A collection of related data

logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning part of the real world about which data
is stored in a database
facts that can be recorded
and have an implicit meaning

Database Management System (DBMS) Database System

The DBMS software together with the data itself.
A software package/ system to facilitate the creation
and maintenance of a computerized database Sometimes, the applications are also included

Self-describing nature of a database system

stores the description

data structures, types, and constraints

allows to work with different database applications

Insulation between programs and data

Allows changing data structures without change

the DBMS access programs.

Applications interact with a database by generating Data Abstraction

A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users
with a conceptual view of the database
access data read data
formulate the result of a request update values
generate new data
Support of multiple views of the data
store all that in the database

Applications must not allow unauthorized users to access data

Applications must keep up with changing user requirements Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing

Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve and to update

Protection or Security measures

“Active” processing to take internal actions on data Concurrency control Recovery subsystem OLTP
Ensure that each transaction is ensures each completed transaction allows hundreds of
Presentation and Visualization of data correctly executed or aborted has its effect permanently recorded concurrent transactions to
execute per second
in the database
Maintenance of the database over the lifetime
Actors on the Scene Workers Behind the Scene
who actually use and control the database content, and
those who design, develop and maintain database applications Those who design and develop the DBMS software and related
Responsible for authorizing access
tools, and the computer systems operators
Database administrators Responsible for coordinating and monitoring System Designers and Implementors
acquiring software and hardware resources
controlling its use and monitoring ef ciency of operations Design and implement DBMS packages in
the form of modules and interfaces and
test and debug them
de ne the content
Database Designers ‫ في شكل وحدات وواجهات‬DBMS ‫تصميم وتنفيذ حزم‬
de ne the structure&constraints
.‫واختبارها وتصحيحها‬
de ne the functions or transactions Tool Developers
End-users
Design and implement software systems called tools for:
1- modeling and designing databases
They use the data for queries, reports and some of them update the database content
2- performance monitoring
3- prototyping
Naïve 4- test data generation
Sophisticated Stand-alone 5- user interface creation, simulation
Casual or Parametric
Who are familiar with Mostly maintain personal that facilitate building of applications and allow using
access they make up a large section of the the system capabilities databases using ready-to-use database effectively
database end-user population packaged applications
like business analysts,
occasionally :‫ من أجل‬Tool ‫تصميم وتنفيذ أنظمة برمجية تسمى‬
standard types of queries and updates scientists, engineers
when needed ‫ نمذجة وتصميم قواعد البيانات‬-1
Many use tools that
work closely with the user that creates its own internal database ‫ مراقبة األداء‬-2
Users of Mobile Bank-tellers or stored database
user that maintains a database of personal
‫ النماذج األولية‬-3
Apps mostly reservation clerks
photos and videos ‫ اختبار توليد البيانات‬-4
Social Media Users ‫ إنشاء ومحاكاة واجهة املستخدم‬-5

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System Analysts and Application Developers ‫التي تسهل بناء التطبيقات وتسمح باستخدام قاعدة البيانات)داتابيز(بشكل فعال‬

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This category currently accounts for a very large proportion of the IT work force
‫تمثل هذه الفئة حاليًا نسبة كبيرة ج ًدا من قوة العمل في مجال تكنولوجيا املعلومات‬

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Operators and Maintenance Personnel

‫يفهمون متطلبات املستخدم للمستخدمني‬

System ‫ واملتطورين ويصممون التطبيقات بما‬naive Application Business hardware and software environment for database
Programmers Analysts
Analysts ‫في ذلك املعامالت املعلبة لتلبية تلك املتطلبات‬
Implement the speci cations
There is an increasing need for ‫هناك حاجة متزايدة لهؤالء األشخاص الذين‬

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They understand the user developed by analysts and test
requirements of naïve and and debug them before such people who can analyze vast ‫يمكنهم تحليل كميات هائلة من بيانات‬
sophisticated users and design deployment amounts of business data and real- ‫األعمال وبيانات الوقت الفعلي )"البيانات‬
time data (“Big Data”) for better
applications including canned ‫تنفيذ املواصفات التي طورها املحللون‬ ‫الكبيرة"( التخاذ قرارات أفضل فيما يتعلق‬
transactions to meet those decision making related to planning,
‫واختبارها وتصحيحها قبل النشر‬
advertising, marketing etc. .‫ذلك‬ ‫بالتخطيط واإلعالن والتسويق وما إلى‬
requirements
Controlling
 Data Model Categories Database Schema vs. Database State
Data Model Constraints Conceptual (high-level, semantic)
Provide concepts that are close to the
way many users perceive data

Physical (low-level, internal)

describe details of how data is stored on
ne the database structure the computer
‫تستخدم لتعريف هيكلة البيانات‬
include elements (and their data types) as well as
groups of elements (entity, record, table), and Implementation (representational)
relationships among such groups Provide concepts that fall between the

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‫يشمل العناصر )وأنواع بياناتها( باإلضافة إلى مجموعات العناصر‬ above two
‫ والعالقات بني هذه املجموعات‬، (‫ الجدول‬، ‫ الصفوف‬، ‫)االنتتي‬
specify some restrictions on valid data; these
constraints must be enforced at all times Self-Describing
‫يحدد بعض القيود على البيانات الصحيحة ؛ يجب فرض هذه القيود‬ Combine the description of data with the data
values
‫في جميع األوقات‬ Database Schema Architecture

unchanged
Data Model Operations
basic model operations Logical Data Independence
The capacity to change the conceptual
user-de ned operations schema without having to change the
external schemas

These operations are used for specifying database retrievals and updates
by referring to the constructs of the data model

Physical Data Independence

capacity to change the internal schema
without having to change the conceptual
schema
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The processes of transforming requests and results between
levels are called mappings
DBMS Language DBMS interface
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Used by the DBA and database designers to
specify the conceptual schema of a database

separate storage de nition language (SDL) and

view de nition language (VDL) are used to de ne
internal and external schemas

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Used to specify database retrievals and updates

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Low Level or Procedural Language
High Level or Non-procedural Language

DML commands (data sublanguage) can be

stand-alone DML commands can be embedded in programming language
applied directly (called a query language)
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specify what data to retrieve rather Retrieve data one record-at-a-time
than how to retrieve it

Also called declarative languages

interfaces allowing users to perform
transactions using mobile apps
 ‫املصطلح‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫مثال‬

Entity is a basic concept for the ER model.

‫ مودل‬ER ‫من االشياء االساسيه في‬
specify things or objects in the mini-world that are
represented in the DB
‫عباره عن مجموعة اوبجكت يك ّون امليني وورد‬

rectangular box

Entity Types Entities with the same basic attributes

‫ الي عندها نفس الخصائص اجمعهم مع بعض ويصيرون‬entity‫ال‬
‫ وحده‬entity type
‫ اكثر من ستيودنت عندهم نفس الخصائص بدال مايكون كل‬: ‫مثال‬
‫ وحده‬entity ‫ستيودنت لحال اجمعهم ويصيرو‬

Entity Set = Entity collection collection of entities stored in the database

: ‫مثل‬، ‫ محدد‬entity type ‫ الي يتم تخزينها في‬entity‫مجموعة ال‬
‫جميع القيم تحت الستيودينت‬
is the current state of the entities of that type that
are stored in the database
‫املكونات الحاليه الي تكون مخزنة في الداتابيز‬

Weak Entity An entity that does not have a key attribute and
that is identi cation-
dependent on another entity type
entity ‫ وتعتمد على‬key attribute ‫ ماعندها‬entity ‫ملا يكون فني‬
‫ثانيه في تمييزها‬

Double rectangular

Attributes properties used to describe an entity Simple attribute:

entities‫خصائص توصف ال‬
Each attribute has a (value set)
value set : is the set of values associated with
an attribute
‫ معني‬attribute ‫مجموعه القيم الي تندرج تحت‬
Each entity has a single atomic value

composite attribute:

composed of several components

Address(Apt#, House#, Street, City, State, ZipCode, Country)

Multivalued attribute: double oval

Key attribute An attribute of an entity type for which each entity

must have a unique value
entity ‫خاصيه مميزه البد من تواجدها عند كل‬
A key attribute may be composite
‫ممكن يكون مركب‬
An entity type may have more than one key
key attribute ‫ ممكن تحتوي على اكثر من‬entity‫ال‬
Each key is underlined

Derived Attributes ‫خاصية اقدر احددها او اعرفها باالستعانه او اشتقاقها من خاصية‬

‫ثانية‬
: ‫مثال‬
(‫اقدر اعرف )عمر الشخص ( باالستعانة ب ) تاريخ ميالده‬
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 ‫املصطلح‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫شكل‬

Relationship A relationship relates two or more distinct entities

with a speci c meaning

‫ او اكثر ذات معنى معني‬entity ‫عالقة تربط بني اثنني‬

Diamond-shaped box

relationship type Relationships of the same type are grouped or typed

into relationship type.
‫عالقات لها نفس املعنى تتجمع مع بعض وتكون عالقه وحده‬
Is the schema description of a relationship
‫ هي وصف سكيما للعالقه‬: ‫تعريف اخر‬
Identi es the
1- relationship name
2- the participating entity types
3-relationship constraints
‫ والقيود‬، ‫ املرتبطه فيها‬entity‫ ال‬، ‫تحدد اسم العالقه‬
more than one relationship type can exist between
the same participating entity types
entities‫ممكن يكون فيه اكثر من عالقه بني نفس ال‬

Relationship Set The current set of relationship instances

represented in the database
‫املجموعه الحاليه من العالقات املتواجده في قاعدة البيانات‬
The current state of a relationship type
‫الحالة الحالية للعالقات‬

Constraints on Relationships 1- Cardinality Ratio (maximum participation)

= ratio constraints

2-Existence Dependency (minimum participation)

Recursive Relationship A relationship type between the same participating

= self-referencing entity type in distinct roles
‫ ونفسه‬entity‫عالقه بني ال‬
In a recursive relationship type Both participations
are same entity type in di erent roles
‫ لكن بدور مختلف‬entity‫عالقه مع نفس ال‬

Identify relationships A relationship that connected to WEAK entity

owner weak entity ‫عالقه مرتبطه مع‬
OR
identifying entity

identifying Relationship

weak entity

partial key

Double diamond
- Name is the partial key
- DEPENDENT is a weak entity
- EMPLOYEE is owner OR identifying entity
- DEPENDENT_OF Is identifying Relationship

degree of a relationship is the number of participating entity types

‫ املرتبطه في العالقه يطلق عليها درجة العالقه‬entity‫عدد ال‬
Degree 2 = 2 entity = Binary
Degree 3 = 3 entity = ternary
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 extend ER diagrams to represent these
additional subgroupings, called subclasses or subtypes

is the process of de ning a set of subclasses of a superclass is the reverse of the specialization process
Several classes with common features are generalized into
a superclass

at most one

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more than one

The subclass member is the same entity in a distinct

speci c role
A member of the superclass can be optionally included as a
double line
member of any number of its subclasses
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It is not necessary that every entity in a superclass be a
member of some subclass
is based upon some distinguishing characteristics
single line