M.A./M.Sc.

Mathematics - 3rd Semester

MTM 301 – Fluid Dynamics

by

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya

Department of Mathematics,
Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University
 Part – II

Two-Dimensional Motion

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 1

If a fluid motion is same in every planes parallel to a given plane, say,
xy-plane and there is no flow perpendicular to the xy-plane, then the
motion is called two-dimensional motion.
In two-dimensional flow in the xy-plane all flow variable are independent
of z coordinate.
If u, v, w be the velocity components along x, y, z axes respectively then
u  u  x, y, t  , v  v  x, y, t  and w  0 .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 2

Stream Function (Current Function):
When the motion is two-dimensional w  0 and the differential equation
of the stream line is
dx dy
  vdx  udy  0  vdx   u  dy  0 (1)
u v
If we take the fluid be incompressible, then the equation of continuity for
two-dimensional motion is given by
u v   v    u 
 0  (2)
x y y x
This implies that the equation (1) is an exact differential equation. So, we
have some function   x, y  such that

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 3

  vdx   u  dy  d (3)
and the equation of stream line becomes (from (1))
  constant .
This function  is called the stream function for two-dimensional motion
of incompressible fluids.
 
Now from (3) we have vdx  udy  d  dx  dy ,
x y
 
which implies v  and u   is the velocity components are
x y
derived from stream function.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 4

Physical significance of  B  A :

Let ds be a line element at a point P(x,y)

of a curve AB. Let the tangent at P say PT
make angle  with the x-axis. Also, let
PN be normal at P and u, v be the velocity
components of the fluid at P parallel to
co-ordinate axes.
Now the velocity component at P along
the normal PN is
 v cos  u sin 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 5

Now the flux across the curve AB from the right to left = density  normal
velocity  cross section
B B
 dx dy 
    v cos  u sin   ds     v  u  ds
A A  ds ds 

   
B B
    vdx  udy      dx  dy 
A A  x y 
B
   d    B  A  ,
A

where  A and  B are the values of the stream function  at A and B

respectively.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 6

Hence, we can conclude that the difference in the values of  at two point
is proportional to the flux of a fluid across any curve joining by those two
points, i.e., flux across AB    B  A  .

Example: Show that u  2 Axy and v  A  a 2  x 2  y 2  are the velocity

components of a possible incompressible fluid motion. Determine the

stream function.
Solution: If u and v satisfy the equation of continuity then those will be
called velocity components of possible fluid motion.
u v
Now we have  2 Ay,  2 Ay so, the equation of continuity is
x y

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 7

u v
  0 is clearly satisfies given velocity components.
x y
 
Again, we know  v , and u  
x y

  2 Axy     Axy 2  constant
y
  2 x3 
and  A  a  x  y     A  a x   xy 2   constant
2 2 2

x  3 
 2 x3 2
So,   A  a x   xy   constant
 3 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 8

Theorem: In two-dimensional irrotational motion stream function
satisfies the Laplace equation.
Proof: Since the fluid motion is irrotational so there exists velocity
potential  such that q  
 
u  and v   (as w  0 )
x y
 
Also, we know u   and v 
y x
   
Hence  and 
y x x y

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 9

  2  2        
So, 2  2     
x y x  x  y  y 
       
     
x  y  y  x 
 2  2
   0,
xy xy
i.e.,  2  0 hence, the  stream function satisfies the Laplace equation.
Note: the stream function  exists when the motion is irrotational or
rotational, but the velocity potential  exists only when motion is
irrotational.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 10

Example: Show that the function  satisfies the Laplace equation.
Example: Show that families of curves   x, y   constant and
  x, y   constant intersect orthogonally.
Solution: For   x, y   constant we have d  0
  dy 
dx  dy  0    x  m1 (say)
x y dx y
where m1 is the gradient of the tangent at point of intersection of the curve
  x, y   constant .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 11

 x
Similarly, the gradient of tangent of the point of intersection m2  
y
  x   x   x x  u  v
Now m1m2          1

 y   y   
y y   
u  v

Hence the result is proved.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 12

Complex Potential: Let us suppose that   x, y  ,   x, y  represent
velocity potential and stream function of a two-dimensional irrotational
motion of an inviscid incompressible fluid.
Let W    i then W is called complex potential of a fluid motion.
Since     x, y  and     x, y  , so W    x, y   i  x, y  can be
expressed as a function of z  x  iy . Let W  f  z     i .
   
Again, we know  u   
x y x y
   
and  v  
y x y x

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 13

Thus, W satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equation. Hence W is an analytic
function of z when  and  are velocity potential and stream function of
fluid motion mentioned above.
Conversely, if W is an analytic function then it’s real and imaginary parts
 and  give the velocity potential and stream function for a possible 2D
irrotational motion of an incompressible fluid.
Again differentiating W    i with respect to x we have
dW z  
 i  u  iv
dz x x x

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 14

 dW  z 
 u  iv (1)  as  1 
dz  x 
dW
 u 2  v2  q  q
dz
dW
So, is the speed.
dz
If  be the angle made by the fluid velocity with the x axes, then
u  q cos  , v  q sin  .
dW
So,  q cos  iq sin   q  cos  i sin  
dz

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 15

 dW
 qei  ei qe i  qei  
dz
This relation gives us the speed q and the direction of the velocity  .
dW
The quantity is known as complex velocity.
dz

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 16

Complex potential (for some uniform flow):
(1) Uniform flow parallel to x axes:
Let u  U and v  0 .
 
U  , and 0  
x y
And d  Udx  0    Ux  constant
 
And U   , and 0 
y x
d  0  Udy    Uy  constant
So, the complex potential W  U  x  iy   Uz (neglecting the constant)

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 17

(2) Uniform flow parallel to y axes:
If the velocity along the y axes be V then the complex potential be
W  iVz
(3) Uniform oblique flow:
Let us consider a uniform flow U making an angle  with x axis. So, the
velocity components u and v given by u  U cos  and v  U sin  and
dW
hence the complex velocity is  u  iv
dz
dW
i.e.,  U cos   iU sin   U  cos   i sin  
dz

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 18

 dW
 Uei  
dz
Integrating with respect to z, we have
W  Uei   z (neglecting the arbitrary constant)
Example: If   A  x 2  y 2  represents a possible flow phenomenon, then

find stream function.

Example: Show that the velocity q is everywhere tangent to lines in the
xy-plane along which   x, y   constant .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 19

Example: Find  and  if the complex potential W is given as:
z z
(a)W  Az 2 (b) W  Az n (c) W  cos 1   (d) W  cosh 1   .
c c


    y 2 
2
1 x a
Example: Show that the velocity potential   log  2
give
  x  a   y 
2
2

a possible motion of an inviscid liquid. Determine the stream lines and

show that the curves of equal speed are given by rr   constant , where r
and r  be the distances of any point (x,y) from the point (a,0) and (-a,0)
respectively.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 20

  x  a  
12
y
2
  x  a   y 
2 2 2
1
Solution: Since   log  2
 log .
  x  a   y   x  a  y 
2 12
2 2 2

  log z  a  log z  a where z  x  iy .

  real part of log  z  a   log  z  a 

  real part of W (say)
 i 1 y 
 z  re  log z  log r  i ; So, r 2
 x 2
 y 2
  tan
x 
So,  is the real part of complex analytic function, hence W is the
complex potential. Therefore,  represents a possible liquid motion.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 21

Let  be the stream function then we have
  imaginary part of W
  imaginary part of log  z  a   log  z  a 
y y
 tan 1  tan 1
xa xa
 y y 

1  x  a x  a   tan 1 2ay
 tan 
y y  x 2
 y 2
 a 2
1  
 xa xa
Thus, the stream lines are given by

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 22

 2ay
tan 1  constant
x  y a
2 2 2

2ay
 constant  c
x2  y 2  a2
 c  x 2  y 2  a 2   2ay  0
dW 1 1
We have  
dz z  a z  a
dW 2 a 2a 2a
  
dz  z  a  z  a   z  a   z  a  rr 
So, the curve of equal speed are given by

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 23

 dW 2a
 constant   constant
dz rr 
 rr   constant (Hence the result).

Complex potential: (Cauchy-Riemann equation in polar coordinates)

z  x  iy  rei , i.e., x  r cos  , y  r sin 
W    i
 1  1  
then  and 
r r  r  r

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 24

Two-dimensional Source and Sink:
A source is a point in flow field from which liquid is emitted radially and
symmetrically in all direction in xy-plane.
On the other hand, a point is called a sink if there is an inward radial
liquid flow towards that point from all directions.
If the total flux across any closed curve surrounding a point O per
unit time t be 2 m , then m is called the strength of the source at the point
O. Sink is the source of negative strength, i.e., we may call a sink of
strength m at a point O as a source of strength m at the same point.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 25

So, source is a point at which liquid is continuously created and sink is a
point at which liquid is continuously annihilated.
If qr is the radial velocity at a distance r from the source, then the amount
of liquid flowing out of the circle of radius r is 2 rqr
m
So, 2 m  2 rqr  qr 
r
 m 1  m
i.e.,   and  
r r r  r
    m log r and   m
So, we have the curve of equi-velocity potential is r  constant and the
stream lines are   constant .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 26

Complex potential of a source:
Let us consider a source of strength m at the origin. Then the complex
potential W at any point z  x  iy 
W    i   m log r  im

 m  log r  log ei 

 m log  rei   m log z

i.e., W   m log z
If the source of strength m is situated at the point z  z0 , then the complex
potential is given by W  m log  z  z0 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 27

Similarly, if the sources of strength m1, m2,… situated at point z1, z2,…
then the complex potential is given by
W  m1 log  z  z1   m2 log  z  z2   ...……
The corresponding velocity potential and stream function are given by
  m1 log z  z1  m2 log z  z2  ...……
  m1 arg  z  z1   m2 arg  z  z2   ... …..

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 28

Two-dimensional doublet or dipole:
A combination of source and sink of equal strength m at a distance
 s apart where  s is taken to infinitely small and m infinitely large such
that the product m s is finite, is called doublet.
Hence m s   a finite quantity which is called the strength of
doublet and the line drawn from the sink to the source is called axis of the
doublet.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 29

Complex potential of doublet:
Let a doublet AB of strength  be formed by a sink of strength m at A
( z  a ) and a source of strength m at B ( z  a   a ) where AB  r then
  mAB  mr
 a  rei
where  is the inclination of the axis of
doublet with x axis.
The complex potential W at any point
P  z  (due to the doublet) is given by

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 30

W = complex potential of the sink of strength m + complex potential of
the source of strength m
  m log  z  a   m log  z   a   a 

 z  a   a 
 m log  
 za 
 a 
  m log 1  
 za
  a  1   a  2 1   a  3 
  m          ...
 z  a  2  z  a  3  z  a  

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 31

 a a
m (neglecting square and higher power of )
za za
mrei  ei  ei
     mr  , i.e., W  .
za za za
Notes:
(1) If the axes of the doublet is considered along x axis,   0 , then we

have W 
za
(2) If the axes of the doublet is along x axis and doublet is at origin,   0

and a  0 , then W  .
z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 32

(3) If a system consists of doublet of strength 1 , 2 ,... at z  a1 , a2 ,... then
 n ei
the complex potential due the system is given by W  
n

, where  n
n za
is the inclination of the axis of the doublet with the x axis.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 33

Image in two-dimensional:
Let us suppose the system S of sources, sinks, and doublets exists in a
plane region R having boundary C. If we remove the boundary C and
placed a suitable system S  of sources, sinks and doublets in the region
outside the region R such that the curve C becomes a stream line, then no
fluid can flow across the curve C. The system S  is called the image of S
with respect to the curve or boundary C and vice-versa.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 34

Images with respect to a plane boundary:
Let us take the plane boundary as long the y axis. Let there be system of
sources, sinks, doublets in the region R: x  0 . In the absence of this
boundary, let f  z  be the complex potential of the sources, sinks and
doublets. We now introduce the boundary x  0 . Then no fluid can cross
the boundary.
The function f  z   f  z  is real everywhere. On the y axis on x  0 we
have z  iy z  iy   z .
Therefore, the function f  z   f   z  is real on y axis (i.e., x  0 ).

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 35

Hence, if we take the complex potential of the modified flow on
W  f  z   f   z  (in absence of boundary) then   0 on the y axis, i.e.,
y axis becomes stream line. If we consider a system of sources, sinks and
doublets in the region R : x  0 and the complex potential of the modified
flow be f  z   f   z  then the system will be the image of the earlier
system with respect to the boundary x  0 and vise-versa.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 36

Images of a source with respect to y axis:
Let us consider two sources of equal strength m at A  a,0  and A  a,0  .
Let P be any point and AP and AP make angles 1 and  2 with x axis
respectively. Also, let AP  r1 and AP  r2 .
Then the complex potential W at the point P
W  m log  z  a   m log  z  a 

W  m log  z  a  z  a   m log  r1ei1 r2ei2 


W  m log r1r2ei1 2  
W  m log  r1r2   im 1   2 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 37

i.e.,   i  m log  r1r2   im 1   2 
   m log  r1r2  and   m 1   2 
Now, if P lies on the y axis then AP  AP and PAO  PAO
 2    1  1  2   .
So, we have   m i.e.   constant at y axis. This means that y axis is
stream line.
Hence, the image of source of strength m at A  a,0  is a source of strength
m at A  a,0  with respect to y axis.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 38

Note: we can conclude that the image of source with respect to any line in
two-dimension is source of same strength and it is equidistance from the
line in opposite side that of the given source.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 39

Image of doublet with respect to y axis:
Let us consider a doublet AA as a combination of source of strength m at
A and a sink of strength m (i.e., a source of strength m) at A with it’s
axis AA inclined at an angle  with x axis.
The images of source of strength (m) at A and source of strength m at
A with respect to y axis are respectively a source of strength (m) at B
and a source of strength m at B such that AO  BO and AO  BO .
Hence the image of doublet AA is also a doublet BO of the same
strength with it’s axis at angle     with x axis.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 40

Milne-Thomson Circle Theorem:
Let f  z  be the complex potential of two-dimensional irrotational motion
of an incompressible inviscid fluid with no rigid boundary. Then if a
circular cylinder whose cross section is a circle z  a is inserted in the
flow field, then the complex potential of the modified flow is given by
 a2 
W  f  z   f   where f  z  has no singularity inside the circle
 z 
z  a.

[ f  z  is obtained from f  z  by replacing i by i in all expression

except z] .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 41

Proof: Let C be the cross section of the circular cylinder, i.e., C be the
a2
circle whose equation is z  a , now on C z  a  zz  a  z  2

z
 a2   a2 
f  z   f   and f  z   f   .
 z   z 
Since in the modified flow C should be stream line, i.e.,  is constant at
C.
 a2 
Let us consider W  f  z   f   . Now for the circle we have
 z 
W  f  z   f  z   f  z   f  z ,

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 42

i.e., W is a real quantity    0 at C    constant at C.
So, for this W we have C is stream line.
a2
Again, we know that z and are inverse point with respect to the circle
z
 a2 
z  a .  as z.  a 2 
 z 
a2
If the point z lying outside the circle then the point lies within the
z
circle and vice-versa.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 43

Since f  z  has no singularities inside the circle C this means that all the
singularities of f  z  are exterior to C.

 a2 
Therefore, all the singularities of f   are within the circle C and hence
 z 
 a2 
f   has no singularities outside the circle C.
 z 
Hence the function f  z  and W have same singularities outside the circle.
Hence, W represents complex potential of the modified flow.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 44

Image of source outside a circle:
Let a two-dimensional source of strength m be placed at the point B,
z  b , b is real then the complex potential at any point z in the flow field
is given by
f  z   m log  z  b 
Let a circle of radius a  a  b  be introduced in the flow field. Then using
Milne-Thomson theorem complex potential modified W is given by
 a2   a2 
W  f  z   f    m log  z  b   m log   b 
 z   z 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 45

  b a2 
  m log  z  b   m log   z   
 z b 
 a2 
 m log  z  b   m log  z    m log z  m log  b 
 b 
 a2 
  m log  z  b   m log  z    m log z
 b 
(neglecting the constant term)
This is complex potential due to
(i) a source of strength m at B, z  b .
a2
(ii) a source of strength m at A, z  .
b
(iii) a sink of strength m at O, z  0 .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 46

For this complex potential the circle is stream line. Hence the image for a
source outside the circle is another source of equal strength at the inverse
point together with a sink of same strength at the center of the circle.
[Note: OA.OB  a 2 , i.e., A and B are inverse points with respect to the
circle]

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 47

Image of doublet outside the circle:
Let a doublet of strength  be placed at z  b , b being real and it’s axis
makes an angle  with the x axis.
 ei
Then the complex potential due to doublet at any point z is f  z   .
z b
Let a circle z  a  a  b  be introduced in the flow field, then by Milne-
Thompson theorem the complex potential at any point in the flow field
 a2 
W  f z  f  
 z 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 48

  ei  e  i  ei  e i
   
z b a2 z b a 2  bz
b
z z
 ei
z  e i  ei z  ei  
   
z b b z a 2
z  b b z  a2
b b


e i

e i   



 z  a2  a2 
b b


z b b  z a 2

 b 
 ei  a 2 ei    ei    ei  a 2 ei  
    
z b b z a 2
 2

b  b z b b2 z  a 2
b

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 49

This is the complex potential due to
(i) a doublet of strength  at z  b and its axis inclined at an angle  with
x axis.
a2 a2
(ii) a doublet of strength 2 at z  and inclined at angle    with x
b b
axis.
As circle is stream line and hence the doublet (ii) is the image of the
doublet (i) with respect to the circle.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 50

Blasius Theorem: In steady two-dimensional motion given by the
complex potential W  f  z     i , if the pressure thrust on the fixed
cylinder of any shape are represented by the force  X , Y  and a couple of
moment N about the origin of the coordinate system, then neglecting the
2
1  dW 
external forces X  iY   i    dz .
2 C  dz 

 1  dW 2 
and N  real part of       zdz  , where  is the density of the
 2 C  dz  
fluid and the integral are taken round the contour C of the cylinder.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 51

Example: A source of fluid situated in space of two-dimension is of such
strength that 2 represents the mass of fluid of density  emitted per
unit time. Show that the force necessary to hold a circular disk at rest in
2 2 a 2
the plane of source is where a is the radius of the disk and r be
r r  a 
2 2

the distance of the source from the center. In what direction is the disk
urged by the pressure.
Solution: Let origin O be the center of the disc and P be the point where
source is situated. Then OP  r .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 52

Let the inverse point of P with respect to the circle P . So
a2
OP.OP  a  OP  . Here the strength of the given source is  at P.
2

r
So, the image of the source is the source of same strength at P and sink
of equal strength at origin O.
So, the system consists of
(1) a source of strength  at P
 z  r .
 a2 
(2) a source of strength  at P  z   .
 r 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 53

(3) a sink of strength  at O  z  O  .
Hence, the complex potential W at any point z  x  iy  is given by

 a2 
W    log  z  r    log  z     log z
 r 
dW   
  
dz zr a2 z
z
r
If the pressure thrust on the given circular disk are given by  X , Y  then
by Blasius theorem we have

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 54

 2
1  dW 
X  iY   i    dz ,
2 C  dz 
where C is the boundary of the disk.
By Cauchy’s residue theorem
2
 dW 
C  dz  dz  2 i  sum of the residues 
2
 dW 
where the sum of the residues is obtained at poles of   lying in C.
 dz 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 55

 a2
Clearly the poles of the integral inside C are z  0 and z  . The sum of
r
1 1
the residue = the sum of the coefficient of and 2
.
z a
z
r
 
 2 2 
Res  z  0      2 
 z  r a
z 
 r  z 0
1 r 
 2    2 
r a 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 56

  a2   r r 
Re s  z    2   2 2  2 
 r  a  r a 
2  2 a 2
The sum of the residue 
r  r 2  a2 

1   2  2 a 2 
X  iY    i   2 i   2 
 r r  a  
2   2 

2 2 a 2
 X  iY 
r  r 2  a2 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 57

 2 2 a 2
X ,Y  0
r r  a 
2 2

As Y  0 and X is positive, therefore the line is attracted by the source

along OP.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 58

Example: What is the arrangement of the source and sink will rise to the


function W  log z  a 2

z  . Find the stream lines.

Example: Find the stream function of the two-dimensional motion due to
two equal source and an equal sink situated midway between them.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 59

  
Example: Between the fixed boundaries   and    there is two-
6 6
dimensional liquid motion due to a source at  r  C ,    and a sink at
the origin absorbing liquid at same rate as source produces. Find the
stream function and show that one of the stream line is the part of the
curve r 3 sin 3  C 3 sin 3 .
Solution: Let us form z plane or xy-plane to  -plane  plane  by the

transformation   z 3 where z  rei and   Rei1

 Rei1  r 3ei 3  R  r 3 and 1  3 .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 60

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 61
 
By the transformation boundaries    in the z-plane are transformed
6

to 1   in the  -plane which is the imaginary axis or  -axis.
2
The points  C ,  and the origin  0,0  in the z-plane are transformed to

C ,3  and  0,0  in the  -plane.

3

Let m be the strength of the given source or sink.

Now in  -plane we have
(1) a source of strength m at  C 3 ,3  .

(2) a sink of strength m at  0,0  .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 62

 
Therefore, the image system with respect to the  -axis is 1   i.e.
2
(i) a source of strength m at  C 3 ,   3  .

(ii) a sink of strength m at  0,0  .

Thus the complex potential at any point is given by


W  m log   C 3ei 3   m log   m log   C 3ei 3   m log  
 
 W   m log   C 3ei 3    C 3ei 3    2m log 

W   m log  z 3  C 3ei 3  z 3

 C 3ei 3   2m log z
  3

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 63

  m log  z 6  C 6  C 3 z 3  ei 3  ei 3    6m log z

 m log  z 6  C 6  2iC 3 z 3 sin 3   6m log z

 m log r 6ei 6  C 6  2iC 3r 3ei 3 sin 3   6m log rei

 r 6 cos6  C 6  2C 3r 3 sin 3 sin 3   

 m log    6m log r  6im
 i  r sin 6  2C r cos3 sin 3  
6 3 3

   i ,
where  is the velocity potential and  be the stream function. So, we
 r 6 sin 6  2C 3r 3 cos3 sin 3 
have   m tan  6
1
  6m
 r cos 6  C  2C r sin 3 sin 3 
6 3 3

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 64

which is the required stream function. Now for   0 , we get
 r 6 sin 6  2C 3r 3 cos3 sin 3 
1
tan  6   6
 r cos 6  C  2C r sin 3 sin 3 
6 3 3

r 6 sin 6  2C 3r 3 cos3 sin 3 sin 6

 6  tan 6 
r cos 6  C 6  2C 3r 3 sin 3 sin 3 cos 6
 2C 3r 3 cos3 sin 3 cos6  sin 6  C 6  2C 3r 3 sin 3 sin 3 

 2r 3 cos3 sin 3 cos6  2sin 3 cos3  C 3  2r 3 sin 3 sin 3 

  
 cos3  0      3   
6 2
Or  r 3 sin 3 cos6  C 3 sin 3  2r 3 sin 2 3 sin 3

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 65

 r 3 sin 3  cos 2 3  sin 2 3  2sin 2 3   C 3 sin 3  2r 3 sin 3 sin 3 3

 r 3 sin 3  C 3 sin 3 (Hence the result is proved).

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 66