Expository Writing Notes

By
Fida Ullah Qamar
Roll Number : 218
BS Political Science
Second Semester
GDC Serai Naurang
Q.No.1: What is expository writing? Discuss different types and purpose of
expository writing.
Answer
Expository Writing
Meaning
Expository writing is derived from expose which means to explain or describe.
Definition
Expository writing is a type of writing that aims to explain or describe a topic in clear and concise
manner objectivity.
Purpose
It basic purpose is to give information to reader in logical and organize manner. It involves
presenting facts, evidence, argument and real data.
Examples
Essay, article, research papers, textbooks, news and reports etc.
Types
There are six steps of expose it writing which are following
I. Process writing
This type of expository writing explain how to do something or how something works. It involve
describing various steps needed to complete a task e.g: recipes tc
II. Cause and effect
This type of expository writing describes how one step leads to a result.
For Example; Cause and effect of drug addiction, population etc

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III. Compare and contrast
This type of writing examines the similarities and differences between two or more things.
For examples: Similarities and differences between plant and animal cell, Islam and Christianity.
IV. Definition writing
This type aims to define a concept, team, idea clearly and comprehensively, often providing
example or explanation to enhance understanding.
V. Classification writing
Writers categorized or group items, ideas or phenomena based on shared characteristics or criteria
providing insight into their organization and relationship.
VI. Problem and solution
This type of expository writing identifies a problem and solution.
For example: corruption in Pakistan and its solution
Characteristics
❖ There should be no personal opinion or emotion
❖ It should be objective
❖ It should be written in 3rd person
❖ Always present in logical way
Q. No: 2Write applications of expository writing
Answer
Applications of expository writing:
1. Academic essay
Expository writing is frequently used in academic sitting to explain a concept, analyze data or
provide an argument with evidence.
2. Texts books
Text books often used expository writing to convey information to student in a straightforward
manner, helping them understand complex subject
3. News Articles
News articles report a current event and provide factual information to the public
Q. No:3 Write characteristics of effective expository writing
Answer

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Effective expository writing is characterized by clearly, coherence and organization. Their
elements work together to ensure that your writing is easy to understand and follow.
A. Clarity
Clarity refers to use of language that is precise and easy to understand. This means avoiding jargon,
complex sentence structure and ambiguous words.
B. Coherence
Coherence refers to the logical flow of ideas in which you are writing. Your ideas should be well
organized and connect it to each other in away that make sense to the reader
C. Organization
Organization refers to the structure of your writing. Expository writing typically follows formal
structure with an introduction, body paragraph and conclusion.
By focusing on these three elements, you can write expository text that is informative and engaging
for your readers
Q.No:4 What is paragraph? What are the characteristics of a good paragraph? Explain
Answer
Definition
“A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop a single main idea. It serves as a building block
for your essay, reports and other form of writing”
Definition 2
“A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic”
Characteristics of a paragraph
A. Unity
The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus or a major point of discussion. Unity
refers to knitting of the entire paragraph with a single topic.
B. Coherence
Coherence is to knit different sentence of a paragraph with one another. Coherent is the trait that
makes the paragraph easily understandable to reader. Coherence in a paragraph is maintained by
creating logical bridges and variable bridges
C. Topic sentence
Topic sentence tell us about the main idea. Topic sentence has two points
➢ Topic
➢ Main idea

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Topic: What you are writing about
Man idea: What you are saying about the topic. The topic sentence is usually first, but could be
in any position in the paragraph.
D. Adequate development
Adequate development in paragraph refers to the process of providing enough information and
support to fully explain the main idea. A well-developed paragraph should not be too short or too
long.
Q.No:5 Write a detailed note on different type of paragraph pattern.
Answer
Paragraph
“A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with single topic.”
Types of paragraph
✓ Narrative paragraph
Narrating paragraph tell a story. It has a proper beginning, middle and ending. A narrating
paragraph make use of description as well, because while narrating a story, The writer may need
to describe a person are place. Thus narration and description go hand by hand. Narrative
paragraphs may tell the story of a picnic shortly or it may describe an evening spent with on friends
✓ Descriptive paragraph
Descriptive paragraph describes a person, place, thing or idea. A good descriptive paragraph
should not tell but show by the use of sensory details
✓ Expository paragraph
Expository paragraph explains or describes a topic. It often needs research but the writer may also
relay on his own knowledge. It close not involve the writer's own opinions. Examples merits and
demerits of internet, traffic problems, youth and social media etc
✓ Persuasive paragraph
This paragraph tries to convince the readers to accept the writer's point of view, the writer use
argument in favors or against the topic. He may try to pursued the reader’s to take a certain action
or avoid something
Q No 6: What is writing process? Explain steps or stages of writing process
Answer
Writing process

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The steps taken by a writer to finish or produce a piece of writing such as article essay, assignment,
research papers or paragraph are known as writing process.
Some tips the writing process
▪ Begin with a positive attitude or language
▪ Be respective to new techniques and approaches
▪ Respect the ideas of others
▪ Finally practice, practice and practice
Steps
Perwriting Drafting
Pre-writing, Drafting, Revising, Editing and Publishing
Pre writing
Pre-writing is the first stage of the writing process. It is the thinking
Publishing Revising
about what you are going to write about.
Pre writing helps to plan
Editing
✓ What will be the sitting?
✓ What you are going to write?
✓ Who will be the characters?
Pre writing technique
1) Brainstorming
Brainstorming is defined as; “The creative process of generating new ideas or solution to a
problem”. Or
Brainstorming is a group activity where people come together to generate creative ideas and
solutions for specific problem or topic. Is a good decision-making skill because it gives number of
different ideas, provide different insights of a
problem.
Brainstroming
I. Listing
Make a simple list of points, concepts or Listing Mind Mapping Free Writing Looping Cubing

arguments related to your topic. Listing help

you see the breath of your ideas.
II. Mind Mapping or Clustering
Mind map is a graphical way to represent ideas and concepts. It is a visual thinking tool that helps
structuring information helping you to better analyses, synthesized, recall and generate new ideas
III. Free writing

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 Free writing involves writing continuously without worrying about grammar or structure. Set a
timer and let your thought flow spontaneously.
IV. Looping
Looping is a prewriting technique where you continuously right about a topic or idea without
stopping for a set period of time. After you have finished pick an idea from your earlier session
and again free right about it. This process is repeated several time.
V. Questioning
Ask yourself question about your topic.
These questions are called journalist's questions or 5W+H.
VI. Cubing
Cubing in writing is a brainstorming technique used to explore a topic or generate ideas from
different perspectives. It involves looking at a subject from six different angles.
❖ Describe it
❖ Compare it
❖ Associate it
❖ Analyze it
❖ Apply it
❖ Against it or argue for
Drafting
Driving is the second stage of writing process. Drafting refers to the stage where a writer organize
information and idea into sentence and paragraphs.
Choosing an
Outling your message
A. Choosing Organizational Pattern organizational patteren

Organizational pattern helps structure your message

for clarity and impact Drafting

a. Direct messages: Direct message

Forming effective Forming effective
represent when you expect a positive or sentence paraghraph
neutral response from the audience. It start
with the main point and provide details
afterward.
b. Indirect message: Indirect message for suitable for sensitive or negative information. It
begins with context on background information before revealing the main point.
c. organizing principles: There are different organizing principles
I. Chronological order: Chronological order represent information in lineer sequence (pass to
present to future)
II. Compare and contrast: Compare and contrast or two or more elements
III. Problem and solution: Identify a problem and propose a solution etc

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 B. Outlining Your Message
Before drafting, create an outline to organize your thought. An outline typically includes headings,
subheadings and Bullet point. It helps maintain and ensure you cover all relevant points. It helps
to keep on track.
C. Forming Effective Sentence
Effective sentence is clear, concise and coherent. They communicate ideas efficiently
➢ Sentence structure: Pay Attention to sentence structure use a mix of simple, compound
and complex sentence for variety
➢ Four moods: Inductive mood, imperative mood, interrogative mood and subjective mode.
➢ sentence length: Mix short and long sentences for rhythm
➢ Active and passive voice: Activate voice is directly and concise. Passive voice emphasis
the receiver of the action.
D. Forming Effective Paragraph
Effective paragraph should focus on a single man idea and well-structured with a topic sentence
supporting details. This helps to organize your idea and make your writing coherent.
➢ Paragraph size and structure: Keep paragraph concise (3-5 sentences).Start each
paragraph with a topic sentence.
➢ Paragraph coherence: Ensure ideas for logically. Use transition words and phrases.
Revising
Revising is the process of writing in re- seeing your work form a fresh perspective. It is this stage
after the initial draft where you improve what you have written by making addition, deletions,
corrections and rephrasing
Purpose
The purpose of revision is to clarify and shape the meaning into organize and polish the writing
Here are the key steps for effective revision
a) Prepare to review
After completing your rough draught take a break. Let your brain rest so you can approach your
writing with fresh eyes. Conduct any additional research that may have surfaced while writing the
paper.
b) Revised the structure
Address the overall structure of your writing ensure it flows logically and coherently. Check
paragraph transitions heading and subheading
c) Polishing the wording
Pay attention to word choice clarity and precision.

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 d) Proof reading
Check for grammar, spelling and punctuation error. Make sure your writing is error free and
polished
Editing
Editing is a stage of the writing process in which a writer or editor strives to improve a draft by
correcting errors.
During editing stage check the following
Grammar
Correct any grammatical errors such as subject, verb, agreement, verb tenses and pronoun uses.
Ensure that sentences are clear and follow the standard grammatical rules.
Spelling
Check for correct spellings of words use spell check tools or dictionary. Pay attention to
homophones.
Capitalization
Capitalize Proper noun and the first word of sentences.
Sentence structure
Review sentence construction. Avoid run on sentences. Avoid sentence fragments. Every sentence
length for better readability
Punctuation
Verify proper use of punctuation mark use of punctuation marks
Commas, semicolon, question marks etc
Q No:7 How to write an essay’s introduction explain its steps
Answer
Introduction paragraph is an essential part of any academic essay. It sets up your argument and
tells the reader what to expect.
Main goals
The main goal of an Introduction are to
➢ Catch your reader's attention
➢ Give background and your topic.
➢ Present your thesis is statement the central point of your essay.
Steps

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Step1: Hook your reader
Begin your introduction with a hook to grab the readers attention. This can be a question, a quote,
a fact or a story related to your topic.
Step2: background information
Give a brief background about the topic you will be discussing in your essay. This helps the reader
understand the importance or relevance of the subject
Step3: present your thesis statement
Your thesis statement is the main argument or point you will make in your essay. It should be
clear, specific and take a stand on the topic. Place your thesis at the end of your introduction
paragraph.
Step4: Outline your main points
Briefly mention the main points or arguments that you will be addressing in the body paragraph
of your essay. This gives the reader and idea of what to expect.
Step5: keep it concise
Make sure you are introduction is concise and to the point. It should be around 10% of your total
essay's length. By focusing these steps you can create strong and engaging introduction for your
essay. These steps make a great first impression with your essay introduction.
Q No 8:How to write essay hook. Explain its kind or typs with the help of examples
Answer
Hook
The first sentence of an essay is called hook or attention grabber. The hook will catch The reader
attention so they will be interested to read your essay. The hook is a really important part of the
essay.
Types or Kinds of Hook
A. Quotation
You can use a quotation from a famous, historical, or important person. This will help your essay
seem more important.
For example: Abraham Lincoln has said, "Democracy is the government of the people, by the
people and for the people".
B. Statement
You can use powerful statement to surprise the reader. This could pull the ridden in so they can
understand more. Examples….

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 C. Statistic
You can use a number or statistic to show a surprising side of the topic of your essay. For example..
D. Story
You can use a story to make the reader want to read and learn more information about the topic
Example....
E. Question
You can ask a question in your first sentence that will make reader want to continue to find the
answer. Example
Q No9: What is thesis statement? How to write thesis statement? Explain the steps of thesis
statement
Answer
Thesis statement
A thesis statement is a concise summary of central points of your essay. It serves as a roadmap for
your arguments.
Here are the steps to create an effective thesis statement
I. Start with a question
By asking yourself a question related to your topic
II. Write your initial answer
Based on your research formulate tentative answer to the question, keep it concise and
straightforward
III. Develop your answer
Expend on your initial answer provide context, evidence or reason that support your thesis.
IV. Refine your thesis statement
Revise your answer to make it more precise and focused.
Q No10: How to write a conclusion in essay writing
Answer
In essay writing a conclusion is the final paragraph are section that wraps up your essay. It serves
to summarize your main points or restate your thesis in a new way.
Here are some methods of conclusion writing
a. Restate your thesis

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Start by reminding the reader of your main point or argument but different words from your
introduction
b. Summarize key point
Briefly go over the main points you made in your essay to reinforce your argument.
c. Show importance
Explain why your argument matter. What is the bigger picture or significance of your points?
d. End with a final thought
Leave the reader with something to think about. This could be suggestion a question or statement
about the future.
Q No:11: Discuss cohesion and coherence in writing (imp Q)
Answer
Cohesion
Meaning
The literally meaning of cohesion is “sticking together”
Definition
Cohesion is the semantic relation between one element and another in a text. In linguistic cohesion
is a lexical and grammatical relation and link which connect various part of a sentence and gives
it meaning. This link and connection organize text in interpret words and sentences with the
reference to another words and sentences.

Cohesion

Grammatical Lexical
Cohesion Cohesion

Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Collocation Reiteration General Noun

Grammatical Cohesion
Grammatical cohesion refers to the grammatical elements that are used to create a text.
There are four types of grammatical cohesion
1) Reference
Reference is used to refer something within a text

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There are two types of reference.
a. Anaphora
It is called reference backward. It refers to a thing mentioned in the text easier.
Example: Mehak went to the market. She was annoyed because it was closed.
b. Cataphora
It is reference forward it refers to a think mentioned later in the text
Example if you want some, there's tea in the pot.
2) Substitution
It is the replacement of one word or phrase with another word or phrase to avoid repetition
Example: Fasi bought a new truck, his neighbor, Furqan also bought the same
3) Ellipsis
It is a kind of substitution in which we omit the words are phrase
Example: if you want to leave the classroom you can
4) Conjunction
Conjunction linking words in commonly known as discourse marker. We use different kinds of
conjunctions to make the text link together and meaningful
Example: do you want to have tea? or want to sleep.
Lexical cohesion
Lexical cohesion is about meaning in the text. It is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of
vocabulary. It conferences the ways in which lexical items relate to each other.
There are three types of lexical cohesion
a. Collocation
A group of words that often go together or that are likely to occur together
b. Reiteration
Reiteration means that repetition of lexical item. The repetition of different words that refer to
something can contribute to the lexical cohesion of text.
There are 3 types of reiteration.
Repetition, synonyms, superordinate
c. General noun

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General noun is a small set of noun having generalized reference within the major noun class.
Example: Don't everyone expect the Minister resign?
They did, but the man refused. Hare "minister" is replaced with general noun "the man".
Q No 12: How to write an essay of illustration
Answer
Illustration essay
Illustration essay is also known as exemplification
Illustration essay is a type of essay writing that explains a topic by using clear and specific
examples.
Steps
I. Choose a topic
First you can choose a topic then you can provide many examples for.
II. Create an outline
Plan your essay by making an outline. This help organize your thoughts.
Example outline
a) Introduction
Hook, background information, thesis statement.
b) Body paragraph
I. Point 1
✓ Example 1
✓ Example 2
II. Point 2
✓ Example 1
✓ Example 2
III. point 3
✓ Example 1
✓ Example 2
c) Conclusion
State thesis summaries main points
III. Write the introduction
Hook: Start in interesting facts questions on quotes
Background information: Give some context about your topic.

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Thesis statement: Clearly state what you will illustrate in your essay.
IV. Write the body paragraph
Body paragraph should focus on one main point. Start with a topic sentence then provide examples
to support that point.
Example body paragraph structure
Topic sentence: start the main point of paragraph
Example 1: - describe the example in detail
Example 2: - provide another example for further illustration.
Explanation: - explain how the example support your point.
V. Write the conclusion
Restate Thesis: - remind the reader of your main idea
Summarize points: briefly go over the main points from the paragraph
QNo13: How to write a cause-and-effect essay
Answer
A cause-and-effect essay explains why something happens (the cause) and what happens as a result
(the effect)
Steps
A. Understand the topic
✓ Know your purpose
Your goal is to explain the reasons (cause) and results (effect) of a particular event or situation
✓ Choose a topic
Choose a topic that interests you and has clear causes and effects
B. Research and brainstorming
✓ Gather information
Look for reliable sources that provided information on your topic.
✓ Make lists
Write down possible causes and effect related it to your topic
C. Develop A Thesis Statement
Thesis statement is a set of Sentences that states the main point of your essay. It should summarize
the causes and effect you will discuss

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 D. Create an outline
a) Introduction
Hook, background information
b) Body paragraph
➢ Paragraph 1 (cause 1) explain the first cause
➢ Paragraph 2 (cause 2) explain the second cause
➢ Paragraph 3 (effect1) explain the first effect
➢ Paragraph 4 (effect2) explain the second effect
c) Conclusion
Summary and restate Thesis
E. Review and revise
a. Check clarity
Make sure each cause and effect is clear and well explained
b. Coherence
Ensure your essay flow smoothly from 1 point to the next
c. Proofread
Look for grammar, spelling and punctuation error
Q No14: What is compare and contrast essay
Answer
A compare in contrast essay is a type of essay writing that looks at the similarities and differences
between two or more subjects
Compare: show how two or more subject are similar
Contrast: Show how two or more subject are different
How to write complain and contrast essay
Steps
1. Choose your subject
Pick two or more subjects that have a clear basis for comparison
2. Brainstorm similarities and differences
Make two lists one for similarities and one for differences this will help you organize your thought.
3. Developer thesis statement
Decide what main point you want to make with your comparison and contrast.

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 4. Choose a structure
There are two main ways to organize your essay.
1) Point by point method 2) Block method
1) point by point method: Discuss one point of comparison or contrast at a time covering both
subject in each paragraph
2) block method: Discuss all the points about one subject first then all the points about the other.
5) Write the introduction
Start with a hook to grab the reader attention, provide some background information about the
subject and end with your thesis statement.
6) Write the body paragraph
Discuss your ideas using your chosen format and organization. Ensure that every paragraph begins
with a topic sentence that explains the main idea of the paragraph
7) Write the conclusion
Summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis in a new way.
Example outline
Introduction
Hook, background information, Thesis statement
Body paragraph (point by point)
Point 1: similarity or differences
✓ Subject 1
✓ Subject 2
Point 2: similarity or differences
✓ Subject 1
✓ subject 2
Body paragraphs (block method)
Subject 1:
✓ Point 1
✓ Point 2
Subject 2:
✓ Point 1
✓ Point 2

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Conclusion
Restate Thesis, Summarize main points, Final thought
Q No 15: Explain different types of writing purposes (imp Q)
Answer
Writing purpose refers to the reason why someone writes something. It is the goal or intent behind
the act of writing. In simple terms it is what the writer wants to achieve or communicate through
their writing. Common purpose for writing includes / following
1. To Inform
Definition: Writing that gives you facts and information.
Examples: news, articles, reports, research etc.
2. To Entertain
Definition: writing that makes you feel happy said or excited etc
Example: stories, novels, jokes, and poems.
3. To Explain
Definition: writing that makes something clear or easy to understand.
Examples: introduction manuals, recipes etc
4. To Persuade
Definition: writing that tries to convince you to do something or believe something
Examples: Advertisements, persuasive etc
5. To Argue
Definition: Writing that presents reasons for or against something
Example: debate article, argumentative essay etc
6. To Evaluate
Definition: Writing that judges the video are quality of something
Examples: book reviews, movie reviews etc.
7. To Express
Definition: Writing that shares personal feelings, thought or experience
Examples: letter, journal or diary entry etce
Q No16: What are the characteristics of writing for academic audience ?discuss.

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Answer
Academic writing
The type of writing which is clear, concise, focused structure and supported by evidence
Purpose of academic writing
The purpose of academic writing is to help the reader to understand the text well.
Academic audience
An academic audience refers to people who are part of the educational and scholarly community.
This includes students, teachers, researchers and scholars. When writing for an academic audience
you need to follow certain characteristics to injure ensure your work is clear credible and useful to
them.
Here are the main characteristics
1) Formal tone
Use a serious and professional tone. Avoid casual language. Avoid slang.
2) Clear structure
Organize you are writing with a clear introduction, body and conclusion. Use headings and sab
headings to guide the reader throughout your text.
3) Evidence based
Support your claims with evidence from credible sources like books, journal articles etc.
4) Objective language
Present information and argument without showing personal bias or emotion.
5) Complex sentences
Academic writing of uses more complex sentence structure to convey detailed information.
6) Formal formatting
Follow specific formatting guidelines such as APA, MLA, or Chicago style etc for citations
headings and references.
Q No 17: Different tones inspired for specific purpose and audience
Answer
Introduction
The tone and style of writing significantly influence how a message is received by its audience.
Tone refer to the writer's attitude toward the subject or audience while style encompass the writer's
choice of words, sentence structure and overall the writing technique.

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Understanding tone
A. Formal tone
Purpose: Used for professional academic or official communication.
Characteristics: Polite and respectful language complex sentences and technical vocabulary.
B. Informal tone
Purpose: suitable for casual or personal communication
Characteristics: conventional and friendly language you simple and shorter sentence.
C. Optimistic tone
Purpose: To inspire and encourage the audience
Characteristics: Used positive and uplifting language. Use enthusiastic and energetic phrasing
D. Pessimistic tone
Purpose: to highlight challenges are concerns
Characteristics: cautious or negative language focus on problems and potential issues.
E. Natural tone
Purpose: to present information in unbiased manner
Characteristics: use objective and factual language no emotional influence.
Understanding style
A. Description style
Purpose: to paint a vivid or clear picture in reader mind
Characteristics: use of sensory details use figurative language like metaphors and similes.
B. Narrative style
Purpose: to tell a story or recount events
Characteristics: use clear sequence of events. Use of characters and dialogues
C. Expository style
Purpose: To explain or inform
Characteristics: use clear concise and state forward language. Use organisation and structure. Use
effects and examples
D. Persuasive style
Purpose: to convince our pursued the reader
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Characteristics: use strong and assertive language. Use logical argument supported by evidence
Question No:18: What are credible sources? Discuss types of sources
Answer
Credible sources
A credible source is one that you can trust because it's free from bias and backed up with evidence.
It is a function to use reliable information to support your argument and conclusion
Types of sources
Here are the key types of sources
1) Primary sources
These sources provide direct evidence related to your research topic.
Examples: Empirical are statistical result, Newspaper and magazines, Letters etc
2) Secondary sources
These sources of a second-hand information and analyze, describe or evaluate sources
Examples: academic books, textbooks, documentaries etc
3) Tertiary sources
These sources summarize or consolidate primary and secondary sources but don't provide original
insights
Examples: Encyclopedia, dictionary, bibliography etc
Question No:19 Explain how to identify and find credible source
Answer
Identifying credible sources is crucial for reliable research. We identify and find credible sources
by using the CRAAP test.
❖ Where
❖ C = Currency
❖ R = Relevance
❖ A = Authority
❖ A = Accuracy
❖ P = Purpose or Presentation
Currency
Check if the information is up to date. Look for recent publications or articles. Outdated sources
may not reflect the latest knowledge

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Relevance
Ensure that the source directly relates to your research topic. Irrelevant information won't support
your argument effectively.
Authority
Investigate the author and publication. Is the author an expert in the field? Trusted authorities
provide reliable content.
Accuracy
Verify if the source is supported by evidence, are claims backed up with proper citation
Purpose or Presentation
Consider the purpose of the source
Question No20: What is citation style? Explain in detail various citations and referencing
style used in academic writing
Answer
Citation style
A citation style is a set up guidelines that dictate how you should cite source in your academic
work.
There are three main approaches to citations
Parental citation Parenthetical
Citation Style

In this style you include identifying details of the source within

parentheses in the text. Typically, this include the author's last name Citation Numerical
Citation Style
and the publication date (author_date_format). Sometime the Style
publication date is omitted and only the other name and page
number are included (Author _ page format) Notes
Citation Style

Examples: APA, MLA and Harvard

Numerical citation
With a numerical citation you include a number in brackets are supercript with the text. This
number corresponds to an entry in your numbered reference list.
Examples: IEEE, ACS, AMA, and CSE
Note citation
This uses footnotes or endnotes to provide source details. In your text, you place a small number
where you cite something.
Fida Ullah Qamar BS Political Science GDC Serai Naurang

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