DIFFERENTIATION

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA

KNUST

July 19, 2022

 DERIVATIVES

The derivative of f(x) with respect to x is the function f’(x) and is defined
as,
f (x + h) − f (x )
f ′ (x ) = lim
h→0 h
We often read f’(x) as "f prime of x"

Eg. Find the derivative of f (x ) = 16x + 35

Solution
f ′ (x ) = lim f (x +h)−f
h
(x )
h→0
16(x +h)+35−(16x +35)
f ′ (x ) = lim h
h→0
′
f (x ) = lim h 16h
h→0
f ′ (x ) = 16

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 2 / 19

 Find the derivative of the following functions
x
1 f (x ) = 1+x

2 f (x ) = 5x 2 + 14x − 2
√
3 f (x ) = 5x − 8

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 3 / 19

 DIFFERENTIATION

For more complex functions using the definition of the derivative would be
an almost impossible task. We will be combining both f ′ (x ) and dx
df
as the
notations for derivatives.
Properties
(f (x ) ± g(x ))′ = f ′ (x ) ± g ′ (x )
(cf (x ))′ = cf ′ (x )

Formulae
If f(x)=c, then f ′ (x ) = 0 or dx
d
(c) = 0
The derivative of a constant is zero.

If f (x ) = x n then, f ′ (x ) = nx n−1 or dx
d
(x n ) = nx n−1
This formula is sometimes called the power rule.

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 4 / 19

 Example

Differentiate each of the following functions.

1 f (x ) = 15x 100 − x 12 + 5
Solution
d 100 − x 12 + 5) = d (15x 100 ) − d 12 d
dx (15x dx dx (x ) + dx (5)

df d d d
dx = 15 dx (x 100 ) − 12
dx (x ) + dx (5)

df
dx = 15(100x 99 ) − 12x 11 + 0

df
dx = 1500x 99 − 12x 11

√ √
2 f (x ) = x +73x

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 5 / 19

 Solution
√ √
f ′ (x ) = f ′ ( x ) + f ′ (7 3 x )
1 1
f (x ) = (x ) 2 + 7(x ) 3
1 2
f ′ (x ) = 12 x − 2 + 7 × 13 (x )− 3
1 2
f ′ (x ) = 21 x − 2 + 37 (x )− 3

Trial
Find the derivative of the functions below
1. f (x ) = 4x 2 + 9x 3 + 6
2. f (x ) = 9x 4 − 6x 5 + 5x 3
√
3. f (x ) = 4 x + x 45

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 6 / 19

 Differentiation of special functions

Natural Exponential Functions: If f(x) is differentiable then,

d f (x ) d
e = [ f (x )] · e f (x ) = f ′ (x )e f (x )
dx dx

Example
Differentiate e 2x
Solution
Here f (x ) = 2x therefore

d 2x d
dx e = [ dx (2x )] · e 2x

= 2e 2x

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 7 / 19

 Trigonometric Functions: If f(x) is differentiable then,
d d
dx sin(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · cos(f (x ))

d d
dx cos(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · −sin(f (x ))

d d
dx tan(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · sec 2 (f (x ))

d d
dx csc(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · −csc(f (x ))cot(f (x ))

d d
dx sec(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · sec(f (x ))tan(f (x ))

d d
dx cot(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · −csc 2 (f (x ))

Example
Differentiate the following functions
1. f (x ) = sin(2x )
2. f (x ) = cosx
3. f (x ) = tan(x 2 )

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 8 / 19

 Solution
1. f(x)=2x
d d
dx sin(2x ) = [ dx (2x )] · cos(2x )
= 2cos(2x )

2. f(x)=x
d d
dx cos(x ) = [ dx (x )] · −sin(x )
= −sin(x )

3. f (x ) = x 2
d 2 d 2 2 2
dx tan(x ) = [ dx (x )] · sec (x )
2 2
= 2xsec (x )

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 9 / 19

 1 Log : If f(x) is differentiable then,
d
d f (x ) f ′ (x )
ln|f (x )| = dx =
dx f (x ) f (x )

Given y = loga (f (x ))
then
f ′ (x )
y ′ (x ) =
f (x ) ln |a|

Example
Differentiate y = ln(x 2 + 5x )
Solution

f (x ) = x 2 + 5x

d 2 2x +5
dx ln(x + 5x ) = x 2 +5x
2x +5
y (x ) = x 2 +5x
M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 10 / 19
 Trials

Differentiate the following functions

1. y = sin(3x 2 + 4x )

2. y = tan(x 6 + 7x 4 − 9x )
2 +x
3. y = e 3x

4. y = ln(x 15 + x 8 − x − 9)

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 11 / 19

 Product and Quotient Rule

If the two functions f(x) and g(x) are differentiable (i.e. the derivative
exist) then the product is differentiable and,

(fg)′ = f ′ g + fg ′

If the two functions f(x) and g(x) are differentiable (i.e. the derivative
exist) then the quotient is differentiable and,

f f ′ g − fg ′
( )′ =
g g2
NB: Note that the numerator of the quotient rule is very similar to the
product rule so be careful to not mix the two up!

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 12 / 19

 Differentiate the following functions
1. w (x ) = (6x 3 − x )(10 − 20X )
Solution
let f (x ) = 6x 3 − x and g(x ) = (10 − 20X )
f ′ (x ) = 18x 2 − 1 and g ′ (x ) = −20
Since the given functions are in the product form, we apply the product
rule.
z ′ (x ) = (18x 2 − 1)(10 − 20X ) + (−20)(6x 3 − x )
z ′ (x ) = −480x 3 + 180x 2 + 40x − 10

2. w (z) = 3z+9
2−z
Solution
let f (x ) = 3z + 9, f ′ (z) = 3
g(z) = 2 − z, g ′ (z) = −1
applying the quotient rule,
w ′ (z) = (2−z)(3)−(3z+9)(−1)
(2−z)2

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 13 / 19

 w ′ (z) = 6−3z+3z+9
(2−z)2
w ′ (z) = 15
(2−z)2

Trial
Differentiate the following functions.
√
4 x
1 h(x ) = 2
x −2
√
63t
2 V (t) = 4t+1

3 y = ln(x 2 )sin(2x )

4 tan(x )sin(3x )

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 14 / 19

 Implicit Differentiation

The function we’ve described so far are expressing one variable explicitly as
a function fo the other,such as

y = xsinx , y = 4x 2 + 3x

Others are implicitly in terms of two variable such as

x 2 + y 2 = 25

which is a little difficult to differentiate straight forward.

Fortunately, we don’t need to solve an equation for y in terms of x in order
to find the derivative of y. Instead we can use the method of implicit
differentiation. This consists of differentiating both sides of the equation
with respect to x and then solving the resulting equation for y’ .

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 15 / 19

 Example
dy
Find dx from the fuction x 2 + y 2 = 25
Solution
Differentiating both sides of the equation x 2 + y 2 = 25
d 2 d 2 d
dx (x ) + dx (y ) = dx (25)
d 2
2x + dx (y ) = 0
since y is a function of x, we use the chain rule to differentiate y 2 .
d 2 d 2 dt dy
dx (y ) = dx (y ) · dx = 2y dx
2x + 2y dy dx = 0
dy
We then make dx = y ′ the subject
dy x
dx = − y

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 16 / 19

 dy
Find dy from the equations.
1 x 3 + y 3 = 6xy

2 y 2 = 4x 2 − y

3 x 3 = 4y 2 + y

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 17 / 19

 Inverse Trigonometry Differentiation
d −1 √ 1
dx (sin x ) = 1−x 2
d −1 x ) = − √1−x1
dx (cos 2

d −1 1
dx (tan x ) = 1+x 2
d −1 x ) = − √ 12
dx (csc x x −1
d −1 x ) = √1 2
dx (sec |x | x −1
d −1 x ) = − 1+x1
dx (cot 2

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 18 / 19

 Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions
d d
dx sinh(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · cosh(f (x ))

d d
dx coshf (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · sinh(f (x ))

d d
dx tanh(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · sech2 (f (x ))

d d
dx csch(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · −csch(f (x ))coth(f (x ))

d d
dx sech(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · sech(f (x ))tanh(f (x ))

d d
dx coth(f (x )) = [ dx f (x )] · −csch2 (f (x ))

M. A. BOATENG, PhD., MIMA (KNUST) DIFFERENTIATION July 19, 2022 19 / 19