ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS. PAG EXAM SOLUTION. COURSE SPRING 2021-2022.

JUNE 20TH, 2022

Solutions in red

1.- Define what is an electronic system.

It is an association of specific electronic blocks that, by using components and circuits, implements the
functions necessary to solve a given problem, taking inputs and producing outputs in an organized
transformation process.
(1)
2.- Define what is the resolution of a measurement instrument. Give the resolution of an instrument of 5½
digits and a range of 0.2 V.

It is the smallest change of the input that causes a change of the reading.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 0.2 𝑉
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 = = 1 𝜇𝑉
200000
(2)
3.- Among the following statements, mark those which are true.

(a) The accuracy of an open loop automatic control system does not depend on its own calibration.

(b) In a closed loop automatic control system the presence of disturbances in the control chain prevents
it from performing its assigned function.
(c) X In a system with negative feedback, the controller determines the necessary signal to act upon the
process in order to revert its dynamics.
(d) X A bread toaster that is operated by means of a press button and has an established time during
which the heating resistance will toast the bread, is an open loop system.
(3)
4.- Explain the kind of conversion that a static electrical energy converter of the 'chopper' type carries out.
Indicate what sorts of output regulation it will have and what they mean.

It carries out a DC to DC conversion. The output regulation will be line regulation and load regulation. It
allows for maintaining a given voltage at the load regardless of changes in the generator voltage or
changes of the load.
(4)
Given the circuit of the figure, answer to the following three questions:

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5.- Calculate the Thévenin voltage (VTH = VAB) at the left hand side of A and B.

We leave A-B in open circuit:

6 3 120 30
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 20 ∙ − 10 · = − = 10 𝑉
3+6 3+6 9 9

VTH = 10 V (5)
6.- Calculate the Norton current (IN)

We discount the sources and remove the 5 Ω load:

3·6 18
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 3 ∥ 6 + 3 = +3= +3=5Ω
3+6 9
𝑉𝑇𝐻 10
𝐼𝑁 = = =2𝐴
𝑅𝑇𝐻 5

IN = 2 A (6)
7.- Calculate the power that the load resistor R4 will dissipate.

10 10
𝐼𝐿 = = =1𝐴
5+5 10

𝑃𝑅4 = 𝐼𝐿2 ⋅ 𝑅 = 1 ⋅ 5 = 5 𝑊
PR4 = 5 W (7)
The following circuit includes two diodes with threshold conduction voltage Vc = 0.6 V and series resistance
Rs = 1 Ω. Answer to the following two questions:

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8.- Calculate the voltage on each one of the diodes D1 and D2.
Diode 1 is reverse biased. The anode voltage is not higher than the cathode one, thus the equivalent
model of the diode will be just an open circuit.
Diode 2 conducts and we will substitute it by its model as constant voltage source, with which we model
the threshold conduction voltage, plus a series resistor Rs with which we model the voltage increase as
the current increases when the diode conducts.
Applying KVL we obtain:
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑐
𝑉1 − 𝐼𝑅1 − 𝑉𝐿 − 𝐼𝑅𝐷 − 𝐼𝑅3 = 0 𝐼= = 209.5 𝑚𝐴
𝑅1 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑠
The voltage at diode 1 is obtained by subtracting the cathode
voltage from the anode voltage:
VD1= VA1 - VC1 = (5 - I·R1) – V2 = 5 – 2.095 – 5 = - 2.095 V ≈
-2,1 V. The negative voltage of D1 confirms its reverse
biasing.
According to the first model that we are using, diode 2 will produce a voltage drop of:
VD2 = Vc + I·Rs = 0.6 + 0.2095·1 = 0.8095 V ≈ 0.81 V
VD1 = - 2.1 V VD2 = 0.81 V (8)
9.- Calculate the power that each diode will consume.
Diode 1 is in off state, thus it does not consume any energy.
In order to obtain the power dissipated by diode 2, we multiply its voltage drop by its current:
PD2 = VD2 · I = 0.8095 · 209.5·10-3 = 169.6 mW
PD1 = 0 W PD2 = 169.6 mW (9)
10.- The circuit of the figure uses two diodes of the 'Zener' type of 3.4 V breakdown voltage and 0.6 V
threshold conduction voltage. If the input signal to the circuit is Vin(t) = 6 V · sin(π·t), plot the waveform of
a full cycle of the output signal Vo. Indicate the values, units and scales that apply.

Vin(t
)

Vertical divisions: 2 V/div. Horizontal divisions: 0.2 s/div.

Vout (min)= -(3.4+0.6) = -4 V ; Vout (max)= +(3.4+0.6) = 4
V

(10)
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11.- We need to turn on and off a high power LED light of 3 V and 300 mW, using a low-current digital
signal Vin of 0 V or 5 V that comes from a TTL technology 'chip'. In order to accomplish this, we will use a
power supply Vcc of 5 V and, as a switch, a BJT transistor that will be cut-off or saturated.

Transistor data:
β = 100; Vbe,on = 0.6 V; Vce,sat = 0.2 V

Calculate the value of the resistor Rc and the maximum value

of the resistor Rb that allows for the transistor to become
saturated.

Current of the LED and the transistor collector in saturation state ("on" state):
Ic,on = ILED = 0.3 W / 3 V = 0.1 A

Rc = (VCC - VLED - Vce,sat) / Ic,on = (5 - 3 - 0.2) / 0.1 = 18 Ω

Transistor base current in the "on" state: Ib,on = Ic,on / β = 1 mA

Rb = (Vin,on - Vbe,on) / Ib,on = (5 - 0.6) / 0.001 = 4400 Ω. A higher resistor value will produce lower base and
collector currents and the transistor will not be saturated.

Rc = 18 Ω Rb = 4.4 kΩ
(11)
The following circuit is used to bias a BJT transistor so that the voltage Vc is at the centre of the load line
of the collector circuit, being Vcc = 20 V.

Transistor data:
β = 100; Vbe,on = 0.6 V; Vce,sat = 0.2 V

Answer to the following two questions that refer to the circuit:

12.- If Rc = 100 Ω, calculate the value that Rb must have.

Vc = Vcc / 2 = 10 V
The resistor Rc must have the same voltage, so the collector current will be:
Ic = VRc / Rc = 10 V / 100 Ω = 100 mA

The base current will be: Ib = Ic / β = 1 mA. Thus,

Rb = (Vcc - Vbe,on) / Ib = 19.4 / 10-3 = 19400 Ω

Rb = 19.4 kΩ (12)

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13.- Calculate the power that the transistor will dissipate in the previous case.

If we neglect the power provided by the base current: P ≈ Ic · Vce = 0.1 A · 10 V = 1 W

P= 1W (13)
For the circuit of the following figure we can consider that the Operational Amplifier is ideal, with
saturation voltages ±VSAT = ±VCC = ± 15 V. Answer to the following four questions:

14.- Give the expression of V0 as a function of the voltage at node C, Vc.

Applying Kcl at the node of V-, we have:

VC − V0 R5
= V 0= − V C
R4 R5 , isolating Vo we obtain: R4
(14)
15.- Give the expression of Vc as a function of V1.

Applying KCl at the node C, we obtain:

V 1− V C V C − V 0 V C V C
= + +
R1 R2 R3 R4

Lastly, substituting Vo and isolating VC we obtain:

V1
V C=
1 1 1 1 R5
R1 ·( + + + + )
R1 R2 R3 R4 R4 ·R2

(15)
16.- If V1 = 21 V, R1 = 3 kΩ, R2 = 8 kΩ, R3 = 6 kΩ, R4 = 3 kΩ and R5 = 5 kΩ, calculate the circuit's input
current I1.

Applying the values to the expressions previously obtained we will have: Vc = 6 V

Applying Ohm's law to the resistor R1:

𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑐 21 − 6
𝐼1 = = = 5 𝑚𝐴
𝑅1 3𝑘

I1 = 5 mA (16)

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17.- Calculate the value of the circuit's input impedance Z1 as seen from the source of 21 V, and the value
of the circuit's output impedance Z0 as seen from V0.

V1
Z1= 21 𝑉
I1 substituting values we obtain: Z1 = = 4.2 kΩ
5 𝑚𝐴
Z0 will be the output impedance of an ideal Operational Amplifier, thus 0 Ω.

Z1 = 4.2 kΩ Zo = 0 Ω (17)
The circuit of the figure comprises an ideal Operational Amplifier with saturation voltages ±15 V, a voltage
source Vref = 10 V and the resistors R1 = 100 Ω and R2 = 400 Ω. The input signal is Vi.

Answer to the following three questions:

18.- Indicate what kind of circuit this is.

Inverting hysteresis comparator with reference voltage.

(18)
19.- Indicate the low threshold level (VTL) and the high threshold level (VTH) of the input voltage for which
the output voltage will change.
𝑅1 𝑅2 100 400
𝑉 + = 𝑅1+𝑅2 𝑉𝑂 + 𝑅1+𝑅2 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓  𝑉 + = 100+400 𝑉𝑂 + 100+400 10𝑉

100 400
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 15𝑉 + 10𝑉  VTH = 11 V
100+400 100+400

100 400
𝑉𝑇𝐿 = (−15𝑉) + 10𝑉  VTL = 5 V
100+400 100+400

VTH = 11 V VTL = 5 V (19)

20.- If Vi is the triangular signal given by the following figure, plot the signal VO as a function of time,
indicating the most significant voltages.

20V

Vsat = 15 V 15V
12V 12V
10V VTH = 11 V

6V 6V
5V VTL = 5 V
Vin; VO (V)

0V

-5V
-6V -6V
-10V
-12V
-12V
-Vsat = -15 V -15V

-20V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

t (ms)
(20)
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We want to design a digital system that performs the following function S:

̅+𝑩
𝑺 = (𝑨 ̅ + 𝑪 + 𝑫)(𝑨 + 𝑩
̅ + 𝑪 + 𝑫)(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 + 𝑫 ̅+𝑫
̅ )(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 ̅ )(𝑨
̅+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 ̅ + 𝑫)
̅ )(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪

21.- Using the Karnaugh map, express the function S as a product of sums, as simplified as possible.

̅ + 𝑪 + 𝑫) ∙ (𝑩 + 𝑪 + 𝑫
𝑺 = (𝑩 ̅)
̅ ) ∙ (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪

If we were asked for a simplified 'sum of products', this would be the simplified function:

̅ · 𝐂̅ · 𝐃
𝐒 = (𝐁 ̅ ) + (𝐁 · 𝐃) + (𝐁 · 𝐂) + (𝐀 · 𝐂)
(21)
22.- Implement the simplified function previously found using only three-inputs NAND gates.

̅ + 𝑪 + 𝑫) ∙ (𝑩 + 𝑪 + 𝑫
𝑺 = (𝑩 ̅ ) ∙ (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 ̅ ) = ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
(𝑩̅ + 𝑪 + 𝑫) ∙ ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
(𝑩 + 𝑪 + 𝑫 ̅ ) ∙ ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 ̅)
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅∙𝑫
(𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 ̅ ) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑩̅∙𝑪 ̅∙𝑩
(𝑨 ̅ ∙ 𝑪) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ∙ 𝑫) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (𝑩 ∙ 𝑪̅∙𝑫 ̅ ) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑩̅ ∙𝑪̅ ∙ 𝑫) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑨̅∙𝑩 ̅ ∙ 𝑪)

Departing from the simplified sum of products, this is one of the possible implementations:

𝐒 = (𝐁 ̅ ) + (𝐁 · 𝐃) + (𝐁 · 𝐂) + (𝐀 · 𝐂) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ · 𝐂̅ · 𝐃 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ) · ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ · 𝐂̅ · 𝐃
(𝐁 (𝐁 · 𝐃) · ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐁 · 𝐂) · ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐀 · 𝐂) =
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ) · ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ · 𝐂̅ · 𝐃
(𝐁 (𝐁 · 𝐃) · ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐁 · 𝐂) · ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐀 · 𝐂)

(22)
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A class room has two doors, one for coming in P1 and one for going out P2. Both doors have a detection
system that provides a logical 0 when the door is closed and a logical 1 when the door is open. Door 1 is
connected to the input S and door 2 is connected to the input R of an S-R latch, according to the circuit of
the following figure. The sequence of entrances and exits during the class is represented by the signals S
and R of the given chronogram.
The counter is of the increasing/decreasing type (U/D). Its state will initially be zero and it will increase one
unit when 𝑄̅n is zero and decrease one unit when 𝑄̅n is 1. Answer to the following three questions:

23.- Indicate the kind of activation of the latch and of the counter.

The latch is activated by the level of the inputs S and R. The counter is activated by the rising edge of the
"clock" signal.

(23)
̅̅̅̅
24, 25.- On the following chronogram, plot the 'clock', Q n and Q n signals and output signals of the counter
C2 C1 C0, where C2 is the most significant bit. The initial state of the latch is Qn = 0.

(Note: it is not a good design because it requires that both doors are never open at the same time)

(24, 25)

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26.- Draw the wiring for the following circuit, connecting all of the elements, that will be necessary in order
to measure the current that will flow through R1, using an ammeter. If we wanted to use an oscilloscope
to measure the current, explain how we should do it.

Using the oscilloscope, generally the procedure would be to introduce a low value 'shunt' resistor in series
with the existing components, measure the voltage across it and apply Ohm's law in order to deduce the
current. In this case, we can simply measure the voltage across any of the known resistors that are already
present in the circuit and then apply Ohm's law to deduce the current.

(26)

27.- The following component is an integrated circuit LM741, which is an Operational Amplifier with the
'pinning' indicated in the figure.

Indicate, on the following symbol of an Operational Amplifier, what actual pins will correspond to the
connections of the integrated circuit.

(27)
28.- The following is an image of a rectifier diode. Indicate on the figure the names of the terminals and
write down its operation states.

It can be in conduction or cut-off.

(28)
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29.- The following circuit uses a diode with threshold conduction voltage 0.5 V. It has a sinusoidal input
signal of 4 V amplitude (8 V peak-to-peak). Draw the connections needed in order to simultaneously
measure the voltage on R in channel II of the oscilloscope, and the voltage on the diode in channel I. Draw
the waveform of the voltage on R in the oscilloscope grid. Indicate the scales in V/div and s/div.

Cannel II has the 'invert' function activated

(29)
30-. We want to supply an Operational Amplifier with ±𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ±12 𝑉. Indicate, using the given power
supply, how we would connect the integrated circuit in order to provide it with the desired supply.

(30)

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