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R, is compressed
thermal efficiency η = 0.35. adiabatically in a piston/cylinder device from 2 bar and 25°C to 7 bar. The
process is irreversible and requires 35% more work than a reversible,
5.7 Large quantities of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are shipped by ocean
adiabatic compression from the same initial state to the same final pressure.
tanker. At the unloading port, provision is made for vaporization of the What is the entropy change of the gas?
LNG so that it may be delivered to pipelines as gas. The LNG arrives in the
tanker at atmospheric pressure and 113.7 K, and represents a possible 5.25 A reversible cycle executed by 1 mol of an ideal gas for which CP =
heat sink for use as the cold reservoir of a heat engine. For unloading of (5/2)R and CV = (3/2)R consists of the following:
LNG as a vapor at the rate of 9000 m3·s−1, as measured at 25°C and
1.0133 bar, and assuming the availability of an adequate heat source at • Starting at T1 = 700 K and P1 = 1.5 bar, the gas is cooled at
30°C, what is the maximum possible power obtainable and what is the constant pressure to T2 = 350 K.
rate of heat transfer from the heat source? Assume that LNG at 25°C and • From 350 K and 1.5 bar, the gas is compressed isothermally to
1.0133 bar is an ideal gas with the molar mass of 17. Also assume that pressure P2.
the LNG vaporizes only, absorbing only its latent heat of 512 kJ·kg−1 at
113.7 K. • The gas returns to its initial state along a path for which PT =
constant. What is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?
5.8 With respect to 1 kg of liquid water:
5.27 For a steady-flow process at approximately atmospheric pressure, what
(a) Initially at 0°C, it is heated to 100°C by contact with a heat reservoir
is the entropy change of the gas:
at 100°C. What is the entropy change of the water? Of the heat
reservoir? What is ΔStotal? (a) When 10 mol of SO2 is heated from 200 to 1100°C?
(b) Initially at 0°C, it is first heated to 50°C by contact with a heat (b) When 12 mol of propane is heated from 250 to 1200°C?
reservoir at 50°C and then to 100°C by contact with a reservoir at 100°C.
What is ΔStotal? 5.28 What is the entropy change of the gas, heated in a steady-flow process
at approximately atmospheric pressure,
(c) Explain how the water might be heated from 0°C to 100°C so that
ΔStotal=0. (a) When 800 kJ is added to 10 mol of ethylene initially at 200°C?
5.9 A rigid vessel of 0.06 m3 volume contains an ideal gas, CV = (5/2)R, at (c) When 106(Btu) is added to 40(lb mol) of ethylene initially at 500(°F)?
500 K and 1 bar.
5.39 A steady-flow adiabatic turbine (expander) accepts gas at conditions T1,
(a) If heat in the amount of 15,000 J is transferred to the gas, determine P1, and discharges at conditions T2, P2. Assuming ideal gases, determine (per
its entropy change. mole of gas) W, Wideal, Wlost, and SG for one of the following cases. Take Tσ =
(b) If the vessel is fitted with a stirrer that is rotated by a shaft so that 300 K.
work in the amount of 15,000 J is done on the gas, what is the entropy (a) T1 = 500 K, P1 = 6 bar, T2 = 371 K, P2 = 1.2 bar, CP/R = 7/2.
change of the gas if the process is adiabatic? What is ΔStotal? What is the
irreversible feature of the process? (b) T1 = 450 K, P1 = 5 bar, T2 = 376 K, P2 = 2 bar, CP/R = 4.
 5.43 Heat in the amount of 150 kJ is transferred directly from a hot reservoir 8.4 Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the Rankine
at TH = 550 K to two cooler reservoirs at T1 = 350 K and T2 = 250 K. The cycle (Fig. 8.3) at 3300 kPa and exhausts at 50 kPa. To show the effect of
surroundings temperaturemis Tσ = 300 K. If the heat transferred to the superheating on the performance of the cycle, calculate the thermal
reservoir at T1 is half that transferred to the reservoir at T2, calculate: efficiency of the cycle and the quality of the exhaust steam from the turbine
for turbine-inlet steam temperatures of 450, 550, and 650°C.
(a) The entropy generation in kJ·K–1.
8.6 A steam power plant employs two adiabatic turbines in series. Steam
(b) The lost work. How could the process be made reversible? enters the first turbine at 650°C and 7000 kPa and discharges from the second
5.50 Ethylene vapor is cooled at atmospheric pressure from 830 to 35°C by turbine at 20 kPa. The system is designed for equal power outputs from the
direct heat transfer to the surroundings at a temperature of 25°C. With two turbines, based on a turbine efficiency of 78% for each turbine.
respect to this surroundings temperature, what is the lost work of the process Determine the temperature and pressure of the steam in its intermediate
in kJ·mol–1? Show that the same result is obtained as the work which can be state between the two turbines. What is the overall efficiency of the two
derived from reversible heat engines operating with the ethylene vapor as turbines together with respect to isentropic expansion of the steam from the
heat source and the surroundings as sink. The heat capacity of ethylene is initial to the final state?
given in Table C.1 of App. C. 8.13 An air-standard Diesel cycle absorbs 1500 J⋅mol−1 of heat (step DA
of Fig. 8.10, which simulates combustion). The pressure and temperature
at the beginning of the compression step are 1 bar and 20°C, and the
Example 6.4 Supercritical CO2 is increasingly used as an environmentally friendly
solvent for cleaning applications, ranging from dry cleaning clothing to degreasing pressure at the end of the compression step is 4 bar. Assuming air to be
machine parts to photoresist stripping. A key advantage of CO2 is the ease with an ideal gas for which CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R, what are the
which it is separated from “dirt” and detergents. When its temperature and compression ratio and the expansion ratio of the cycle?
pressure are reduced below the critical temperature and vapor pressure 8.22 A steam plant operates on the cycle of Fig. 8.4. The pressure levels are
respectively, it vaporizes, leaving
m
dissolved substances behind. For a change in state 10 kPa and 6000 kPa, and steam leaves the turbine as saturated vapor. The
of CO2 from 70°C and 150 bar to 20°C and 15 bar, estimate the changes in its molar pump efficiency is 0.70, and the turbine efficiency is 0.75. Determine the
enthalpy and entropy. thermal efficiency of the plant.
Example 6.9 Superheated steam originally at P1 and T1 expands through a nozzle
to an exhaust pressure P2. Assuming the process is reversible and adiabatic,
determine the downstream state of the steam and ΔH for P1 = 1000 kPa, t1 =
250°C, and P2 = 200 kPa.
Example 8.1 Steam generated in a power plant at a pressure of 8600 kPa and a
temperature of 500°C is fed to a turbine. Exhaust from the turbine enters a
condenser at 10 kPa, where it is condensed to saturated liquid, which is then
pumped to the boiler.
(a) What is the thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle operating at these conditions?
(b) What is the thermal efficiency of a practical cycle operating at these conditions if
the turbine efficiency and pump efficiency are both 0.75?
(c) If the rating of the power cycle of part (b) is 80,000 kW, what is the steam rate
and what are the heat-transfer rates in the boiler and condenser?
5.2 A Carnot engine receives 250 kJ·s−1 of heat from a heat-source reservoir at
525°C and rejects heat to am heat-sink reservoir at 50°C. What are the power
developed and the heat rejected?
5.3 The following heat engines produce power of 95,000 kW. Determine in each
case the rates at which heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir and discarded to
the cold reservoir.
(a) A Carnot engine operates between heat reservoirs at 750 K and 300 K.
(b) A practical engine operates between the same heat reservoirs but with a
thermal efficiency η = 0.35.
5.7 Large quantities of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are shipped by ocean
tanker. At the unloading port, provision is made for vaporization of the LNG so
that it may be delivered to pipelines as gas. The LNG arrives in the tanker at
atmospheric pressure and 113.7 K, and represents a possible heat sink for use
as the cold reservoir of a heat engine. For unloading of LNG as a vapor at the
rate of 9000 m3·s−1, as measured at 25°C and 1.0133 bar, and assuming the
availability of an adequate heat source at 30°C, what is the maximum possible
power obtainable and what is the rate of heat transfer from the heat source?
Assume that LNG at 25°C and 1.0133 bar is an ideal gas with the molar mass of
17. Also assume that the LNG vaporizes only, absorbing only its latent heat of
512 kJ·kg−1 at 113.7 K.
8.1 The basic cycle for a steam power plant is shown in Fig. 8.1. The turbine
operates adiabatically with inlet steam at 6800 kPa and 550°C, and the
exhaust steam enters the condenser at 50°C with a quality of 0.96. Saturated
liquid water leaves the condenser and is pumped to the boiler. Neglecting
pump work and kinetic- and potential-energy changes, determine the thermal
efficiency of the cycle and the turbine efficiency.
8.3 A steam power plant operates on the cycle of Fig. 8.4. For one of the
following sets of operating conditions, determine the steam rate, the heat-
transfer rates in the boiler and condenser, and the thermal efficiency of the
plant.
(a) P1 = P2 = 10,000 kPa; T2 = 600°C; P3 = P4 = 10 kPa; η(turbine) = 0.80; η(pump) =
0.75; power rating = 80,000 kW.
(b) P1 = P2 = 7000 kPa; T2 = 550°C; P3 = P4 = 20 kPa; η(turbine) = 0.75; η(pump) =
0.75; power rating = 100,000 kW.