Wien Bridge Oscillator and Twin T Oscillator

Wien Bridge Oscillator
Figure shows the circuit of the Wien bridge oscillator. A resistor R4 is connected to the inverting terminal (2) of the
operational amplifier from the ground. Similarly a parallel combination of a resistance R2 and a capacitor C2 is connected to
the non-inverting terminal (3) of the operational amplifier from the ground. The output terminal (6) of the amplifier is fed
back to inverting terminal (2) through a variable resistor R3. A series combination of a resistance R1 and a capacitor C1 is
connected between non-inverting terminal (3) and the out put of operational amplifier. To observe the out put wave form, the
out put terminal (6) is connected to CRO.
R3
R1 +VCC
Theory :-An oscillator consists of an amplifier and a feedback
2 7
INV
network.
Dual C1 6
Potentiometer IC741 1) 'Active device' i.e. Op Amp is used as an amplifier.
NINV
V
4 2) Passive components such as R-C or L-C combinations are
3 used as feed back net work.
-VCC Output Sine
C2
Wave To start the oscillation with the constant amplitude, positive
R2 R4 feedback is not the only sufficient condition.
The feedback signal does not produce any phase shift. This is the ”basic principle of a Wien bridge oscillator”.
Oscillator circuit must satisfy the following two conditions known as Barkhausen conditions:
i. The first condition is that the magnitude of the loop gain (Aβ) = 1
A = Amplifier gain and β = Feedback gain.
ii. The second condition is that the phase shift around the loop must be 360° or 0°.
Lead-Lag circuit :- The given circuit shows the RC combination used in Wien bridge oscillator. This circuit is also known
as lead-lag circuit. Here, resistor R1 and capacitor C1 are connected in the series while resistor R2and capacitor C2 are
connected in parallel.
Working of lead-lag circuit :- At high frequencies, the reactance of capacitor C1 and C2 approaches zero. This causes C1
and C2 appears short. Here, capacitor C2 shorts the resistor R2. Hence, the output voltage Vo will be zero since output is
taken across R2 and C2 combination. So, at high frequencies, circuit acts as a 'lag circuit’.
At low frequencies, both capacitors act as open because capacitor offers very high reactance. Again output voltage will be
zero because the input signal is dropped across the R1 and C1combination. Here, the circuit acts like a 'lead circuit'.
But at one particular frequency between the two extremes, the output voltage reaches to the maximum value. At this
frequency only, resistance value becomes equal to capacitive reactance and gives maximum output. Hence, this particular
frequency is known as resonant frequency or oscillating frequency. The maximum output would be produced if
R = Xc=𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
1
∴𝑓= 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
If R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C
Twin-T Oscillator
The Twin-T Oscillator is another RC oscillator circuit which uses two parallel connected RC networks to produce
a sinusoidal output waveform of a single frequency.
Twin-T Oscillators are another type of RC oscillator which produces a sinewave output for use in fixed-
frequency applications similar to the Wein-bridge oscillator. The twin-T oscillator uses two “Tee” shaped RC
networks in its feedback loop (hence the name) between the output and input of an inverting amplifier.
As we have seen, an oscillator is basically an amplifier with positive feedback which has a fixed amount of
voltage gain required to maintain oscillations, and the twin-T oscillator is no different. Feedback is provided
by the twin-T configured RC network allowing some of the output signal to be fed back to the amplifier’s
input terminal. Thus the twin-T RC network provides the 180o phase-shift and the amplifier providing
another 180o of phase-shift. These two conditions create 360o in total of phase-shift allowing for sustained
oscillations.
Unlike the typical RC Phase-shift Oscillator which configures
the feedback resistors and capacitors into a ladder network,
or the standard Wien-bridge Oscillator which uses the
resistors and capacitors in a bridge configuration, the twin-T
oscillator (sometimes known as a parallel-T oscillator) uses a
passive resistance-capacitance (RC) network with two
interconnected “T” sections (having their R and C elements in
opposite formation) connected together in parallel as shown.

Wien Bridge Oscillator and Twin T Oscillator

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Wien Bridge Oscillator

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