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Distributed Computing For Autonomous Vehicles Case Study

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Kirthik Reshan.S 12'A'
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8 views

Distributed Computing For Autonomous Vehicles Case Study

Notes

Uploaded by

Kirthik Reshan.S 12'A'
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Case Study: Distributed Computing for Autonomous Vehicles

1. Introduction
Definition of Distributed Computing in Autonomous Vehicles: Distributed computing
enables multiple devices and systems to communicate and share computational tasks,
essential for real-time processing in autonomous vehicles (AVs).

Significance for AVs: Autonomous vehicles require immense computational power to handle
tasks such as sensor fusion, decision-making, and navigation. Distributed computing can
help manage this workload effectively.

Objective: This case study explores how distributed systems optimize task allocation and
scheduling to improve the performance, reliability, and safety of autonomous vehicle
operations.

2. Problem Statement
High-Volume Data Processing: Autonomous vehicles process large amounts of data from
sensors (cameras, LiDAR, radar, etc.), requiring real-time processing and decision-making.

Need for Task Allocation and Scheduling: Efficient task allocation and scheduling are crucial
to manage limited computing resources and ensure timely responses in critical scenarios.

Challenges: Ensuring low-latency communication, managing limited onboard computing


power, and coordinating multiple AVs in real time are challenging tasks.

3. Key Components of Distributed Systems in AVs

A. Edge Computing and Fog Computing


Edge Computing: Offloads tasks from the vehicle to nearby edge devices, reducing latency
and processing time.

Fog Computing: Provides a hierarchical architecture where processing is distributed among


intermediate devices between the cloud and the vehicle, offering scalable resource
allocation and reduced communication delays.

B. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication


Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V): Facilitates direct communication between vehicles, enabling
shared sensor data for better awareness and collision avoidance.

Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I): Allows vehicles to communicate with infrastructure (e.g.,


traffic lights), enhancing traffic management and optimizing route selection.

C. Cloud Computing for Data Storage and Analytics


Cloud Support: Cloud servers handle data storage, processing, and analysis, supporting AVs
in complex scenarios where local processing is insufficient.
AI Model Updates: The cloud enables AVs to receive periodic AI model updates, improving
decision-making capabilities.

4. Task Allocation and Scheduling Optimization

A. Dynamic Task Allocation


Sensor Data Processing Distribution: Tasks are allocated based on resource availability and
task priority, such as processing camera data onboard while offloading LiDAR processing to
nearby fog nodes.

Load Balancing: Balances the workload between onboard processors, edge devices, and
cloud servers to avoid bottlenecks and reduce latency.

B. Priority-Based Scheduling
Real-Time Scheduling: Ensures that high-priority tasks (e.g., obstacle detection) are
processed first to maintain safety.

Adaptive Scheduling: Adjusts task priorities based on current conditions, such as weather,
traffic density, and road conditions, to optimize response times.

C. Resource-Aware Allocation
Resource Constraints: Distributed systems allocate tasks based on available computational
and battery resources, balancing power consumption and processing efficiency.

Multi-AV Coordination: For AV fleets, task allocation can be optimized to improve fleet-wide
performance, such as coordinating routes to avoid congestion.

5. Case Example: Waymo’s Distributed System for Autonomous Driving


Implementation: Waymo employs a combination of edge computing, cloud support, and V2X
communication for its autonomous vehicles.

Results: Waymo’s AVs benefit from reduced response time, improved task allocation, and
enhanced safety by utilizing a distributed computing architecture.

6. Benefits of Distributed Computing in AVs


Reduced Latency: With distributed systems, data processing is closer to the vehicle, leading
to faster response times and safer decision-making.

Enhanced Scalability: Distributed systems can support large-scale AV networks, enabling


efficient fleet management and improved traffic flow.

Improved Reliability: With multiple layers of processing (edge, fog, and cloud), autonomous
vehicles achieve higher reliability and resilience in various driving conditions.

7. Challenges and Limitations


Security Risks: Increased connectivity in distributed systems exposes AVs to cybersecurity
risks, such as data interception or malicious attacks.
Network Dependency: AVs relying on V2X and cloud services are vulnerable to network
disruptions, which could impact task allocation and performance.

Resource Constraints: Limited onboard processing power and battery capacity in AVs make
it challenging to execute all required tasks in real time.

8. Conclusion
Importance of Distributed Systems: Distributed computing enhances the efficiency, safety,
and scalability of autonomous vehicle operations.

Future Directions: Advances in AI, 5G, and edge computing will further optimize task
allocation and scheduling for AVs.

Recommendation: Continued research into secure, efficient distributed computing systems


will ensure autonomous vehicles become a practical, reliable transportation solution.

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