Shor

tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors

Uni
ttwo
Vect
ors
Physi
cal
Quant
it
iesar
equant
it
iest
hatcanbemeasur
edbynumer
ical
numberandSI
uni
ts

Basedont
heSIuni
tsy
stem Phy
sical
Quant
it
iesar
ecl
assi
fi
edas:
-

1.
Basi
c(Fundament
al)and

2.
Der
ivedphy
sical
quant
it
ies

Basi
c(Fundament
al)phy
sical
quant
it
ies

Ar
ephy
sical
quant
it
ieswhi
chdohav
euni
tst
hatar
eint
ernat
ional
l
yagr
eeddef
ini
ti
ons

Ther
ear
esev
enphy
sical
quant
it
ies

1.
Lengt
h-met
er(
m)

2.
Mass-
kil
ogr
am(
kg)

3.
Time-
second(
s)

4.
cur
rent
-Amper
e(A)

5.
Amountofsubst
ance-
mol
e(mol
)

6.
Lumi
nousI
ntensi
ty-
Candel
a(cd)

7.
Temper
atur
e-kel
vi
n(k)

Dimensi
onal
expr
essi
on:
-Theuni
tofphy
sical
quant
it
iesi
nter
msoft
het
hreebasi
c
uni
ts

-
Mass[
M]

-
Lengt
h[L]

-
Time[
T]

Der
ivedphy
sical
quant
it
ies

-
Arequant
iti
eswhoseunit
scanbeobt
ainedbycombi
ningt
heuni
tsoft
he
f
undamentalquant
it
ies
 Shor
tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors
e.
g.:
-speed,
vel
oci
ty,
accel
erat
ion

-Basedonthedi
rect
ionasacr
it
eri
a,phy
sical
quant
it
iesagai
nar
ecl
assi
fi
edas:
-
scalar&vect
or

Scal
arphy
sical
quant
it
ies

-
Arequant
it
iest
hatcanbecompl
etel
yspeci
fi
edordescr
ibedbyt
hei
rmagni
tudeonl
y

-
Theyhav
eonl
ymagni
tude.

Exampl
e፡-Ti
me,
mass,
lengt
h,wor
k,ener
gy,
power
,temper
atur
e

#Scalarquant
it
iescanbeaddedorsubt
ract
edi
ntheusual
wayusi
ngor
dinar
y
ar
thimetic

E.
g.:
-4kg+4kg=8kg

4oc–7oc=-
3oc

Vect
orphy
sical
quant
it
ies

-
Arequant
it
iest
hatneedbot
hmagni
tudeanddi
rect
ionf
ort
hei
rcompl
etedescr
ipt
ion

-
Theyhav
ebot
hmagni
tudeanddi
rect
ion

-Vect
orquant
it
iesar
eaddedorsubt
ract
edusi
ngv
ect
orr
ulesei
thergr
aphi
cal
l
yor
analy
tical
l
y

-
Vect
orscanbeposi
ti
ve,
negat
iveorzer
o

Repr
esent
ati
onofVect
ors

-
Wecanr
epr
esentv
ect
orsi
ntwoway
s,ei
therAnal
yti
cal
l
yorGr
aphi
cal
l
y

1.
Anal
yti
cal
repr
esent
ati
onofv
ect
ors

-
Int
hismet
hodv
ect
ori
srepr
esent
edbybol
dfacel
ett
erasAi
npr
intorbooks

-
Weusear
rowi
ntheheadoft
hel
ett
ert
orepr
esentv
ect
ors

E.
g.:
-V

2.
Graphi
cal
repr
esent
ati
onofv
ect
ors

-
Avect
ori
srepr
esent
edbyar
ay

-
Thel
engt
hoft
her
aygi
vest
hemagni
tudeoft
hev
ect
or

-
Thear
rowoft
her
ayi
ndi
cat
est
hesenseofdi
rect
ionofv
ect
or

Thelengthexpr
essest he
magnitudeandthearrow
expr
essesthedirect
ion
 Shor
tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors

Equalv
ector
s:-t
wovect
orsaresaidt
obeequalifandonl
yift
heyhavethesame#
magnit
ude,t
hesamedir
ecti
on&r epr
esent
sthesametypeofphysi
calquant
it
y

Exampl
e:-A =10Nsout
handB =10Nnor
thar
eequal
vect
ors

Ty
pesofVect
ors

-
Ther
ear
esi
xty
pesofv
ect
ors

1.
Uni
tVect
or

-I
savectorwit
hmagni
tudeofoneandi
susedt
otel
lori
ndi
cat
ethedi
rect
ionofa
giv
envector

-
Theunitvect
ort
hatpoi
nti
ntheposi
ti
vex,
yandzaxesar
edenot
edbyi
,jandk
r
espect
ivel
y

X=i y=jz=k

-
Thet
hreeuni
tvect
orsi
,jandkar
emut
ual
l
yper
pendi
cul
ar

Av
ect
ori
nspacecanbeex
pressedusi
ngt
heuni
tvect
ornot
ati
on

A =Axi
+Ay
j+Azk

Theuni
tvect
ori
nthedi
rect
ionofv
ect
orA i
sdef
inedas:
-

A =Axi
+Ay
j+Azk
2 2 2
(
Ax)+(
Ay)+(
Az)

2.
Nul
lorzer
ovect
or

-I
sav ect
orwhosemagni
tudei
szer
oandwhosedi
rect
ioni
sindet
ermi
nantor
arbi
tr
ary

-
Azer
ovect
orhasheadandt
ail
att
hesamepoi
nt

-
zer
ovect
ori
sident
it
yvect
orofv
ect
oraddi
ti
on

A+0=A

A–0=A

3.
Posi
ti
onv
ect
or

-
Isav
ect
ort
hatt
ell
stheposi
ti
onofabodywi
thr
espectt
oanot
herpoi
nt

e.
g.:
-Ai
s50m onabear
ingof300

A i
s43.
3m eastand25m nor
thf
rom t
heor
igi
n
 Shor
tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors
4.
Col
li
nearv
ect
or

-
Arev
ect
orsact
ingont
hesamel
ine

Thei
rvect
orscanbepar
all
elorant
ipar
all
elt
oeachot
herwi
tht
hesamel
i
neofact
ion-

B A

AandBar
ecol
l
inearv
ect
ors

5.copl
anarv
ect
or

Ar
evect
orst
hatactont
hesamepl
ane

A B

6.
Concur
rentv
ect
or B

-
Arev
ect
orsact
ingont
hesamepoi
nt C

Vect
orAddi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ion

-Vect
orscanbeaddedgraphi
cal
lybydr
awingascaleddi
agr
am oft
hemagnit
ude&
withproperor
ient
ati
onoft
hevector
soranal
yti
cal
l
ybyusingal
gebr
aic&geomet
ri
cal
equati
ons.

A,
Graphi
cal
met
hodofv
ect
orAddi
ti
on

-
Graphi
cal
l
y,v
ect
orscanbeaddedusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hods

Tr
iangl
emet
hod

-
Int
hismet
hod,
twov
ect
orsar
ejoi
nedheadt
otai
l
.Ther
esul
tantv
ect
ori
sdr
awn
 Shor
tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors
f
rom t
het
ail
oft
hef
ir
stv
ect
ort
otheheadoft
hesecondv
ect
or.

e.
g.:
-Ifwehav
etwov
ect
orsA & B ,
tri
angl
emet
hodgi
vesust
her
esul
tant
,R=
A +B

A B

R =A +B

Par
all
elogr
am Met
hod

-Twovectorsar
ejoi
nedt
ail
totai
l.Theresul
tantvectori
sthent
hedi
agonal
oft
he
paral
l
elogram,f
ormedwi
ththetwov ect
orsasitssides.

e.
g.:
-consi
dert
wov
ect
orsA&B,
thepar
all
elogr
am met
hodgi
venust
her
esul
tant
,R
=A+B

Pol
ygonmet
hod

-
Morethantwovect
orsareaddedbyjoi
ningthegiv
env ectorsheadtot
ail
.The
r
esult
anti
sthev
ectorthatj
oinst
hetail
softhefi
rstvectortotheheadofthel
ast
v
ector

e.
g.:
-Ifwehav
ethev
ect
ors,
A,B,
C,&D t
hepol
ygonmet
hodgi
vesus

R=A+B+C+D

-
Vect
oraddi
ti
onobey
sthecommut
ati
veaswel
lasdi
str
ibut
ivel
aw.

R=A+B=B+A

R=A+(
B+C)
=(A+B)
+C

Subt
ract
ionofv
ect
ors:
-Itmeansaddi
ngav
ect
ort
oanegat
ivev
ect
or

R=A-
B=A+(
-B)

B.Anal
yti
cal
met
hodofv
ect
oraddi
ti
on

-
Anal
yti
cal
l
yvect
orscanbeaddedusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hods
 Shor
tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors
ComponentMet
hod

Bi
nspacei
ncomponentnot
ati
onas:
&-E.
g.:
-Ifwehav
etwov
ect
orsA

A=Axi
+Ay
j+Azk & B=Bxi
+By
j+Bzk

Then,
thei
rsum orr
esul
tanti
sobt
ainedby

R=A+B

R=(
Ax+Bx)
i+(
Ay+By
)j+(
Az+Bz)
k
√
R|= Rx2+Ry
2
| +Rz2&R=Rxi+Ry
j+Rzk

Cosi
nel
aw(
todet
ermi
nemagni
tude)

-
Ther
esul
tantoft
wov
ect
orsA&Bhav
inganangl
eƟbet
weent
hem gi
venby
:-
α
R=√A2+B2+2ABcosθorR=√A2+B2-
2ABcos

Si
nel
aw(
todet
ermi
nedi
rect
ion)

-
Stat
est
hat'
'
Ther ati
oofthesineofanangl
etoi
tsopposi
tesi
deisconst
ant
.'
'Thati
s,
i
fwehaveat
rianglewit
hitscorr
espondi
ngsi
desandangl
esthen

si
nθ si
nβ si
nα
= =
R B A

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofVect
ors

A.
Mul
ti
ply
ingav
ect
orbyascal
ar

-Theproductofascalarkandavect
orA i
sanewvectorwhosemagni
tudeiskAand
whosedi r
ecti
onisthesameasthatofA i
fki
sposi
ti
veandopposi
tetoA ifkis
negati
ve

Forexampl
e:-mul
tipl
yi
ngv
ect
orA by3i
ncr
easesi
tsmagni
tudebyaf
act
orof3and
rev
ersesi
tsdir
ect
ion

B.
Mul
ti
ply
ingv
ect
orbyv
ect
or

-Whenavectorismulti
pli
edbyavect
orther
esul
tmaybeascal
arorav
ect
or.We
havescal
arproductandvect
orpr
oduct.

i
)Scal
arPr
oduct

-
Thescal
arpr
oductoft
wonon-
zer
ovect
orsA andB
θ
A.B =|A|
|B|
cosθ A

-
Thedotorscal
arpr
oductoft
heuni
tvect
orst
aket
hef
oll
owi
ngf
orms:
-
 Shor
tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors
1=i
.i
=j.
j=k.
k=(
1)(
1)cos0o

0=i
.j
=j.
k=k.
i=(
1)(
1)cos90o

-
Thedotpr
oductofv
ect
orA&B i
nter
msoft
hei
rcomponent
sbecomesas
f
oll
ows:
-

A .B =AxBx+Ay
By+AzBz

Scal
arPr
oject
ion

-
Consi
derv
ect
orA =Axi
+Ay
j+Azk&B =Bxi
+By
j+Bzkt
henwehav
e

-
thescal
arproject
ionofv ectorA t
oB i
sgi
venby
⃗ ⃗
|
A|cosθ=AxBx +AyBy +AzBz=A +B
|
B| |
B|

⃗ ⃗
-
Thescal
arpr
oject
ionofv oA i
orB t
ect sgi
venby

⃗ ⃗
A.B AxBx +AyBy +AzBz
|
B|cosθ = =
|
A| |
A|

Appl
icat
ionofdotpr
oduct

-Thedotpr
oductoft
wov
ect
orsappl
i
edwhi
l
edeal
i
ngwi
thwor
kdone,
Power
andenergy
.

i
i
)Vect
ororcr
osspr
oduct

⃗ ⃗
-
:-
Thev
ect
orpr
oductoft
wonon-
zer
ovect
orsA &B i
sdef
inedby

⃗ ⃗
||||
AxB = A Bsi
nθ

-
Thecr
ossorv
ect
orpr
oductoft
heuni
tvect
ort
aket
hef
oll
owi
ngf
orm

i
xi=j
xj=kxk=(
1)(
1) n0° =0
si

i
xj=k,
butj
xi=-
k

j
xk=i
,butkxj
=-i

kxi
=j,
buti
xk=-
j

⃗ ⃗
-Thecr
osspr
oductofv orA&Bi
ect nt
ermsoft
hei
rcomponent
s
becomesasfol
l
ows

⃗ ⃗
AB−AB) (
( AB−AB) ( AB +AB)
AxB = y z z y i+ z x x z j+ x y y x k
 Shor
tnot
esphy
sicsuni
ttwov
ect
ors
-
betterwaytoper
for
m av
ectorpr
oductist
ouset
hedet
ermi
nantf
orm.
⃗
Thatis,
assuming A =Axi+Ayj+Azk

⃗
B =Bxi+Byj+Bzk

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
AxB =C =Cxi+Cyj+Czk,
tℎen

| |
i j k
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
A
C =AxB =Ax y Az
Bx By Bz

-
Fort
hex-
componenti
nthei
-di
rect
ion

Cx =
| |
Ay Az
By Bz
AyBz−AzBy)
i=( i

-
Fort
hey
-componenti
nthej
-di
rect
ion

| |
Cy =
Ax Az
Bx Bz
j=( j
AxBz−AzBx)

-
Fort
hez-
componenti
nthek-
dir
ect
ion

| |
Cz =
Ax Ay
Bx By
AxBy−AyBx)
k=( k

Appl
icat
ionofCr
osspr
oduct

-
Crossproducti
sappli
cabl
einthecomputat
ionoft
orque,
Angular
momentum, magnet
icfor
ce,ar
eaofparal
l
elogram,
areaoftr
iangl
e,
vol
umeofpar al
l
elpi
ped.