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AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Derivative of Algebraic Functions

𝑑
1. (C)=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. (x)= 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. ( 𝑥 𝑛 ) = n 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
4. ( Cu ) = C
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝐶 −C 𝑑𝑢
5. ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
6. (u±v)= ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
7. ( uv ) = u +v
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 v −u
8. ( )= 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
9. ( 𝑢𝑛 ) = n 𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Exponential Functions

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1. ( a )u = au ln a
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. ( e )u = e u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Logarithmic Functions

𝑑 0.4343 𝑑𝑢
1. ( log u) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
2. ( ln u ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 log 𝑏 𝑑𝑢
3. ( log b u ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 2 of 21

Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1. (sin u) = cos u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. (cos u) = - sin u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. (tan u) = sec2 u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
4. (cot u) = - csc2 u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
5. (sec u) = sec u tan u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
6. (csc u) = - csc u cot u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
1. (arcsin u) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 – 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
2. (arccos u) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 – 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
3. (arctan u) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 − 1 𝑑𝑢
4. (arccot u) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
5. (arcsec u) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
6. (arccsc u) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Chain Rule
1. Product
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

2. Reciprocal
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦

3. Quotient
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 3 of 21

Critical Points:
1. Global Maximum Point and Local Maximum Point
y’ (first derivative) = 0
y” (second derivative) is negative

2. Global Maximum Point and Local Minimum Point

y’ (first derivative) = 0
y” (second derivative) is positive

3. Point of Inflection – is the point at which the curve changes its concavity from concave upward to concave downward or vice
versa.
y” (second derivative) = 0

Example : Find the derivative of y = ex sin x2.

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
( uv ) = u +v
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

u = ex v = sin x2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= ex = 2x cos x2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

y = ex sin x2
y’ = 2x ex cos x2 + ex sin x2
y’ = ex (sin x2 + 2x cos x2)

sin 𝑥
Example: Find the derivative of y if y =
1− cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 v −u
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

sin 𝑥
y=
1−cos 𝑥
(1− cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)−(sin 𝑥)(sin 𝑥)
y’ =
(1− cos 𝑥)2

(cos 𝑥)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)−(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) −(1− cos 𝑥)

y’ = =
(1− cos 𝑥)2 (1− cos 𝑥)2
−1
y’ =
1− cos 𝑥
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 4 of 21

Limits
1. Limit of a function
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L
𝑥→𝑎

a. Right hand limit

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L
𝑥→𝑎+

b. Left hand limit

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = M
𝑥→𝑎−

𝑥2
Example: Find a. the right hand limit and b. the left hand limit of lim
𝑥→3± 𝑥 3 −27

a. Right hand limit

𝑥2 (3+)2
lim = =∞
𝑥→3+ 𝑥 3 − 27 (3+)3 − 27

b. Left hand limit

𝑥2 (3−)2
lim = =-∞
𝑥→3− 𝑥 3 − 27 (3−)3 − 27

𝑥3 − 2
Example: Find the limit of lim .
𝑥→2 4𝑥 2 + 3

𝑥3 − 2 lim 𝑥 3 − 2 23 − 2 6
lim = 𝑥→2
= =
𝑥→2 4𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥→2
lim 4𝑥 2 + 3 4(2)2 + 3 19

2. L’ hospital’s Rule – If the function f(x) and g(x) are continuous in an interval containing x = a and their derivative exist and
𝑓(𝑥) 0 ∞
If lim = 𝑜𝑟
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 0 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑎)
then lim = lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑎)

Infinity and Indeterminate

1. Infinity - a number greater than any assignable quantity or countable number (symbol ∞).
𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
∞=
0

2. Indeterminate - having no definite or definable value.

0 ∞
Indeterminate forms: , , 0 ∙ ∞ , ∞ − ∞ , 00 , ∞0 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1∞
0 ∞
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 5 of 21
sin 2𝑥
Example: Find the limit of lim
𝑥→0 4𝑥

sin 2𝑥 sin 0 0
lim = =
𝑥→0 4𝑥 0 0
sin 2𝑥 2cos 2𝑥 2 cos 0 2
lim = lim = = =½
𝑥→0 4𝑥 𝑥→0 4 4 4

Continuity

1. Continuity of functions – A function f(x) is continuous at x = a, if all the three of the following conditions are satisfied.
a. f(a) exist
b. lim 𝑓(𝑥)exist
𝑥→𝑎

c. lim 𝑓(𝑥)= f(a)

𝑥→𝑎

2. Missing Point Discontinuity

at lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

x = a when both numerator = 0 and denominator = 0

3. Infinite Discontinuity
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑎+

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑎−

4. Finite Jump
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L1
𝑥→𝑎+

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L2
𝑥→𝑎−

L1 ≠ L2

𝑥+4
Example: Find the a. infinite discontinuity and the b. missing point discontinuity of the function f(x) =
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8

𝑥+4 (𝑥 + 4)
f(x) = =
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2)

a. infinite discontinuity
x=2
b. missing point discontinuity
x=-4
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 6 of 21

Asymptotes

1. Horizontal asymptote (y = k)
y = f(x)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)= k
𝑥→∞

then y = k is the horizontal asymptote

2. Vertical asymptote (x = h)
y = f(x)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)= ±∞
𝑥→ℎ

then x = h is the vertical asymptote

Example: Find the a. horizontal asymptote and b. vertical asymptote

2𝑥 2 +4
of the curve y =
2+7𝑥−4𝑥 2

a. horizontal asymptote
2𝑥 2 +4 ∞
y = lim =
𝑥→∞ 2+7𝑥−4𝑥 2 ∞
4𝑥 ∞
y = lim =
𝑥→∞ 7−8𝑥 ∞
4 4
y = lim =
𝑥→∞ −8 −8

y = - ½ (horizontal asymptote)

b. vertical asymptote
2𝑥 2 +4
lim = ±∞
𝑥→ℎ 2+7𝑥−4𝑥 2

2 + 7𝑥−4𝑥 2 = 0
(2 –x)(1 + 4x) = 0
1
x=2 and x = - (are vertical asymptotes)
4

Slope

1. Slope of the curve and tangent line

𝑑𝑦
m = y’ =
𝑑𝑥

2. Slope of normal line

−1 𝑑𝑥
m⊥ = =-
𝑦′ 𝑑𝑦
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 7 of 21

3. Equation of tangent line

y – k = y’ (x - h)

4. Equation of normal line

−1
y–k= (x - h)
𝑦′

Example: Given the equation of the curve y = 2x2 - 4x + 3. At the point (3, 9), find the general equations of the
a. tangent line
b. normal line

y = 2x2 - 4x + 3
y’ = 4x - 4
m = 4(3) – 4 = 8

a. Tangent line
y – k = y’(x - h)
y – 9 = 8 (x - 3)
8x – y - 15 = 0

b. Normal line
−1
y–k= (x - h)
𝑦′
−1
y–9= (x - 3)
8

x + 8y – 75 = 0

Rate of Change

1. Average rate of change of a function f(x) with respect to its independent variable x is the quotient of ∆𝑓(𝑥) / ∆𝑥.
∆𝑓(𝑥)
Average rate of change =
∆𝑥

2. Instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to its independent variable is the derivative of the function with respect
to that variable.
Instantaneous rate of change = 𝑓′(𝑥).

Example: The charge in coulombs that passes through a solenoid after t seconds is given by the function Q(t) = 2t 3 - 3t2 + t + 3.
a. Determine the average current during the first three seconds.
b. Determine the current at the end of three seconds.
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 8 of 21

a. average current
∆𝑄 𝑄(3) − 𝑄(0) 33 − 3
IAVERAGE = = = = 10A
∆𝑡 3−0 3

b. Instantaneous current
𝑑
I (t) = (𝑄) = 6t2 - 6t + 1
𝑑𝑡

I (3) = 6(3)2 – 6(3) + 1 = 37A

Differential Approximation
A method for approximating the value of a function near a known value. This method uses the tangent line at the
known value of the function to approximate the graph of the function. In this method, ∆𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑦 represent the changes in x
and y for the function, and dx and dy represents the changes in the x and y for the tangent line.
If y = f(x)
Then dy = f ’(x) dx

Example: If the diameter of a sphere measures 10 m with a possible error of 0.005 m, find the maximum possible error and
percentage error in value of the volume.
𝜋 𝜋 500𝜋
V= D3 = (10)3 =
6 6 3

Maximum possible error

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
dV = D2 (dD) = (10)2 (±0.005) = ± m3
2 2 4

Percentage error
𝜋
𝑑𝑉 ±4
= 500𝜋 = ± 0.15%
𝑉
3

Maxima and Minima

Steps in solving maxima/minima problems

1. Draw the diagram if needed.
2. Write the equation representing the quantity to be maximized or minimized.
3. Convert the above equation into one independent variable.
4. Differentiate and equate to zero.
5. Solve unknown variable and the maxima/minima.

Example: A rectangular box with an open top is to be formed from a rectangular piece of cardboard which is 3 inches by 8
inches.
a. How many inches should be cut-out from each corner to form a box with maximum volume?
b. What is the dimensions of the open top rectangular box?
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 9 of 21

c. What is the maximum volume?

V = (3 - 2x)(8 - 2x)(x) = 24x - 22x2 + 4x3

𝑑𝑉
= 24 – 44x + 12x2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
2
x = 3 and
3

a. Cut-out at each corner from each corner to form a box with maximum volume
2
x = inch
3

b. Dimensions of the open top rectangular box

2
H=x= inch
3
2 20
L = 8 - 2x = 8 – 2 ( ) = inches
3 3
2 5
W = 3 - 2x = 3 – 2 ( ) = inches
3 3

c. Maximum volume
20 5 2 200
V = LWH = ( ) ( ) ( ) = cubic inches
3 3 3 27

Time Rate

Steps in solving time rate problems

1. Draw the diagram if needed.
2. Determine which rates are given which rate you need to find.
3. Write the equation representing the relationship of variables with time rates.
4. Differentiate with respect to time.
5. Substitute all the given information and solve the unknown rate.

Example: A girl is flying a kite which is at a height of 120 feet. The wind is carrying the kite horizontal away from the girl at a
speed of 10 feet per second. How fast must the kite string be let out when the string is 150 feet long?

z2 = x2 + 1202
when z = 150
1502 = x2 + 1202
x = 90

z2 = x2 + 1202
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
2z = 2x
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
2 (150) = 2 (90) (10)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
= 6 fps
𝑑𝑡
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 10 of 21

Application to Business and Economics

1. Break-even point analysis
2. Margin revenue, marginal cost and marginal profit
3. Demand and supply
4. Optimization
5. Rate of change

Example: The demand x for milk (quarts), selling for p dollars per quart at a supermarket is determined by the equation px +
1200p – 6000 = 0. If the price is increasing at the rate of 3 cents per week, at what rate is demand changing (in quarts per
week) when the price is $1.25 per quart?

px + 1200p – 6000 = 0
when p = 1.25
1.25x + 1200 (1.25) - 6000 = 0
p = 3,600

px + 1200p – 6000 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
p +x + 1200 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
(1.25) + (3600) (0.03) + (1200) (0.03) = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= -115.2 quarts per week
𝑑𝑡

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Basic Integral
1. ∫ du = u + C
2. ∫ a du = au + C
𝑢𝑛+1
3. ∫ un du = +C
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢
4. ∫ = ln | u | + C
𝑢

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1. ∫ eu du = eu + C
𝑎𝑢
2. ∫ au du = +C
𝑙𝑛∣𝑎∣

3. ∫ ln u du = u ln | u | – u + C
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 11 of 21

Trigonometric Functions
1. ∫ sin u du = - cos u + C
2. ∫ cos u du = sin u + C
3. ∫ tan u du = ln |sec u| + C = - ln |cos u| + C
4. ∫ cot u du = ln |sin u| + C = - ln |csc u| + C
5. ∫ sec u du = ln |sec u + tan u | + C
6. ∫ csc u du = ln |csc u – cot u | + C
1
7. ∫ sin2 u du = (u - sin u cos u) + C
2
1
8. ∫ cos2 u du= (u + sin u cos u) + C
2

9. ∫ tan2 u du = tan u - u + C
10. ∫ cot2 u du = - cot u – u + C
11. ∫ sec2 u du = tan u + C
12. ∫ csc2 u du = - cot u + C
13. ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C
14. ∫ csc u cot u du = - csc u + C

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ arcsin u du = u arcsin u + √1 − 𝑢2 + C
2. ∫ arccos u du = u arccos u - √1 − 𝑢2 + C
3. ∫ arctan u du = u arctan u - ln |√1 − 𝑢2 | + C
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
4. ∫ = arcsin ( ) + C
√𝑎2 −𝑢2 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
5. ∫ = ( ) arctan ( ) + C
𝑎2 +𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
6. ∫ = ( ) arcsec ( ) + C
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

Methods of Integration
1. Algebraic substitution

Let u = f(x)
du = f ’(x) dx

𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫
𝑥

Let u = ln x
1
du = dx
𝑥

𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ½ u2 +C
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ½ ln2 x + C
𝑥
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 12 of 21

2. Transformation using trigonometric identities

Example: Evaluate ∫ cos5 x dx

∫ cos5 x dx = ∫ (cos4 x) (cos x) dx

∫ cos5 x dx = ∫(1 - sin2 x)2 (cos x)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 x dx = ∫(1 - 2 sin2 x + sin4 x) cos x
2 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 x dx = sin x - 3 sin3 x + 5 sin5 x

3. Integration by Rational Fraction

a. Case 1. Denominator factorable into real distinct linear factors

(𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫ 2
𝑥 + 4x + 3

(𝑥 − 3) 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑥 2 + 4x + 3 𝑥+1 𝑥+3
𝑥−3 −1 − 3
A= ∣x= -1 = =-2
𝑥+3 −1 + 3
𝑥−3 −3 − 3
B= ∣x= -3 = =3
𝑥+1 −3 + 1

(𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 −2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥 2 + 4x + 3 = ∫ 𝑥 + 1 +∫ 𝑥 + 3 = - 2ln (x + 1) + 3ln (x + 3) + C
(𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 3)3
∫ 𝑥 2 + 4x + 3 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 1)2 + C

b. Case 2. Denominator factorable into repeated real linear factors

(𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 + 4x + 4

(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 + 2) − 6 1 −6
= = +
𝑥 2 + 4x + 4 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)2

(𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −6𝑑𝑥 6
∫ 𝑥 2 + 4x + 4 = ∫ 𝑥 + 2 +∫ (𝑥 + 2)2 = ln (x + 2) + (𝑥 + 2) + C
(𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 6
∫ 𝑥 2 + 4x + 3 = ln (x + 2) + (𝑥 + 2) + C

c. Case 3. Denominator contains second degree factor

(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫ 2
𝑥 + 4x + 5

(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 2) − 4 (𝑥 + 2) −4
= = +
𝑥 2 + 4x + 5 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 12 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 12 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 12

(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 1 2(𝑥 + 2) −4
∫ 𝑥 2 + 4x + 5 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 + 2)2 + 12 +∫ (𝑥 + 2)2 + 12
(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 + 4x + 5 = ½ ln (x2 + 4x + 5) - 4 arctan (x + 2) + C
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 13 of 21

d. Case 4. Denominator contains factors of repeated second degree factors

(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1)2

(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 1 + 4𝑥 1 4𝑥
= = +
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ + 2∫
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 2
∫ = arctan (x) - +C
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)

4. Integration by parts
∫ u dv = u v - ∫ v du
Let u = f (x) → du = f ’(x) dx
dv = g(x) dx → v = ∫ g(x) dx

Example: Evaluate ∫ x sin x dx

Let u=x → du = dx
dv = sin x dx → v = - cos x

∫ x sin x dx = x (- cos x) - ∫( - cos x) dx

∫ x sin x dx = - x cos x + sin x + C

5. Trigonometric substitution

∫ √𝑎2 −𝑢2 du let : u = a sin θ

∫ √𝑎2 +𝑢2 du let : u = a tan θ
∫ √𝑢2 −𝑎2 du let : u = a sec θ

𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
Example: Evaluate∫
√1 − 𝑥 2

Let x = sin A dx = cos A dA and √1 − 𝑥 2 = cos A

𝑑𝑥 sin A cos 𝐴 𝑑𝐴
∫√ =∫ = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴) sin 𝐴 𝑑𝐴
1 − 𝑥2 cos 𝐴

𝑑𝑥 1
∫√ = - cos A + cos3A + C
1 − 𝑥2 3
3
𝑑𝑥 1
∫√ = - √1 − 𝑥 2 + (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + C
1 − 𝑥2 3
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 14 of 21

Wallis’ Formula

𝜋
[(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3)……1 𝑜𝑟 2][(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3)……1 𝑜𝑟 2]
∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4)……1 𝑜𝑟 2
•α

where α = π/2 if both m and n are even

α = 1 if otherwise

𝜋
Example: Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
[(6 − 1)(6 − 3)(6 − 5)][(4 − 1)(4 − 3)] 𝜋 3𝜋
∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (10)(10 − 2)(10 − 4)(10 − 6)(10 − 8)
• =
2 512

Multiple Integral
1. Double Integral
𝑦𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
∫𝑦 ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑏 𝑏

2. Triple Integral
𝑎 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 𝑧
∫𝑥 ∫𝑦 ∫𝑧 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

2 𝑦
Example: Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦 2 𝑥2 𝑦 2 3𝑦 2
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 =∫0 ( 2 + 𝑥𝑦)] dy =∫0 ( )dy
0 2

2 𝑦 3 𝑦3 2 3 (2)3
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 ] = =4
3 0 2 3

Applications of Integral Calculus

1. Area
a. Vertical Strip
𝑥 𝑥
Area = ∫𝑥 𝑎 (𝑦𝑢 −𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑥 𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏

Example: Determine the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = 9 – x2 and the line x + y = 7.

y=y
9 – x2 = 7 – x
x2 – x – 2 = 0
x = - 1 and 2

𝑥 2 9
Area = ∫𝑥 𝑎 (𝑦𝑢 −𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(9 – x2) – (7 – x) dx =
𝑏 2
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 15 of 21

b. Horizontal Strip
𝑦 𝑦
Area = ∫𝑦 𝑎(𝑥𝑅 −𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦 =∫𝑦 𝑎 [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
𝑏 𝑏

Example: What is the area bounded by the curve y = x4, the x - axis, and the line x = 2?

y = x4 = 24 = 16
𝑦 16
Area = ∫𝑦 𝑎(𝑥𝑅 −𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (2) − ( 4√𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 6.4
𝑏

2. Volume of Solid of revolution

a. Rotated along the x - axis
𝑥
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑥 𝑎 [(𝑦𝑢 2 ) − (𝑦𝐿 2 )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑏

Example: Find the volume generated by the region bounded by the curve y2 = 9x and the line x = 1, rotated about the x - axis.

𝑥
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑥 𝑎 [(𝑦𝑢 2 ) − (𝑦𝐿 2 )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
1
Volume = 𝜋 ∫0 [(9𝑥) − (0)] 𝑑𝑥 = 4.5π

b. Rotated along the y - axis

𝑦
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑦 𝑎 [(𝑥𝑅 2 ) − (𝑥𝐿 2 )] 𝑑𝑦
𝑏

Example: Find the volume generated by the region bounded by the parabolas 4y = x2 and 4x = y2, rotated about the y - axis.

x=x
𝑦2
√4𝑦 = 4

y = 0 and 4

𝑦
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑦 𝑎 [(𝑥𝑅 2 ) − (𝑥𝐿 2 )] 𝑑𝑦
𝑏

4 𝑦4
Volume = 𝜋 ∫0 [(4𝑦) − ( )] 𝑑𝑦 = 19.2 𝜋
16

c. Rotated along the line parallel to the x - axis (y = k)

𝑥
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑥 𝑎[(𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑘)2 − (𝑦𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘)2 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑏

Example: Find the volume generated by the region bounded by the parabolas 2y = x2 and 2x = y2, rotated about the y = 3.

y=y
𝑥2
√2𝑥 = 2

x = 0 and 2

𝑥
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑥 𝑎[(𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑘)2 − (𝑦𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘)2 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑏

2 𝑥2
Volume = 𝜋 ∫0 [( − 3)2 − (√2𝑥 − 3)2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 5.6 𝜋
2
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 16 of 21

d. Rotated along the line parallel to the y - axis (x = h)

𝑦
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑦 𝑎[(𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ℎ)2 − (𝑥𝑖𝑛 − ℎ)2 ]𝑑𝑦
𝑏

Example: Find the volume generated by the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x and the line x = 4, rotated about the line x = 4.

y2 = 4x = 4(4)
y=±4

𝑦
Volume = 𝜋 ∫𝑦 𝑎[(𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ℎ)2 − (𝑥𝑖𝑛 − ℎ)2 ]𝑑𝑦
𝑏

4 𝑦2 1024𝜋
Volume = 𝜋 ∫−4( − 4)2 𝑑𝑦 =
4 15

3. Length of Arc

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
S = ∫𝑥 𝑎 √1 + ( )2 dx or
𝑏 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑑𝑥
S = ∫𝑦 𝑎 √1 + ( )2 dy
𝑏 𝑑𝑦

Example: Find the length of arc in one branch of the curve y2 = x3 from x = 0 to x = 1.
3
y = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 3
= √𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
S = ∫𝑥 𝑎 √1 + ( )2 dx
𝑏 𝑑𝑥

1 9𝑥
S = ∫0 √1 + dx = 1.44
4

4. Pappus Theorems
a. The surface area of a solid of revolution is equal to product of the circumference generated by the geometric centroid
and its length of arc (or perimeter).

SA = (2πR) (perimeter)
Example: Find the surface area of the torus formed by revolving a circle x2 + y2 = 9 about the line y = - 5
x2 + y2 = 9
circle with center at (0, 0) and r = 3

SA = (2πR) (perimeter)
SA = (2π) (5) (2π) (3) = 60π2
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 17 of 21

b. The volume of a solid of revolution is equal to product of the circumference generated by the geometric centroid and
its generating area.

V = (2πR) (area)
where: R = distance between the geometric centroid and the axis of rotation
Example: Find the volume formed by revolving the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 about the line x = 5.

4x2 + 9y2 = 36
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
9 4

Ellipse with center at (0, 0) with a = 3 and b = 2

Area = π ab = π (3) (2) = 6π

V = (2πR) (area)
V = 2π (5) (6π) = 60π2

5. Average value

1 𝑎
Average = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎−𝑏 𝑏

𝜋 𝜋
Example: Find the average value of csc2 x over the interval from x = to x = .
6 4

1 𝑎
Average = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎−𝑏 𝑏
𝜋
1
Average = 𝜋 𝜋 ∫𝜋4 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 x 𝑑𝑥
−
4 6 6
𝜋
1 1
Average = 𝜋 𝜋 ∫𝜋4 𝑑𝑥 = 2.8
− (sin(𝑥))2
4 6 6

6. Centroid of an Area
a. Moment of area with respect to the y - axis

𝑥
MY = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑥 𝑎 𝑥(𝑦𝑢 −𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏

b. Moment of area with respect to the x - axis

𝑦
MX = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑦 𝑎 𝑦(𝑥𝑅 −𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑏
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 18 of 21

c. Coordinates of the Centroid

𝑀𝑦
x=
𝐴
𝑀𝑥
y=
𝐴
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
C( , )
𝐴 𝐴

Example: Find the coordinates of the centroid of the area under the y = 4 – x2 in the first quadrant.

𝑥 2 16
Area = ∫𝑥 𝑎 (𝑦𝑢 −𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (4 – x2) – (0) dx =
𝑏 3
𝑦𝑎 4 16
Area = ∫𝑦 (𝑥𝑅 −𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (√4 − 𝑦) − ( 0) 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑏 3

2
MY = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4
4
MX = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 𝑦( √4 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 8.53

𝑀𝑦 4
x= = = 0.75
𝐴 5.33
𝑀𝑥 8.53
y= = = 1.6
𝐴 5.33

Coordinates of centroid C (0.75, 1.6)

7. Polar Coordinates
a. Area
1
Area = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
2

b. Length of Arc
𝑑𝑟
S = ∫ √𝑟 2 + ( )2 dθ
𝑑𝜃

Example: Find the perimeter and the area of the cardoiod whose equation is r = 4(1 + sin θ).

r = 4(1 + sin θ)
𝑑𝑟
= 4 cos θ
𝑑𝜃

a. Perimeter
𝑑𝑟
S = ∫ √𝑟 2 + ( )2 dθ
𝑑𝜃

2𝜋
S = ∫0 √(4 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 + (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)2 = 32

b. Area
1
Area = ∫ 2 𝑟2 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 1
Area = ∫0 ( 4 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 = 24π
2
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 19 of 21

Calculus
Practice Problems

𝑥3 − 8
1. Evaluate: lim
𝑥→2 4𝑥 2 − 16
a. 0.25 b. 0.75
c. 1.5 d. 2

𝑥 2 − 16
2. Find the missing point discontinuity of the function f(x) = 3 2 .
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 12𝑥
a. x = 0 b. x = - 4
c. x = 4 d. x = 3

3. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the curve y - 2x + 2y - 1 = 0.

a. x = -2, y -2 b. x = 2, y = 2
c. x = -2, y = 2 d. x = 2, y = -2

4. Find the first derivative of y if y = x2x.

a. 2(x2x + ln x) b. 2x2x (1 + ln x)
c. 2x2x (ln x) d. 2 + 2 ln x2x

𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 2 + 50
5. Find the slope of the equation y = when x = 1.
𝑥2 + 1
a. 21 b. – 21
c. 42 d. – 42

6. Find C so that the line y = 6x + 4 is tangent to the curve y = x2 + C.

a. 9 b. 11
c. 13 d. 15

7. If y = x3/2, what is the approximate change in y if x changes from 8 to 8.02?

a. 0.0452 b. 0.0536
c. 0.0848 d. 0.0770

8. Find the approximate increase in surface area of the sphere using differentials, if the radius increases from 2 to 2.05.
a. 2.12 b. 2.25
c. 2.51 d. 2.86
1
9. Find the local minimum value of y = x + .
𝑥
a. - 1 b. - 2
c. 1 d. 2

10. Find the point of inflection of the curve y = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5.

a. (0, 5) b. (1, 7)
c. (2, 9) d. (3, 17)

11. The sum of two positive numbers is 40. Find the larger number if the product of square of one by the cube of the other is at the
maximum.
a. 30 b. 27
c. 25 d. 24

12. A printed page must contain 60 cm2 of printed material. These are to be margin 5 cm on either sides and 3 cm on the top and
bottom. How long should the printed lines be in order to minimize the amount of paper?
a. 6 cm b. 8 cm
c. 10 cm d. 12 cm
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 20 of 21

13. A radar station is 2000 ft from the launch site of a rocket. If the rocket is launched vertically at the rate of 500 ft/s, how fast is
the distance between the radar station and the rocket changing 10 seconds later?
a. 588.4 fps b. 564. 4 fps
c. 488.6 fps d. 464.2 fps

14. Water is flowing into a conical vessel 18 cm deep and 10 cm across the top. If the rate at which the water surface is rising is
2.75 mm/sec, how fast is the water flowing into the conical vessel when the depth of the water is 12 cm?
a. 7.2 cm3/sec b. 8.1 cm3/sec
c. 8.8 cm3/sec d. 9.6 cm3/sec

15. The wholesale price p of string beans, in dollars per bushel, and the daily supply x, in thousands of bushels, are related by the
equation px + 6x + 7p = 5950. If the supply is decreasing at the rate of 2000 bushels per day, at what rate is the daily bushel
price changing when 100,000 bushels are available?
a. $1.0 per bushel per day b. $1.1 per bushel per day
c. $1.05 per bushel per day d. $1.15 per bushel per day

16. Evaluate ∫ 30x (x - 1)4 dx

a. 6x(x - 1)5 – (x - 1)6 +C b. x(x - 1)5 – 6(x - 1)6 + C
c. 6(x - 1)6 +C d. 6x(x - 1)6 + C

17. What is the integral of dx/x4 if the lower limit is 1 and the upper limit is ∞?
a. 1/3 b. 1
c. 3 d. ∞

18. What is the integral of (sin 4x)6 dx if the lower limit is zero and the upper limit is π/8?
a. 27π/363 b. 35π/768
c. 23π/765 d. 5π/128

19. Find the area bounded by the curves: y = x3 and y = x at the first quadrant.
a. 1/5 b. 1/4
c. 1/3 d. ½

20. Find the area bounded by the parabola 4y = x2 – 2x + 1 and its latus rectum.
a. 8/3 b. 2/3
c. 10/3 d. 4/3

21. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 4x – y2 = 0 and y = 2x – 4.
a. 7.5 b. 8
c. 8.5 d. 9

22. Determine the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x3 – 4x2 + 3x and the x axis, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
a. 2.25 b. 2.5
c. 3 d. 37/12

23. What is the volume generated by the area bounded by the curve y = x3, the x - axis from x = 0 to x = 2 rotated about the x-
axis?
a. 32.4 b. 44.2
c. 50.2 d. 57.4

24. The area enclosed by the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 on the first quadrant is revolved about the line y-axis. What is the volume
generated?
a. 100.5 b. 125.5
c. 150.5 d. 200.5

25. Find the volume generated of the region bounded by the curve y = x3 and the lines y = 1 and x = 0, rotated about the line y = 1.
9 4
a. π b. π
14 7
7 3
c. π d. π
12 4
Manila Review Institute, Inc. Page 21 of 21

26. Find the length of arc of the curve y = ln cos x from x = 0 to x = π/4.
a. 0.65 b. 0.72
c. 0.81 d. 0.88

27. Find the surface area of the torus formed by revolving a circle x2 + (y - 1)2 = 9 about the line x = 5.
a. 30π b. 60π
c. 30π 2 d. 60π 2

28. The area enclosed by the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 is revolved about the line x = 3, what is the volume generated?
a. 355.3 b. 360.1
c. 365.1 d. 370.3

29. Find the centroid of the area bounded by the curves: y = x2 and y = 4.
a. (0, 2) b. (0, 2.2)
c. (0, 2.4) d. (0, 2.5)

30. Find the area of the cardioid whose equation is r = 2(1 - cos θ).
a. π b. 1.5π
c. 3π d. 6π