Who Am I?

• BS Applied Physics, Towson University

• MS Systems Engineering, George Washington
University
• Adjunct Instructor, UMBC
• Certified Systems Engineering Professional- CSEP
(INCOSE)
• 25 years of IT experience
• Cloud Engineering Architecture (Amazon) and
Systems Engineering (Information Systems)
1
 Chapter 1

Computers and Systems

Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

 Overview
• System Architecture
• Computer System Components
• Computer Systems
• Virtualization
• Standards
• Protocols
• History of Computing
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 Computing Devices – Old and New

HP Laptop Samsung phone

Vehicle Computer

Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

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 Modern Computing
• Computing is ubiquitous
– It is everywhere and anywhere
– No longer limited to a traditional ‘computer’
– Greater variety of computing platforms exist now
• Computing is pervasive
– Embedded in many other types of devices such as
appliances and automobiles
– Users no longer have to understand the details of how
they work to operate the device

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 Why Study Computer System
Architecture?
• User
– Understand system capabilities, strengths, and
limitations
– Make better informed decisions
– Improve communications with information technology
professionals
• Systems Architect or Systems Analyst
– Specify computer systems and architecture to meet
application requirements
– Make intelligent decisions about system strategy

Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 6

 Why Study Computer System
Architecture?
• Networking Professional
– Design, maintain, support, and manage networks
– Optimize equipment and network resources
• Web Services Designer
– Optimize customer accessibility to Web services
– Optimize web system configurations
– Select appropriate data formats, page designs and
scripting languages
– Design efficient Web pages

Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 7

 Why Study Computer System
Architecture?
• Programmer
– Create efficient application software for specific
processing needs
• System Administrator / Manager
– Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer
systems
– Maximize system availability and efficiency
– Optimize system performance
– Select cloud services
– Ensure system security

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Web Browser Application Use

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Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner

• Processing: CPU executes the computer program
• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
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Simplified IT Computer System Layout

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 Computer System Components

• Hardware
– Processes data by executing instructions
– Provides input and output
– Control input, output, and storage components
• Software
– Applications and system software
– Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and in what
order
• Data
– Fundamental representation of facts and observations
• Communications
– Sharing data and processing among different systems

Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 12

 Hardware Component
• Input/Output devices
• Storage Devices
• CPU – Central Processing Unit
– ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
– CU: control unit
– Interface unit
• Memory
– Short-term storage for CPU calculations

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Typical Personal Computer System

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 CPU: Central Processing Unit

• ALU: arithmetic/logic unit

– Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
• CU: control unit
– Controls processing of instructions
– Controls movement of data within the CPU
• Interface unit
– Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other
hardware components
– Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between
different components

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 Memory
• Alternative terms for memory
– primary storage
– working storage
– RAM (random access memory)
• Consists of bits
– each bit holds a value of either 0 or 1
– 8 bits = 1 byte
• Stored Program Concept
– Holds both instructions and data of a computer
program

Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 16

 Software Component
• Applications
• Operating System
– API: application program
interface
– File management
– I/O
– Kernel
• Memory management
• Resource scheduling
• Program communication
• Security
– Network Module
Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 17
 Communication Component - Hardware

• Communication channels
– Physical connections between computer systems
– Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic
cable, infrared light, radio waves
• Interface hardware
– Handles communication between the computer
and the communication channel
– Modem or network interface card (NIC)

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 Communication Component - Software

• Establish connections
• Control flow of data
• Directs data to the proper applications for use

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 Computer Systems
All computer systems, no matter how complex,
consists of the following:
• At least one CPU
• Memory to hold programs and data
• I/O devices
• Long-term storage

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 Computer Systems Examples

Apple iPad

IBM System z15 T01 Mainframe Computer

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 Virtualization
• Virtual (American Heritage Dictionary)
– Existing or result in essence or effect though not
in actual fact, form or name
– Created, simulated, or carried on by means of a
computer or computer network
• Computer systems examples
– Virtual memory
– Virtual networks
– Java Virtual Machine
Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 22
 Standards
• Created to ensure universal compatibility of data
formats and protocols
• May be created by committee or may become a de
facto standard through popular use
• Examples:
– Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript
– Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, PNG
– Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC
– Multimedia standards: MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MP3, DVD-ROM

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 Protocols
• Common ground rules of communication between
computers, I/O devices, and many software
programs
• Examples
– HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers
– TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area
networks
– SATA: between storage devices and computers
– XML,RSS, SIP: new protocols developed to meet new
demands

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 Textbook Overview
Web site: http://www.wiley.com/college/englander
• Part 1 (Chapters 1-2): Overview of computer systems
• Part 2 (Chapters 3-5): Number systems and data formats
• Part 3 (Chapters 6-11): Computer architecture and hardware operation
• Part 4 (Chapters 12-15): Networks, data communications, networked
systems
• Part 5 (Chapters 16-19): Software component – operating systems
• Part 6
– Supplementary Chapter S1: Digital logic
– Supplementary Chapter S2: Systems examples
– Supplementary Chapter S3: Instruction addressing modes
– Supplementary Chapter S4: Programming tools

Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 25

 Early History
• 1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine
• 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that
uses punch cards
• 1800’s:
– Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine
(mechanical computer)
– Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental
concepts of programming
– George Boole invents Boolean logic

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 Modern Computer Development

• 1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).

– First electronic computer using relays
• 1939: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) is built
– First fully electronic digital computer; used vacuum tubes
• 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of Pennsylvania).
– First general purpose digital computer
• 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed
– Still the standard for present day computers
• 1947: Creation of the transistor
– (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs)
• 1951-2: EDVAC and IAS

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 Early Computers

Babbage’s Analytical Engine ENIAC

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 System Software History
• Early computers had no operating systems and were single
user systems
– Programs were entered using switches for each bit or by plugging
wires into a panel
• 1953-54: First operating system was built by General Motors
Research Laboratories for their IBM 701 computer
• Other early systems
– FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS)
– IBSYS
– Share Operating System (SOS)

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 Operating System Development

• 1963: Master Control Program (MCP) by Burroughs

– Included many modern OS features
• 1964: OS/360 by IBM
– Included batch processing of programs
• 1962: MIT Project MAC created a time-sharing OS called CTSS
– Shortly afterwards, MIT, Bell Labs, and GE developed
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Services)

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 UNIX

• After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken

Thompson developed a personal operating system called
UNIX using assembly language
• Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language C
which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high-level
language
• UNIX introduced
– A hierarchical file system
– The shell concept
– Document production and formatting
– Tools for networked and distributed processing
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 Graphical User Interfaces
• 1960s: Doug Englebart (Stanford Research Institute)
– Invented windows and a mouse interface
• 1970s: Xerox PARC
– Creates a practical windowing system for the Dynabook project
• 1980s: Steve Jobs (Apple)
– Developed the Apple Lisa and MacIntosh

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 IBM PC
• 1982: Stand-alone, single user computer
• PC-DOS, MS-DOS (disk operating system)
• Later versions of DOS added
– Hierarchical directory file storage
– File redirection
– Better memory management
• Windowing systems
– Windows 2.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95
– Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista
– Windows 7, 8, 10

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Communications, Network, and the Internet
• 1960s and 1970s: users communicated on multiterminal
computer systems using talk and email facilities
• 1971: Ray Tomlinson creates the standard username@hostname
email standard
• Modems permitted users to login to office systems, electronic
bulletin board systems, Compuserve, AOL, and Prodigy
• 1969: ARPANET begun
• 1985: First TCP/IP wide area network
• 1991: Tim Berners Lee develops the concepts that become the
World Wide Web
• 1993: Max Andreessen develops Mosaic, the first graphical
browser
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