❖ UNIT 02.

SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

❖ Services Provided by Operating System

1. Definition
o The services provided by an operating system (OS) are essential functions that manage
resources, enable user interaction, execute programs, and ensure secure, error-free
communication.
o These services create a stable environment where applications can run efficiently, and users
can perform tasks seamlessly.

2. List of Services Provided by an Operating System

1. User Interface

2. Program Execution

3. I/O Operation

4. File System Manipulation

5. Communication

6. Error Detection

7. Resource Allocation

8. Accounting

9. Protection and Security

3. Explanation of Each Service in Simple Points

1. User Interface

o Provides a way for users to interact with the system (command-line or graphical).

o Helps users open, close, and manage applications.

2. Program Execution

o Loads and runs applications and manages resources for each process.

o Ensures applications are terminated properly.

3. I/O Operation

o Manages data input and output from devices like keyboards, printers, etc.

o Ensures data is transferred smoothly between devices and applications.

4. File System Manipulation

o Manages files and directories, enabling users to create, delete, and organize them.

o Provides access control to protect data.

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

5. Communication

o Allows processes to communicate with each other, either within a system or over a
network.

o Supports data exchange between applications and external systems.

6. Error Detection

o Detects and handles system errors, ensuring stability and preventing data loss.

o Alerts users and the system to potential issues.

7. Resource Allocation

o Distributes CPU, memory, and storage resources among applications.

o Manages multitasking by prioritizing tasks.

8. Accounting

o Tracks usage of system resources by different applications.

o Helps in billing and usage analysis for system management.

9. Protection and Security

o Provides authentication and access control to prevent unauthorized access.

o Ensures data integrity and protects against threats.

4. Advantages of Operating System Services

1. Improved User Experience: Services like the user interface and program execution make the
system easy to use and enhance user interaction.

2. Efficient Resource Management: The OS allocates resources optimally, improving

multitasking and overall performance.

3. Device Compatibility and Data Management: I/O operations and file system services ensure
smooth device integration and data organization.

4. Secure and Stable Environment: Protection, security, and error detection services create a
safe, stable computing environment.

5. Enhanced Communication: Communication services allow seamless data exchange, essential

for multi-user and networked systems.

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

❖ System Call - Concept and Types

1. Definition of System Call
• A system call is a way for programs to request services from the operating system.

• It allows applications to perform tasks that the OS manages, such as accessing files and
managing processes.

2. Diagram of System Call

Fig.(a) System Call

3. Explanation of the Diagram

o User Mode (Step 1): The user process begins executing a task and reaches a point where it
needs the operating system’s help to perform an operation (like reading a file or allocating
memory).
o System Call Request (Step 2): The process makes a system call request. This is like asking the
OS for a service.
o Kernel Mode (Step 4): The system switches to kernel mode (where the OS has full control),
and the OS executes the requested system call.
o Return to User Mode (Step 3): Once the system call is complete, the OS switches back to
user mode and returns the result to the user process.

4. Types of System Calls

Fig.(b) Types of System Call

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

5. Explanation of Each System Call

1. Process Control

o Manages the execution of processes (starting, stopping).

o Allows the OS to handle process attributes like priority.

Examples:

o Starting a new program (e.g., opening a web browser).

o Terminating a running process (e.g., closing an unresponsive application).

o Changing the priority of a process (e.g., giving more resources to a video game).

o Waiting for a process to finish (e.g., waiting for a file to download).

2. File Management

o Handles operations related to file creation, deletion, and access.

o Manages permissions to ensure data security.

Examples:

o Creating a new file (e.g., making a new document).

o Deleting an existing file (e.g., removing a photo).

o Reading data from a file (e.g., opening a text file).

o Writing data to a file (e.g., saving changes to a document).

3. Device Management

o Manages interactions with hardware devices.

o Facilitates operations such as reading from and writing to devices.

Examples:

o Sending a document to a printer (e.g., printing a report).

o Reading data from a USB drive (e.g., accessing files).

o Writing data to a hard disk (e.g., saving a game).

o Connecting to an external monitor (e.g., projecting a presentation).

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

4. Information Maintenance

o Provides information about the system and its processes.

o Manages system-related data for applications.

Examples:

o Getting the current system time (e.g., checking the clock).

o Retrieving information about running processes (e.g., using Task Manager).

o Getting system resource usage statistics (e.g., CPU and memory usage).

o Checking the status of a device (e.g., seeing if a printer is online).

5. Communication

o Supports communication between processes, either on the same system or across

networks.

o Facilitates data exchange through various methods.

Examples:

o Sending a message between applications (e.g., chat programs).

o Sharing memory between processes (e.g., two programs accessing the same data).

o Using sockets for network communication (e.g., web browsers communicating with
servers).

o Broadcasting messages to multiple processes (e.g., notifications in apps).

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

❖ Components of Operating System

1. What Are Components of an Operating System?

o The components of an Operating System (OS) are the key functions or parts that
allow it to manage the computer's hardware, software, and resources.

o These components work together to ensure the system operates smoothly, supports
multitasking, manages memory, and handles file and device management.

o Each component has a specific role, like managing programs, memory, files, or
input/output devices, making it possible for users to interact with the computer
effectively and efficiently.

2. Diagram of OS Components

Fig.(c) Components of OS

3. Explanation of OS Components

o Process Management

▪ Manages running programs by assigning CPU time and prioritizing tasks for
efficient multitasking.

▪ Handles the starting, stopping, and switching between processes smoothly.

o Main Memory Management

▪ Allocates memory to programs as needed and releases it when done to

prevent memory waste.

▪ Ensures each program has enough memory space and keeps track of
memory usage.

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

o File Management

▪ Organizes files and directories, making it easy to save, access, and delete
data.

▪ Controls file permissions to keep data secure and manage who can access
files.

o I/O System Management

▪ Manages input and output devices (like keyboards, printers) so they work
correctly with applications.

▪ Uses drivers to connect hardware with software, ensuring smooth device

functionality.

o Secondary Storage Management

▪ Manages long-term data storage on devices like hard drives and SSDs,
ensuring organized storage.

▪ Provides quick access to stored files and programs as needed, allowing

efficient data retrieval.

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

❖ Use of Operating System Tools

1. Definition of OS Tools
o Operating System (OS) tools are built-in features and utilities that help manage the
computer's resources, users, security, and overall performance.
o They allow users and administrators to control how the system operates efficiently and
securely.

2. Diagram Representation of OS Tools

Fig.(d) OS Tools

3. Explanation, Uses, and Examples of Each Tool

1. User Management

o Explanation: Helps create, modify, and delete user accounts, controlling user
permissions and access levels for system resources.

o Uses:

▪ Create new user accounts.

▪ Change user passwords.

▪ Set user roles and permissions.

▪ Delete inactive accounts.

o Examples:

▪ Creating a new account for a family member.

▪ Changing your password for security.

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

2. Security Policy

o Explanation: Sets rules to protect the system from unauthorized access and enforces
password requirements and access control measures.

o Uses:

▪ Require strong passwords for all users.

▪ Set up firewalls for protection.

▪ Encrypt sensitive data.

▪ Regularly update security software.

o Examples:

▪ Setting a rule for passwords to be at least 8 characters.

▪ Enabling a firewall to block unauthorized access.

3. Device Management

o Explanation: Manages hardware devices like printers and drives, including the
installation and updating of drivers for hardware components.

o Uses:

▪ Add new hardware devices (e.g., printers).

▪ Update drivers for better performance.

▪ Troubleshoot hardware issues.

▪ Check device connections.

o Examples:

▪ Installing a new printer to print documents.

▪ Updating your computer's graphics driver.

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

4. Performance Monitor

o Explanation: Tracks system performance metrics such as CPU and memory usage
and identifies performance issues to optimize system operation.

o Uses:

▪ Monitor CPU and memory usage.

▪ Check disk activity.

▪ Generate performance reports.

▪ Identify resource bottlenecks.

o Examples:

▪ Checking how much memory your web browser is using.

▪ Viewing CPU usage while playing a game.

5. Task Scheduler

o Explanation: Automates the running of tasks at specific times, managing regular

system maintenance and updates.

o Uses:

▪ Schedule automatic backups.

▪ Set reminders for system updates.

▪ Run scripts at specified times.

▪ Launch applications at startup.

o Examples:

▪ Automatically backing up files every night.

▪ Running a maintenance script every week.

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

❖ Winter 2019
a) Explain any four services provided by OS. (2marks)
b) List components of OS. Explain process management in detail. (4marks)
c) What is purpose of system call? State any two system calls with their functions. (4marks)
d) Enlist the operating system tools. Explain any two in detail. (6marks)
❖ Summer 2022
a) State any four types of system calls. (2marks)
b) List and describe any four services of operating system. (4maarks)
c) Describe various activities performed by following operating system components.
(4marks)
i) Main memory management
ii) File management
d) Describe with example, use of following tools: (6marks)
i) Device Management
ii) Performance monitor
iii) Task scheduler
❖ Winter 2022
a) List any four services provided by O.S. (2marks)
b) Describe any two components of O.S. (4marks)
c) Write any four-system call related to file management. (4makrs)
d) Write two uses of following O.S. tools (6marks)
(i) Device Management
(ii) Performance monitor
(iii) Task Scheduler

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 ❖ UNIT 02. SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

❖ Summer 2023
a) State any four services of operating system. (2marks)
b) Explain different types of system calls. (4marks)
c) Explain different components of operating system. (4marks)

d) Write two uses of following operating system tools. (6marks)

i) Security policy
ii) User Management
iii) Task scheduler

❖ Winter 2023
a) List any four services provided by operating system. (2marks)
b) Write down the responsibilities of the following components of OS. (4marks)
i) Memory management
ii) File management
c) What are the different types of system calls? Give examples of each. (4marks)
d) Write two uses of the following operating system tools (6marks)
i) Security policy
ii) User management
iii) Performance Monito
❖ Summer 2024
a) State any four services provided by operating system. (2marks)
b) Explain any four types of system call. (4marks)
c) Explain different components of operating system. (4marks)
d) Explain the use of following OS tools: (6marks)
i) Device Manager
ii) Task Scheduler.

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