Chap 3

Physics
Motion (continued)
x(t ) = c0 + c1t + c2t + c3t + 
2 3
dimensions must match!

Dim[c0 ] = L
Dim[c1 ] = L / T
Dim[c2 ] = L / T 2
Dim[c3 ] = L / T 3
Define the derivative of
x(t) with respect to t:
dx x
 lim
dt t →0 t
x(t + t ) − x(t )
= lim
t →0 t
How small should t be?
x(t ) = t
x = x(t + t ) − x(t )
= (t + t ) − t = t
dx x
  lim =1
dt t →0 t
x(t ) = t
2
x = ( t + t ) − t
2 2
= t + ( t ) + 2t t − t
2 2 2
x
= t + 2t
t
x dx
 lim = = 2t
t → 0 t dt
x(t ) = t 3
x = (t + t ) − t 3 3
= t + 3t t + 3t t + t − t
3 2 2 3 3
x
= ( t ) + 3t + 3t t
2 2
t
x dx
 lim = = 3t 2
t → 0  t dt
If x(t ) = t n
then:
dx x n −1
 lim = nt
dt t →0 t
What is the derivative
of a constant?
ZERO!
Geometrical interpretation of derivative
x
t
dx x
 lim
dt t →0 t
zero
negative
positive
Geometrical interpretation of derivative

1 2
x = x0 + v0t + at
2
dx 1
= 0 + v0 + a (2t )
dt 2
dx
v = v0 + at
dt
dv
= 0+a = a
dt
A car at rest can be
accelerating very fast!
v = at
dv
but =a0
dt
A stone can be at rest
yet be accelerating!
y
v = − gt
dv
= −g  0
dt
0
g  9.81metres/sec 2
A useful notation:
dv d dx
= ( )
dt dt dt
2
d x
= 2
dt
A unit vector is a vector that
has magnitude 1 (no units).
A unit vector is obtained by
dividing a vector by its length.
A
Â=
A
Examples of unit vectors are
iˆ, ˆj in 2-dimensional space.
ĵ
iˆ
ĵ
A=Ax iˆ + Ay ˆj
Ay A
iˆ
Ax
Decomposition of a vector
into components
Velocity in 2 dimensions
r = x(t )iˆ + y (t ) ˆj
dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v= = i+ j
dt dt dt
= vxiˆ + v y ˆj
Acceleration in 2-d
dv
a=
dt
dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
= i+ j
dt dt
= a x iˆ + a y ˆj
A = Axiˆ + Ay ˆj, B = Bxiˆ + By ˆj
R = A+ B
= ( Axiˆ + Ay ˆj ) + ( Bxiˆ + By ˆj )
= ( Ax + Bx )iˆ + ( Ay + By ) ˆj
= Rxiˆ + Ry ˆj
Example:
A = (6iˆ + 5 ˆj )
B = (8iˆ + 7 ˆj )
What is the magnitude of 2 A − B ?

Letting R = 2 A − B, we have
R = 2(6iˆ + 5 ˆj ) − (8iˆ + 7 ˆj )
= (12 − 8)iˆ + (10 − 7) ˆj
= (4iˆ + 3 ˆj )
R = Rx + Ry = 4 + 3 = 5
2 2 2 2
Consider two vectors
A and B making an angle 
with each other.
B

A
The scalar product of A and B
is defined as:
A  B = AB cos  , 0    
B

A
A  B = ( A)( B cos  )
= (length of A)  (projection of B on A)
B

( B cos ) A
A  B = ( B)( A cos  )
= (length of B)  (projection of A on B)
( A cos )
B
 A
Scalar products of iˆ, ˆj are
iˆ  iˆ = ˆj  ˆj = (1)(1) cos(0) = 1
ˆi  ˆj = (1)(1) cos(900 ) = 0
A = Axiˆ + Ay ˆj, B = Bxiˆ + By ˆj
A  B = ( Axiˆ + Ay ˆj )  ( Bxiˆ + By ˆj )
= Ax Bx iˆ  iˆ + Ax B y iˆ  ˆj
+ Ay Bx ˆj  iˆ + Ay By ˆj  ˆj
= Ax Bx + Ay By
Generalization to three dimensions
ˆ ˆ ˆ
A = Axi + Ay j + Az k
ˆ ˆ ˆ
B = Bxi + By j + Bz k
A  B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
• Acceleration along y is ay = – g
• Acceleration along x is ax = 0
• Velocity along x is constant

V0

V0 x = V0 cos 
V0 y = V0 sin 
dy
is zero here
y dx
a=g
V V
Vy0 Vy Vx
V0
Vx Vy V
Vx
x
0 Vx0 Vy
V
x direction
Vx = V0 x
x = x0 + V0 xt
ax = 0
y direction
ay = − g
Vy = V0 y − gt
1 2
y = y0 + V0 y t − gt
2
Constant Velocity
horizontal motion x = xo + voxt
vx = vox , ax = 0
vertical motion
Free Fall
y = yo + voyt + ½ayt2
vy = voy + ayt
ay = –g
Is the vertical acceleration
constant?
YES! It is always –g in
free fall.
Is the horizontal acceleration
constant?
YES! It is zero.
Is the vertical component of
velocity constant?
NO! Ball thrown straight
up does not have constant
velocity.
Is the horizontal component
of velocity constant?
YES! There’s no acceleration

in the x direction.
Is the speed constant?
NO! Vertical component

of velocity is changing
and horizontal is not, so
speed must be changing.
Insert monkey phys_4_1
At y max = H, v y = 0
v0 sin 
v0 sin  − gt = 0 and so t =
g
1 2
y = (v0 sin  )t − gt becomes
2
v0 sin  1 v0 sin  2
H = (v0 sin  )( ) − g( )
g 2 g
(v0 sin  ) 2
H=
2g
x
x = (v0 cos  )t  t =
v0 cos 
1 2
y = (v0 sin  )t − gt
2
x 1 x
= (v0 sin  )( ) − g( ) 2
v0 cos  2 v0 cos 
 g sec  
2
= x tan  − x 
2
2 
 2v0 
  g 
y = x  tan  − x   = 0
 2v0 cos 
2 2
  
has two solutions for x !
2v0 sin  cos 
2
x=0, AND x = R =
g
v0 sin 2
2
=
g
Since − 1  sin 2  1
therefore (sin 2 ) max = 1
2 2
v0 v0
 Rmax = (sin 2 ) max =
g g
How long will the projectile
take to arrive at Rmax ?
2
v0
Recall: Rmax =
g
Rmax v0
T= = 2
v0 sin 45 g

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Chap 3

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Physics

dimensions must match!

Geometrical interpretation of derivative

What is the magnitude of 2 A − B ?

• Velocity along x is constant

YES! There’s no acceleration

NO! Vertical component

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