What is Soft computing

Soft computing is the reverse of hard (conventional) computing. It refers to a group of computational
techniques that are based on artificial intelligence (AI) and natural selection. It provides cost-effective
solutions to the complex real-life problems for which hard computing solution does not exist.
Zadeh coined the term of soft computing in 1992. The objective of soft computing is to provide precise
approximation and quick solutions for complex real-life problems.

In simple terms, you can understand soft computing - an emerging approach that gives the amazing
ability of the human mind. It can map a human mind and the human mind is a role model for soft
computing.
Note: Basically, soft computing is different from traditional/conventional computing and it deals
with approximation models.
Some characteristics of Soft computing

o Soft computing provides an approximate but precise solution for real-life problems.

o The algorithms of soft computing are adaptive, so the current process is not affected by any
kind of change in the environment.

o The concept of soft computing is based on learning from experimental data. It means that
soft computing does not require any mathematical model to solve the problem.

o Soft computing helps users to solve real-world problems by providing approximate results that
conventional and analytical models cannot solve.

o It is based on Fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, machine learning, ANN, and expert systems.
Example
Soft computing deals with the approximation model. You will understand with the help of examples of
how it deals with the approximation model.
Let's consider a problem that actually does not have any solution via traditional computing, but soft
computing gives the approximate solution.
string1 = "xyz" and string2 = "xyw"

1. Problem 1
2. Are string1 and string2 same?
3. Solution
4. No, the solution is simply No. It does not require any algorithm to analyze this.
Let's modify the problem a bit.

1. Problem 2
2. How much string1 and string2 are same?
3. Solution
4. Through conventional programming, either the answer is Yes or No. But these strings might be 80% si
milar according to soft computing.

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You have noticed that soft computing gave us the approximate solution.
Applications of soft computing
There are several applications of soft computing where it is used. Some of them are listed below:

o It is widely used in gaming products like Poker and Checker.

o In kitchen appliances, such as Microwave and Rice cooker.

o In most used home appliances - Washing Machine, Heater, Refrigerator, and AC as well.

o Apart from all these usages, it is also used in Robotics work (Emotional per Robot form).

o Image processing and Data compression are also popular applications of soft computing.

o Used for handwriting recognition.

As we already said that, soft computing provides the solution to real-time problems and here you can
see that. Besides these applications, there are many other applications of soft computing.
Need of soft computing
Sometimes, conventional computing or analytical models does not provide a solution to some real-
world problems. In that case, we require other technique like soft computing to obtain an approximate
solution.

o Hard computing is used for solving mathematical problems that need a precise answer. It fails
to provide solutions for some real-life problems. Thereby for real-life problems whose precise
solution does not exist, soft computing helps.

o When conventional mathematical and analytical models fail, soft computing helps, e.g., You
can map even the human mind using soft computing.

o Analytical models can be used for solving mathematical problems and valid for ideal cases.
But the real-world problems do not have an ideal case; these exist in a non-ideal environment.

o Soft computing is not only limited to theory; it also gives insights into real-life problems.

o Like all the above reasons, Soft computing helps to map the human mind, which cannot be
possible with conventional mathematical and analytical models.
Elements of soft computing
Soft computing is viewed as a foundation component for an emerging field of conceptual intelligence.
Fuzzy Logic (FL), Machine Learning (ML), Neural Network (NN), Probabilistic Reasoning (PR), and
Evolutionary Computation (EC) are the supplements of soft computing. Also, these are techniques used
by soft computing to resolve any complex problem.

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Any problems can be resolved effectively using these components. Following are three types of
techniques used by soft computing:

o Fuzzy Logic

o Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

o Genetic Algorithms
Fuzzy Logic (FL)
Fuzzy logic is nothing but mathematical logic which tries to solve problems with an open and
imprecise spectrum of data. It makes it easy to obtain an array of precise conclusions.
Fuzzy logic is basically designed to achieve the best possible solution to complex problems from all the
available information and input data. Fuzzy logics are considered as the best solution finders.
Neural Network (ANN)
Neural networks were developed in the 1950s, which helped soft computing to solve real-world
problems, which a computer cannot do itself. We all know that a human brain can easily describe real-
world conditions, but a computer cannot.
An artificial neural network (ANN) emulates a network of neurons that makes a human brain (means a
machine that can think like a human mind). Thereby the computer or a machine can learn things so that
they can take decisions like the human brain.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are mutually connected with brain cells and created using regular
computing programming. It is like as the human neural system.
Genetic Algorithms (GA)
Genetic algorithm is almost based on nature and take all inspirations from it. There is no genetic
algorithm that is based on search-based algorithms, which find its roots in natural selection and the
concept of genetics.
In addition, a genetic algorithm is a subset of a large branch of computation.
Soft computing vs hard computing
Hard computing uses existing mathematical algorithms to solve certain problems. It provides a precise
and exact solution of the problem. Any numerical problem is an example of hard computing.
On the other hand, soft computing is a different approach than hard computing. In soft computing, we
compute solutions to the existing complex problems. The result calculated or provided by soft
computing are also not precise. They are imprecise and fuzzy in nature.

Parameters Soft Computing Hard Computing

Computation Takes less computation time. Takes more computation time.

time

Dependency It depends on approximation It is mainly based on binary

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 and dispositional. logic and numerical systems.

Computation Parallel computation Sequential computation

type

Result/Output Approximate result Exact and precise result

Example Neural Networks, such as Any numerical problem or

Madaline, Adaline, Art traditional methods of solving
Networks. using personal computers.

Fuzzy Logic Tutorial

What is Fuzzy Logic?
The 'Fuzzy' word means the things that are not clear or are vague. Sometimes, we cannot decide in real
life that the given problem or statement is either true or false. At that time, this concept provides many
values between the true and false and gives the flexibility to find the best solution to that problem.
Example of Fuzzy Logic as comparing to Boolean Logic

Fuzzy logic contains the multiple logical values and these values are the truth values of a variable or
problem between 0 and 1. This concept was introduced by Lofti Zadeh in 1965 based on the Fuzzy
Set Theory. This concept provides the possibilities which are not given by computers, but similar to
the range of possibilities generated by humans.
In the Boolean system, only two possibilities (0 and 1) exist, where 1 denotes the absolute truth value
and 0 denotes the absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there are multiple possibilities present
between the 0 and 1, which are partially false and partially true.
The Fuzzy logic can be implemented in systems such as micro-controllers, workstation-based or large
network-based systems for achieving the definite output. It can also be implemented in both hardware
or software.
Characteristics of Fuzzy Logic
Following are the characteristics of fuzzy logic:
This concept is flexible and we can easily understand and implement it.

1. It is used for helping the minimization of the logics created by the human.

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 2. It is the best method for finding the solution of those problems which are suitable for
approximate or uncertain reasoning.

3. It always offers two values, which denote the two possible solutions for a problem and
statement.

4. It allows users to build or create the functions which are non-linear of arbitrary complexity.
5. In fuzzy logic, everything is a matter of degree.
6. In the Fuzzy logic, any system which is logical can be easily fuzzified.
7. It is based on natural language processing.
8. It is also used by the quantitative analysts for improving their algorithm's execution.
9. It also allows users to integrate with the programming.
Architecture of a Fuzzy Logic System
In the architecture of the Fuzzy Logic system, each component plays an important role. The
architecture consists of the different four components which are given below.

1. Rule Base
2. Fuzzification
3. Inference Engine
4. Defuzzification
Following diagram shows the architecture or process of a Fuzzy Logic system:

1. Rule Base
Rule Base is a component used for storing the set of rules and the If-Then conditions given by the
experts are used for controlling the decision-making systems. There are so many updates that come in
the Fuzzy theory recently, which offers effective methods for designing and tuning of fuzzy controllers.
These updates or developments decreases the number of fuzzy set of rules.
2. Fuzzification
Fuzzification is a module or component for transforming the system inputs, i.e., it converts the crisp
number into fuzzy steps. The crisp numbers are those inputs which are measured by the sensors and
then fuzzification passed them into the control systems for further processing. This component divides
the input signals into following five states in any Fuzzy Logic system:

o Large Positive (LP)

o Medium Positive (MP)

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 o Small (S)

o Medium Negative (MN)

o Large negative (LN)

3. Inference Engine
This component is a main component in any Fuzzy Logic system (FLS), because all the information is
processed in the Inference Engine. It allows users to find the matching degree between the current
fuzzy input and the rules. After the matching degree, this system determines which rule is to be added
according to the given input field. When all rules are fired, then they are combined for developing the
control actions.
4. Defuzzification
Defuzzification is a module or component, which takes the fuzzy set inputs generated by the Inference
Engine, and then transforms them into a crisp value. It is the last step in the process of a fuzzy logic
system. The crisp value is a type of value which is acceptable by the user. Various techniques are
present to do this, but the user has to select the best one for reducing the errors.
Membership Function
The membership function is a function which represents the graph of fuzzy sets, and allows users to
quantify the linguistic term. It is a graph which is used for mapping each element of x to the value
between 0 and 1.
This function is also known as indicator or characteristics function.
This function of Membership was introduced in the first papers of fuzzy set by Zadeh. For the Fuzzy
set B, the membership function for X is defined as: μB:X → [0,1]. In this function X, each element of
set B is mapped to the value between 0 and 1. This is called a degree of membership or membership
value.
Classical and Fuzzy Set Theory
To learn about classical and Fuzzy set theory, firstly you have to know about what is set.
Set
A set is a term, which is a collection of unordered or ordered elements. Following are the various
examples of a set:

1. A set of all-natural numbers

2. A set of students in a class.
3. A set of all cities in a state.
4. A set of upper-case letters of the alphabet.
Types of Set:
There are following various categories of set:

1. Finite
2. Empty
3. Infinite
4. Proper
5. Universal
6. Subset
7. Singleton
8. Equivalent Set

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 9. Disjoint Set
Classical Set
It is a type of set which collects the distinct objects in a group. The sets with the crisp boundaries are
classical sets. In any set, each single entity is called an element or member of that set.
Mathematical Representation of Sets
Any set can be easily denoted in the following two different ways:
1. Roaster Form: This is also called as a tabular form. In this form, the set is represented in the
following way:

Set_name = { element1, element2, element3, ......, element N}

The elements in the set are enclosed within the brackets and separated by the commas.
Following are the two examples which describes the set in Roaster or Tabular form:
Example 1:

Set of Natural Numbers: N={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ......,n).

Example 2:

Set of Prime Numbers less than 50: X={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47}.

2. Set Builder Form: Set Builder form defines a set with the common properties of an element in a set.
In this form, the set is represented in the following way:

A = {x:p(x)}

The following example describes the set in the builder form:

The set {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18} is written as:
B = {x:2 ≤ x < 20 and (x%2) = 0}

Operations on Classical Set

Following are the various operations which are performed on the classical sets:

1. Union Operation
2. Intersection Operation
3. Difference Operation
4. Complement Operation
1. Union:
This operation is denoted by (A U B). A U B is the set of those elements which exist in two different
sets A and B. This operation combines all the elements from both the sets and make a new set. It is also
called a Logical OR operation.
It can be described as:

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A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A OR x ∈ B }.

Example:

Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13}, Set B = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15}, then A ∪ B = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

2. Intersection
This operation is denoted by (A ∩ B). A ∩ B is the set of those elements which are common in both set
A and B. It is also called a Logical OR operation.
It can be described as:

A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∈ B }.

Example:

Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13}, Set B = {11, 12, 14} then A ∩ B = {11, 12}

3. Difference Operation
This operation is denoted by (A - B). A-B is the set of only those elements which exist only in set A but
not in set B.
It can be described as:

A - B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∉ B }.

4. Complement Operation: This operation is denoted by (A`). It is applied on a single set. A` is the
set of elements which do not exist in set A.
It can be described as:

A′ = {x|x ∉ A}.

Properties of Classical Set

There are following various properties which play an essential role for finding the solution of a fuzzy
logic problem.
1. Commutative Property:
This property provides the following two states which are obtained by two finite sets A and B:

A∪B=B∪A
A∩B=B∩A

2. Associative Property:
This property also provides the following two states but these are obtained by three different finite sets
A, B, and C:

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A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C

3. Idempotency Property:
This property also provides the following two states but for a single finite set A:

A∪A=A
A∩A=A

4. Absorption Property
This property also provides the following two states for any two finite sets A and B:

A ∪ (A ∩ B) = A
A ∩ (A ∪ B) = A

5. Distributive Property:
This property also provides the following two states for any three finite sets A, B, and C:

A∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B)∩ (A ∪ C)
A∩ (B ∪ C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C)

6. Identity Property:
This property provides the following four states for any finite set A and Universal set X:

A ∪ φ =A
A∩X=A
A∩φ=φ
A∪X=X

7. Transitive property
This property provides the following state for the finite sets A, B, and C:

If A ⊆ B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C

8. Ivolution property
This property provides following state for any finite set A:

9. De Morgan's Law
This law gives the following rules for providing the contradiction and tautologies:

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Fuzzy Set
The set theory of classical is the subset of Fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy logic is based on this theory, which
is a generalisation of the classical theory of set (i.e., crisp set) introduced by Zadeh in 1965.
A fuzzy set is a collection of values which exist between 0 and 1. Fuzzy sets are denoted or represented
by the tilde (~) character. The sets of Fuzzy theory were introduced in 1965 by Lofti A. Zadeh and
Dieter Klaua. In the fuzzy set, the partial membership also exists. This theory released as an extension
of classical set theory.
This theory is denoted mathematically asA fuzzy set (Ã) is a pair of U and M, where U is the Universe
of discourse and M is the membership function which takes on values in the interval [ 0, 1 ]. The
universe of discourse (U) is also denoted by Ω or X.

Operations on Fuzzy Set

Given à and B are the two fuzzy sets, and X be the universe of discourse with the following respective
member functions:

The operations of Fuzzy set are as follows:

1. Union Operation: The union operation of a fuzzy set is defined by:
μA∪B(x) = max (μA(x), μB(x))

Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.6 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.4)}

And, B is a set which contains following elements:

B = {( X1, 0.1), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0), (X4, 0.9)}

then,

AUB = {( X1, 0.6), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.9)}

Because, according to this operation

For X1

μA∪B(X1) = max (μA(X1), μB(X1))

μA∪B(X1) = max (0.6, 0.1)
μA∪B(X1) = 0.6

For X2

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μA∪B(X2) = max (μA(X2), μB(X2))
μA∪B(X2) = max (0.2, 0.8)
μA∪B(X2) = 0.8

For X3

μA∪B(X3) = max (μA(X3), μB(X3))

μA∪B(X3) = max (1, 0)
μA∪B(X3) = 1

For X4

μA∪B(X4) = max (μA(X4), μB(X4))

μA∪B(X4) = max (0.4, 0.9)
μA∪B(X4) = 0.9

2. Intersection Operation:The intersection operation of fuzzy set is defined by:

μA∩B(x) = min (μA(x), μB(x))

Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.7), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.1)}

And, B is a set which contains following elements:

B = {( X1, 0.8), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.9)}

then,

A∩B = {( X1, 0.3), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.1)}

Because, according to this operation

For X1

μA∩B(X1) = min (μA(X1), μB(X1))

μA∩B(X1) = min (0.3, 0.8)
μA∩B(X1) = 0.3

For X2

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μA∩B(X2) = min (μA(X2), μB(X2))
μA∩B(X2) = min (0.7, 0.2)
μA∩B(X2) = 0.2

For X3

μA∩B(X3) = min (μA(X3), μB(X3))

μA∩B(X3) = min (0.5, 0.4)
μA∩B(X3) = 0.4

For X4

μA∩B(X4) = min (μA(X4), μB(X4))

μA∩B(X4) = min (0.1, 0.9)
μA∩B(X4) = 0.1

3. Complement Operation: The complement operation of fuzzy set is defined by:

μĀ(x) = 1-μA(x),

Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements: A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0.5), (X4,
0.1)}
then,

Ā= {( X1, 0.7 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.9)}

Because, according to this operation

For X1

μĀ(X1) = 1-μA(X1)
μĀ(X1) = 1 - 0.3
μĀ(X1) = 0.7

For X2

μĀ(X2) = 1-μA(X2)
μĀ(X2) = 1 - 0.8
μĀ(X2) = 0.2

For X3

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μĀ(X3) = 1-μA(X3)
μĀ(X3) = 1 - 0.5
μĀ(X3) = 0.5

For X4

μĀ(X4) = 1-μA(X4)
μĀ(X4) = 1 - 0.1
μĀ(X4) = 0.9

Classical Set Theory Fuzzy Set Theory

1. This theory is a class of those sets 1. This theory is a class of those sets having
having sharp boundaries. un-sharp boundaries.

2. This set theory is defined by exact 2. This set theory is defined by ambiguous
boundaries only 0 and 1. boundaries.

3. In this theory, there is no uncertainty 3. In this theory, there always exists

about the boundary's location of a set. uncertainty about the boundary's location of a
set.

4. This theory is widely used in the 4. It is mainly used for fuzzy controllers.
design of digital systems.

Applications of Fuzzy Logic

Following are the different application areas where the Fuzzy Logic concept is widely used:

1. It is used in Businesses for decision-making support system.

2. It is used in Automative systems for controlling the traffic and speed, and for improving the
efficiency of automatic transmissions. Automative systems also use the shift scheduling
method for automatic transmissions.

3. This concept is also used in the Defence in various areas. Defence mainly uses the Fuzzy logic
systems for underwater target recognition and the automatic target recognition of thermal
infrared images.

4. It is also widely used in the Pattern Recognition and Classification in the form of Fuzzy
logic-based recognition and handwriting recognition. It is also used in the searching of fuzzy
images.

5. Fuzzy logic systems also used in Securities.

6. It is also used in microwave oven for setting the lunes power and cooking strategy.
7. This technique is also used in the area of modern control systems such as expert systems.

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 8. Finance is also another application where this concept is used for predicting the stock market,
and for managing the funds.

9. It is also used for controlling the brakes.

10. It is also used in the industries of chemicals for controlling the ph, and chemical distillation
process.

11. It is also used in the industries of manufacturing for the optimization of milk and cheese
production.

12. It is also used in the vacuum cleaners, and the timings of washing machines.
13. It is also used in heaters, air conditioners, and humidifiers.
Advantages of Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic has various advantages or benefits. Some of them are as follows:

1. The methodology of this concept works similarly as the human reasoning.

2. Any user can easily understand the structure of Fuzzy Logic.
3. It does not need a large memory, because the algorithms can be easily described with fewer
data.

4. It is widely used in all fields of life and easily provides effective solutions to the problems
which have high complexity.

5. This concept is based on the set theory of mathematics, so that's why it is simple.
6. It allows users for controlling the control machines and consumer products.
7. The development time of fuzzy logic is short as compared to conventional methods.
8. Due to its flexibility, any user can easily add and delete rules in the FLS system.
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic has various disadvantages or limitations. Some of them are as follows:

1. The run time of fuzzy logic systems is slow and takes a long time to produce outputs.
2. Users can understand it easily if they are simple.
3. The possibilities produced by the fuzzy logic system are not always accurate.
4. Many researchers give various ways for solving a given statement using this technique which
leads to ambiguity.

5. Fuzzy logics are not suitable for those problems that require high accuracy.
6. The systems of a Fuzzy logic need a lot of testing for verification and validation.

Artificial Neural Network Tutorial

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Artificial Neural Network Tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of ANNs. Our Artificial
Neural Network tutorial is developed for beginners as well as professions.
The term "Artificial neural network" refers to a biologically inspired sub-field of artificial intelligence
modeled after the brain. An Artificial neural network is usually a computational network based on
biological neural networks that construct the structure of the human brain. Similar to a human brain has
neurons interconnected to each other, artificial neural networks also have neurons that are linked to
each other in various layers of the networks. These neurons are known as nodes.
Artificial neural network tutorial covers all the aspects related to the artificial neural network. In this
tutorial, we will discuss ANNs, Adaptive resonance theory, Kohonen self-organizing map, Building
blocks, unsupervised learning, Genetic algorithm, etc.
What is Artificial Neural Network?
The term "Artificial Neural Network" is derived from Biological neural networks that develop the
structure of a human brain. Similar to the human brain that has neurons interconnected to one another,
artificial neural networks also have neurons that are interconnected to one another in various layers of
the networks. These neurons are known as nodes.

The given figure illustrates the typical diagram of Biological Neural Network.
The typical Artificial Neural Network looks something like the given figure.

Dendrites from Biological Neural Network represent inputs in Artificial Neural Networks, cell nucleus
represents Nodes, synapse represents Weights, and Axon represents Output.
Relationship between Biological neural network and artificial neural network:

Biological Neural Network Artificial Neural Network

Dendrites Inputs

Cell nucleus Nodes

Synapse Weights

Axon Output

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An Artificial Neural Network in the field of Artificial intelligence where it attempts to mimic the
network of neurons makes up a human brain so that computers will have an option to understand things
and make decisions in a human-like manner. The artificial neural network is designed by programming
computers to behave simply like interconnected brain cells.
There are around 1000 billion neurons in the human brain. Each neuron has an association point
somewhere in the range of 1,000 and 100,000. In the human brain, data is stored in such a manner as to
be distributed, and we can extract more than one piece of this data when necessary from our memory
parallelly. We can say that the human brain is made up of incredibly amazing parallel processors.
We can understand the artificial neural network with an example, consider an example of a digital logic
gate that takes an input and gives an output. "OR" gate, which takes two inputs. If one or both the
inputs are "On," then we get "On" in output. If both the inputs are "Off," then we get "Off" in output.
Here the output depends upon input. Our brain does not perform the same task. The outputs to inputs
relationship keep changing because of the neurons in our brain, which are "learning."
The architecture of an artificial neural network:
To understand the concept of the architecture of an artificial neural network, we have to understand
what a neural network consists of. In order to define a neural network that consists of a large number of
artificial neurons, which are termed units arranged in a sequence of layers. Lets us look at various types
of layers available in an artificial neural network.
Artificial Neural Network primarily consists of three layers:

Input Layer:
As the name suggests, it accepts inputs in several different formats provided by the programmer.
Hidden Layer:
The hidden layer presents in-between input and output layers. It performs all the calculations to find
hidden features and patterns.
Output Layer:
The input goes through a series of transformations using the hidden layer, which finally results in
output that is conveyed using this layer.
The artificial neural network takes input and computes the weighted sum of the inputs and includes a
bias. This computation is represented in the form of a transfer function.

It determines weighted total is passed as an input to an activation function to produce the output.
Activation functions choose whether a node should fire or not. Only those who are fired make it to the
output layer. There are distinctive activation functions available that can be applied upon the sort of
task we are performing.
Advantages of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Parallel processing capability:
Artificial neural networks have a numerical value that can perform more than one task simultaneously.
Storing data on the entire network:
Data that is used in traditional programming is stored on the whole network, not on a database. The
disappearance of a couple of pieces of data in one place doesn't prevent the network from working.
Capability to work with incomplete knowledge:
After ANN training, the information may produce output even with inadequate data. The loss of
performance here relies upon the significance of missing data.
Having a memory distribution:
For ANN is to be able to adapt, it is important to determine the examples and to encourage the network
according to the desired output by demonstrating these examples to the network. The succession of the

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network is directly proportional to the chosen instances, and if the event can't appear to the network in
all its aspects, it can produce false output.
Having fault tolerance:
Extortion of one or more cells of ANN does not prohibit it from generating output, and this feature
makes the network fault-tolerance.
Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Network:
Assurance of proper network structure:
There is no particular guideline for determining the structure of artificial neural networks. The
appropriate network structure is accomplished through experience, trial, and error.
Unrecognized behavior of the network:
It is the most significant issue of ANN. When ANN produces a testing solution, it does not provide
insight concerning why and how. It decreases trust in the network.
Hardware dependence:
Artificial neural networks need processors with parallel processing power, as per their structure.
Therefore, the realization of the equipment is dependent.
Difficulty of showing the issue to the network:
ANNs can work with numerical data. Problems must be converted into numerical values before being
introduced to ANN. The presentation mechanism to be resolved here will directly impact the
performance of the network. It relies on the user's abilities.
The duration of the network is unknown:
The network is reduced to a specific value of the error, and this value does not give us optimum results.

Science artificial neural networks that have steeped into the world in the mid-
20th century are exponentially developing. In the present time, we have
investigated the pros of artificial neural networks and the issues encountered in
the course of their utilization. It should not be overlooked that the cons of ANN
networks, which are a flourishing science branch, are eliminated individually, and
their pros are increasing day by day. It means that artificial neural networks will
turn into an irreplaceable part of our lives progressively important.

How do artificial neural networks work?

Artificial Neural Network can be best represented as a weighted directed graph, where the artificial
neurons form the nodes. The association between the neurons outputs and neuron inputs can be viewed
as the directed edges with weights. The Artificial Neural Network receives the input signal from the
external source in the form of a pattern and image in the form of a vector. These inputs are then
mathematically assigned by the notations x(n) for every n number of inputs.

Afterward, each of the input is multiplied by its corresponding weights ( these weights are the details
utilized by the artificial neural networks to solve a specific problem ). In general terms, these weights
normally represent the strength of the interconnection between neurons inside the artificial neural
network. All the weighted inputs are summarized inside the computing unit.

17
If the weighted sum is equal to zero, then bias is added to make the output non-zero or something else
to scale up to the system's response. Bias has the same input, and weight equals to 1. Here the total of
weighted inputs can be in the range of 0 to positive infinity. Here, to keep the response in the limits of
the desired value, a certain maximum value is benchmarked, and the total of weighted inputs is passed
through the activation function.
The activation function refers to the set of transfer functions used to achieve the desired output. There
is a different kind of the activation function, but primarily either linear or non-linear sets of functions.
Some of the commonly used sets of activation functions are the Binary, linear, and Tan hyperbolic
sigmoidal activation functions. Let us take a look at each of them in details:
Binary:
In binary activation function, the output is either a one or a 0. Here, to accomplish this, there is a
threshold value set up. If the net weighted input of neurons is more than 1, then the final output of the
activation function is returned as one or else the output is returned as 0.
Sigmoidal Hyperbolic:
The Sigmoidal Hyperbola function is generally seen as an "S" shaped curve. Here the tan hyperbolic
function is used to approximate output from the actual net input. The function is defined as:
F(x) = (1/1 + exp(-????x))
Where ???? is considered the Steepness parameter.
Types of Artificial Neural Network:
There are various types of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) depending upon the human brain neuron
and network functions, an artificial neural network similarly performs tasks. The majority of the
artificial neural networks will have some similarities with a more complex biological partner and are
very effective at their expected tasks. For example, segmentation or classification.
Feedback ANN:
In this type of ANN, the output returns into the network to accomplish the best-evolved results
internally. As per the University of Massachusetts, Lowell Centre for Atmospheric Research. The
feedback networks feed information back into itself and are well suited to solve optimization issues.
The Internal system error corrections utilize feedback ANNs.
Feed-Forward ANN:
A feed-forward network is a basic neural network comprising of an input layer, an output layer, and at
least one layer of a neuron. Through assessment of its output by reviewing its input, the intensity of the
network can be noticed based on group behavior of the associated neurons, and the output is decided.
The primary advantage of this network is that it figures out how to evaluate and recognize input
patterns.
Prerequisite
No specific expertise is needed as a prerequisite before starting this tutorial.
Audience
Our Artificial Neural Network Tutorial is developed for beginners as well as professionals, to help
them understand the basic concept of ANNs.

Difference between AI and Soft Computing

Artificial Intelligence: AI manages more comprehensive issues of automating a system. This
computerization should be possible by utilizing any field such as image processing, cognitive
science, neural systems, machine learning etc. AI manages the making of machines, frameworks
and different gadgets savvy by enabling them to think and do errands as all people generally do.

18
Soft Computing: Soft Computing could be a computing model evolved to resolve the non-linear
issues that involve unsure, imprecise and approximate solutions of a tangle. These sorts of issues
square measure thought of as real-life issues wherever the human-like intelligence is needed to

resolve it. Difference between AI and Soft Computing:

S.NO. A.I. SOFT COMPUTING

Artificial Intelligence is the art

Soft Computing aims to exploit tolerance for
1 and science of developing
uncertainty, imprecision, and partial truth.
intelligent machines.

AI plays a fundamental role in Soft Computing comprises techniques which are

finding missing pieces between inspired by human reasoning and have the
2
the interesting real world potential in handling imprecision, uncertainty and
problems. partial truth.

Branches of AI : Branches of soft computing :

3 1. Reasoning2. Perception3. 1. Fuzzy systems2. Evolutionary computation3.
Natural language processing Artificial neural computing

AI has countless applications in

They are used in science and engineering
healthcare and widely used in
4 disciplines such as data mining, electronics,
analyzing complicated medical
automotive, etc.
data.

Goal is to stimulate human-level It aims at accommodation with the pervasive

5
intelligence in machines. imprecision of the real world.

They require programs to be They not require all programs to be written, they
6
written. can evolve its own programs.

7 They require exact input sample. They can deal with ambiguous and noisy data.

Artificial Intelligence mainly

Soft computing mainly deals with the imprecision
8 deals with making the machines
and probabilities.
intelligent.

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Artificial Intelligence in Robotics
Artificial Intelligence robotics is one of the biggest marvels of technology that has changed the
way robots perform their operations. The idea of an ‘artificial intelligence robot,’ at one time a
notion limited to space operas and futuristic fantasies, is now a marketing mainstay and social
standard-bearer. The traditional industrial robots are more advanced than their early ancestors in
the sense that they are able to retrieve information, learn, reason, and opt for choices, thereby
increasing their use and effectiveness.
Artificial intelligence and robots have become integrated into the modern world and are making
considerable progress in many industries around the globe, such as manufacturing, healthcare,
transport, and domestic services. We will delve deeper into aspects such as Artificial Intelligence
in robotics to understand its possibilities and potential in today’s world to discover how it is

20
seeking to make powerful innovations in robots, how it is putting robots to better use, and how it
will change the overall face of innovation in future.
In this article, we will explore all about Artificial Intelligence in robotics and the concept of
artificial intelligence robots.

Table of Content
 What is Robotics?
 What is the Role of Robotics in Artificial Intelligence?
 How AI is used in Robotics?
 How do Robots and Artificial Intelligence work together?
 Benefits of AI in Robotics
o 1. Enhanced Capabilities
o 2. Increased Efficiency and Productivity
o 3. Improved Safety
 Applications of AI in Robotics
 Applications of AI in real life

What is Robotics?
Robotics is a field that deals with the creation and designing of these mechanical humans. And
robotics these days is not only restricted to the mechanical and electronics domain. Nowadays, the
artificial intelligence robot is becoming ‘smarter’ and more efficient with the help of computer
science.

What is the Role of Robotics in Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence has played a very major role not only in increasing the comforts of humans
but also by increasing industrial productivity, which includes quantitative as well as qualitative
production and cost-efficiency. An artificial intelligence robot can significantly enhance these
benefits by integrating advanced algorithms and machine learning capabilities.
Robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are closely related fields, and when combined, they give
rise to a discipline known as robotic artificial intelligence or simply “robotics in artificial
intelligence.”
 Robotics in AI involves integrating AI technologies into robotic systems to enhance their
capabilities and enable them to perform more complex tasks.
 AI in robotics allows robots to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, and make
decisions based on data from sensors. This can involve machine learning, computer vision,
natural language processing, and other AI techniques.
 Robots can use machine learning algorithms to analyze data, recognize patterns, and improve
their performance over time. This is particularly useful for tasks where the environment is
dynamic or unpredictable.
 AI-powered vision systems enable robots to interpret and understand visual information from
the surroundings. This is crucial for tasks like object recognition, navigation, and
manipulation.
The combination of robotics and AI opens up a wide range of applications, including autonomous
vehicles, drones, industrial automation, healthcare robots, and more. The synergy between these
fields continues to advance, leading to increasingly sophisticated and capable robotic systems.

How AI is used in Robotics?

AI plays a crucial role in modern robotics, bringing intelligence and adaptability to these
fascinating machines. An Artificial Intelligence Robot is a perfect example of how AI enhances
the capabilities of robots, enabling them to perform a wide range of tasks with increased autonomy
and adaptability. There are several ways in which an Artificial Intelligence Robot utilizes AI in
robotics:
 Computer Vision

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 o Object Recognition: AI-powered computer vision allows robots to recognize and
identify objects in their environment. Computer vision helps robots understand their
surroundings, create maps, and navigate through complex environments. This is
essential for autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots operating in unstructured
spaces.
o Visual serving: AI allows robots to track and precisely manipulate objects based on
visual feedback, crucial for tasks like welding, painting, or assembling delicate
components.
o AI algorithms process camera and sensor data to map surroundings, identify
obstacles, and plan safe and efficient paths for robots to navigate.
 Natural Language Processing (NLP):
o Human-robot interaction: Robots can understand and respond to natural language
commands, enabling more intuitive and collaborative interactions with humans.
o Voice control: Robots can be controlled through voice commands, making them
accessible for a wider range of users.
o Sentiment analysis: AI can analyze human text and speech to understand emotions
and adjust robot behavior accordingly.
 Machine Learning:
o Autonomous decision-making: AI algorithms can learn from data and make
decisions in real-time, enabling robots to adapt to changing environments and react
to unexpected situations.
o Reinforcement learning: Robots can learn motor skills and control strategies
through trial and error, allowing them to perform complex tasks like
walking, running, or playing games.
o Predictive maintenance: AI can analyze sensor data to predict equipment failures
and schedule preventive maintenance, reducing downtime and costs.

How do Robots and Artificial Intelligence work together?

The answer is simple. An artificial intelligence robot, or AI robot, gives robots a computer vision
to navigate, sense, and calculate their reactions accordingly. Artificial intelligence robots learn to
perform their tasks from humans through machine learning, which is a part of computer
programming and AI.
Since the time self-driving cars coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956, it has created a lot
of sensation. This is because an artificial intelligence robot has the power to give life to robots and
empower them to take their decisions on their own. Depending on the use and the tasks that the
robot has to perform, different types of AI are used. They are as follows:

1. Weak Artificial Intelligence

This type of AI is used to create a simulation of human thought and interaction. The robots have
predefined commands and responses. However, the robots do not understand the commands they
do only the work of retrieving the appropriate response when the suitable command is given. The
most suitable example of this is Siri and Alexa.
The AI in these devices only executes the tasks as demanded by the owner.

2. Strong Artificial Intelligence

This type of AI is used in those robots who perform their tasks on their own. They do not need any
kind of supervision once they are programmed to do the task correctly. This type of AI is widely
used nowadays as many of the things are becoming automated and one of the most interesting
examples is self-driving cars and internet cars

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This type of AI is also used in humanoid robots, which can sense their environment quite well and
interact with their surroundings. Also, robotic surgeons are becoming popular day by day as there
is no human intervention required at all.

3. Specialized Artificial Intelligence

This type of AI is used when the robot needs to perform only specified special tasks. It is
restricted only to limited tasks. This includes mainly industrial robots which perform specified and
repetitive tasks like painting, tightening, etc.

Benefits of AI in Robotics

AI has already been adopted in robotics, establishing a new generation of intelligent robots that
can go farther. These artificial intelligence robots provide flexibility in all sectors of industries,
changing the way we interact with technology.

1. Enhanced Capabilities

 Complex Task Execution: AI algorithms help robots perform highly detailed tasks that could
not have been executed directly through their coding. This may involve perception,
manipulation, and decision-making abilities in environments that are complex and constantly
changing. For instance, robots are now able to do operations, make intricate part jointery, and
traverse unknown territory.
 Improved Learning and Adaptation: Machine learning enables robots to learn
autonomously from data and improves their knowledge in the process. It help them to cope
with new conditions, to increase speed and efficiency of their work, and use their knowledge
of possible difficulties in advance. Consider an autonomous vehicle which operates in a
warehouse and figures out the best path through the facility based on the dynamic information
it gets.

2. Increased Efficiency and Productivity

 Automation of Repetitive Tasks: AI, for instance, can use robots to manage many activities
that are boring and time consuming to relieve workers’ burden. This automation results in
higher efficiency and better time usage across numerous industries, including production and
supply chain processes.
 Reduced Errors and Improved Accuracy: It proactively reduces chances of errors
associated with fatigue or perhaps inherent human limitations when compared to similarly
programmed Artificial Intelligence algorithms that are capable of shallow data analysis and
precise calculations. This definitively increases general process productivity and product
quality.

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3. Improved Safety

 Operation in Hazardous Environments: Because robots that use artificial intelligence can
be used in risky areas such as power plant or a scene of disaster. It can also do important work
without costing human lives; these robots can.
 Enhanced Human-Robot Collaboration: AI can bring working synergistically alongside
with humans as well as robots is safe and efficient. Some examples of robotic applications
include repetitive, time-consuming, or physically demanding operations where human fatigue
might be an issue; operations that humans do better, because of their flexibility, creativity, and
ability to make decisions.

Applications of AI in Robotics
Some of the Common Application with examples of Artificial Intellegence Robots are as follows:
 Autonomous Navigation
o Example: Automated warehouse utilization and robotic facility equipment assist in
determining the positioning of the robotic facility and passing obstacles with the help
of AI & sensors for pick and place movements. Envisage a robosystem at a specific
aisle distributing the right merchandise for order delivery without human
intervention.
 Machine Learning for Predictive Maintenance
o Example: Contact sensor arrays make use of machine learning algorithms and
artificial intelligence to analyze data that anticipates mechanical breakdowns of
equipment. It also assists in anticipating or identifying mechanical problems hence
avoiding any disruption, which may be expensive, to the process.
 Surgical Robotics with AI Assistance
o Example: Generally, while AI surgical robots can be helpful for the surgeons they
assist in complicated surgeries. What is more, the AI is able to analyze the data of the
situation and give recommendations and increase detailed in minst invasive surgery.
 AI-powered Inspection and Quality Control
o Example: The idea of using robots integrated with artificial intelligence vision in
manufacturing allows the machines to check for defects in the products. This makes
the quality of the product all rounded and also prevents instances where defective
products get into the market.
 AI for Search and Rescue Operations
o Example: Intelligent aerial robots can used in disaster affected areas to search for
alive people and also to survey the impact area. These robots can move through
difficult terrains and also help in the evaluation process of any disasters.
 Human-Robot Collaboration
o Example: Robots are now able to work side by side Human worker due to the
assistance by artificial intelligence. Automate the processes that are very monotonous
in nature and let the human brain do the crucial things such as deciding and solving.
This in turn improves work output and productivity since employees are motivated to
work in a well designed environment.
 Personalization and Customer Service
o Example: Such as greeting the customers, answering some of the questions and even
recommending certain products and services usually powered by artificial
intelligence. Markets envisions a fully automated hotel with a conversation robot
concierge which can interact with the guests and even influence their experience.

Applications of Artificial intelligence Robots in real life

 Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant use AI to understand your voice commands, answer
questions, control smart home devices, and set reminders.
 Streaming services like Netflix and Spotify use AI to recommend movies, shows, and music
based on your past viewing and listening habits.

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 AI algorithms curate your news feed, suggest friends and connections, and even detect and
remove harmful content.
 Email providers use AI to identify and filter out spam messages before they reach your inbox.
 Banks and credit card companies utilize AI to analyze transactions and identify suspicious
activity to prevent fraud.

Conclusion
In the intricate dance of AI and robotics, our world is witnessing transformative advancements.
From manufacturing to healthcare, the marriage of artificial intelligence and robotic systems is
reshaping industries, ushering in an era of unprecedented efficiency, adaptability, and autonomous
capabilities. The synergy between these fields continues to redefine possibilities and elevate
technological landscapes, with the artificial intelligence robot at the forefront of this evolution.

Expert Systems in AI
Expert systems are a crucial subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that simulate the decision-
making ability of a human expert. These systems use a knowledge base filled with domain-
specific information and rules to interpret and solve complex problems. Expert systems are widely
used in fields such as medical diagnosis, accounting, coding, and even in games.
The article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of expert systems in AI, including their
components, types, applications, and benefits.

Table of Content
 Understanding Expert Systems in AI
 Types of Expert Systems in AI
o 1. Rule-Based Expert Systems
o 2. Frame-Based Expert Systems
o 3. Fuzzy Logic Systems
o 4. Neural Network-Based Expert Systems
o 5. Neuro-Fuzzy Expert Systems
 Examples of Expert Systems in AI
 Components and Architecture of an Expert System
 How Expert Systems Work?
 Reasoning Strategies used by Inference Engine
o 1. Forward Chaining
o 2. Backward Chaining
 Applications of Expert Systems
 Benefits of Expert Systems
 Limitations of Expert Systems
 Conclusion
 FAQs : Expert Systems in AI

Understanding Expert Systems in AI

An expert system is AI software that uses knowledge stored in a knowledge base to solve
problems that would usually require a human expert thus preserving a human expert’s knowledge
in its knowledge base. They can advise users as well as provide explanations to them about how
they reached a particular conclusion or advice.
Knowledge Engineering is the term used to define the process of building an Expert System and
its practitioners are called Knowledge Engineers. The primary role of a knowledge engineer is to
make sure that the computer possesses all the knowledge required to solve a problem. The
knowledge engineer must choose one or more forms in which to represent the required knowledge
as a symbolic pattern in the memory of the computer.

Types of Expert Systems in AI

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In AI, expert systems are designed to emulate the decision-making abilities of human experts.
They are categorized based on their underlying technology and application areas. Here are the
primary types of expert systems in AI:

1. Rule-Based Expert Systems

 Description: Use a set of “if-then” rules to process data and make decisions. These rules are
typically written by human experts and capture domain-specific knowledge.
 Example: MYCIN, an early system for diagnosing bacterial infections.

2. Frame-Based Expert Systems

 Description: Represent knowledge using frames, which are data structures similar to objects
in programming. Each frame contains attributes and values related to a particular concept.
 Example: Systems used for knowledge representation in areas like natural language
processing.

3. Fuzzy Logic Systems

 Description: Handle uncertain or imprecise information using fuzzy logic, which allows for
partial truths rather than binary true/false values.
 Example: Fuzzy control systems for managing household appliances like washing machines
and air conditioners.

4. Neural Network-Based Expert Systems

 Description: Use artificial neural networks to learn from data and make predictions or
decisions based on learned patterns. They are often used for tasks involving pattern
recognition and classification.
 Example: Deep learning models for image and speech recognition.

5. Neuro-Fuzzy Expert Systems

 Description: Integrate neural networks and fuzzy logic to combine the learning capabilities
of neural networks with the handling of uncertainty and imprecision offered by fuzzy logic.
This hybrid approach helps in dealing with complex problems where both pattern recognition
and uncertain reasoning are required.
 Example: Automated control systems that adjust based on uncertain environmental
conditions or financial forecasting models that handle both quantitative data and fuzzy inputs.

Examples of Expert Systems in AI

There are many examples of an expert system. Some of them are given below:

1. MYCIN

 Overview: MYCIN is one of the earliest and most influential expert systems developed in the
1970s. It was specifically designed for medical diagnosis.

26
 Functionality: MYCIN uses backward chaining to diagnose bacterial infections, such as
meningitis and bacteremia. It identifies the bacteria causing the infection by asking the doctor
a series of questions about the patient’s symptoms and test results.
 Significance: Although not used clinically, MYCIN greatly influenced the development of
medical expert systems.

2. DENDRAL

 Overview: DENDRAL is another pioneering expert system, developed in the 1960s, and is
regarded as one of the first successful AI systems in the field of chemistry.
 Functionality: DENDRAL was designed to analyze chemical compounds. It
uses spectrographic data (data obtained from spectroscopy) to predict the molecular
structure of a substance.
 Significance: DENDRAL revolutionized chemical research by automating the analysis of
mass spectrometry data.

3. R1/XCON

 Overview: R1, also known as XCON, was developed in the late 1970s by Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC) and is one of the most commercially successful expert systems.
 Functionality: R1/XCON was used to configure orders for new computer systems. It would
select the appropriate hardware and software components based on the customer’s
requirements.
 Significance: R1/XCON streamlined system configuration, saving DEC millions by reducing
errors and improving efficiency.

4. PXDES

 Overview: PXDES is an expert system designed for the medical field, particularly in the
diagnosis of lung cancer.
 Functionality: PXDES could analyze patient data, including imaging results, to determine
both the type and the stage of lung cancer. It helps in deciding the best course of treatment
based on the patient’s specific condition.
 Significance: PXDES aids in accurate, timely diagnoses, improving treatment decisions in
oncology.

5. CaDet

 Overview: CaDet is a clinical support system developed to assist in the early detection of
cancer.
 Functionality: CaDet can identify potential signs of cancer in its early stages by analyzing
patient data and symptoms. It works by comparing patient data with known patterns and
indicators of cancer.
 Significance: Early detection by CaDet enhances survival rates by enabling prompt treatment.

6. DXplain

 Overview: DXplain is a medical expert system developed at Massachusetts General Hospital,

used as a clinical decision support tool.

27
 Functionality: DXplain suggests possible diseases based on the symptoms and findings
provided by a doctor. It acts as a reference tool, offering a differential diagnosis list that
doctors can use to check their own diagnoses.
 Significance: DXplain broadens diagnostic possibilities, helping medical professionals
consider rare conditions.

Components and Architecture of an Expert System

1. Knowledge Base: The knowledge base represents facts and rules. It consists of knowledge in
a particular domain as well as rules to solve a problem, procedures and intrinsic data relevant
to the domain.
2. Inference Engine: The function of the inference engine is to fetch the relevant knowledge
from the knowledge base, interpret it and to find a solution relevant to the user’s problem. The
inference engine acquires the rules from its knowledge base and applies them to the known
facts to infer new facts. Inference engines can also include an explanation and debugging
abilities.
3. Knowledge Acquisition and Learning Module: The function of this component is to allow
the expert system to acquire more and more knowledge from various sources and store it in
the knowledge base.
4. User Interface: This module makes it possible for a non-expert user to interact with the
expert system and find a solution to the problem.
5. Explanation Module: This module helps the expert system to give the user an explanation
about how the expert system reached a particular conclusion.

How Expert Systems Work?

Expert systems operate by following a structured approach:

1. Input Data: Users provide data or queries related to a specific problem or scenario.
2. Processing: The inference engine processes the input data using the rules in the knowledge
base to generate conclusions or recommendations.
3. Output: The system presents the results or solutions to the user through the user interface.
4. Explanation: If applicable, the system explains how the conclusions were reached, providing
insights into the reasoning process.

Reasoning Strategies used by Inference Engine

Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining, which are two fundamental methods for processing
information and solving problems in an expert system:

1. Forward Chaining

This is a data-driven reasoning approach where the system starts with the available facts and
applies rules to infer new facts or conclusions. It’s typically used to predict outcomes or determine
what will happen next. An example given is predicting stock market movements.

28
2. Backward Chaining

This is a goal-driven reasoning approach where the system starts with a hypothesis or a goal
(something to prove) and works backward to determine which facts or conditions would support
that conclusion. It’s often used to diagnose issues by determining the cause of an observed effect.
The examples provided include diagnosing medical conditions like stomach pain, blood cancer, or
dengue.

Applications of Expert Systems

1. Medical Diagnosis: Expert systems assist doctors by analyzing symptoms and medical
history to suggest possible diagnoses or treatment options. For example, MYCIN, an early
expert system, helped identify bacterial infections and recommend antibiotics.
2. Financial Services: In finance, expert systems are used for credit scoring, fraud detection,
and investment advice. They analyze financial data and patterns to make informed decisions.
3. Technical Support: Expert systems can troubleshoot and provide solutions for technical
issues. They guide users through problem-solving steps based on pre-defined rules and
knowledge.
4. Manufacturing: In manufacturing, expert systems help optimize production processes,
perform quality control, and manage inventory by analyzing data and making
recommendations.

Benefits of Expert Systems

1. Consistency: Expert systems provide consistent and reliable recommendations, reducing the
variability that can occur with human decision-making.
2. Availability: They are available 24/7 and can handle multiple queries simultaneously,
providing timely assistance and support.
3. Cost-Effectiveness: By automating expert-level decision-making, organizations can save on
the costs associated with hiring and training human experts.
4. Knowledge Preservation: Expert systems preserve valuable knowledge and expertise,
making it accessible even if the original experts are no longer available.

Limitations of Expert Systems

1. Knowledge Limitation: The effectiveness of an expert system depends on the completeness
and accuracy of the knowledge base. If the knowledge is outdated or incomplete, the system’s
performance may be compromised.
2. Lack of Flexibility: Expert systems are limited to the rules and knowledge they are
programmed with. They may struggle with novel or ambiguous situations that fall outside
their predefined rules.

29
3. Maintenance: Regular updates and maintenance are required to keep the knowledge base
current and relevant, which can be resource-intensive.

Conclusion
Expert systems are a crucial aspect of AI, providing intelligent decision-making capabilities across
various domains. By emulating human expertise, they offer valuable insights, consistent solutions,
and efficiency. Despite their limitations, expert systems continue to evolve and play a significant
role in advancing AI technologies.

What is Machine Learning?

“What is machine learning?” It’s a question that opens the door to a new era of technology—one
where computers can learn and improve on their own, much like humans. Imagine a world where
computers don’t just follow strict rules but can learn from data and experiences. This is the
essence of machine learning.
From suggesting new shows on streaming services based on your viewing history to enabling self-
driving cars to navigate safely, machine learning is behind these advancements. It’s not just about
technology; it’s about reshaping how computers interact with us and understand the world around
them. As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, machine learning remains at its core,
revolutionizing our relationship with technology and paving the way for a more connected future.

Table of Content
 What is Machine Learning?
 Difference between Machine Learning and Traditional Programming
 How machine learning algorithms work
 Machine Learning lifecycle:
 Types of Machine Learning
 Need for machine learning:
 Various Applications of Machine Learning
 Limitations of Machine Learning

What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables algorithms to uncover hidden
patterns within datasets, allowing them to make predictions on new, similar data without explicit
programming for each task. Traditional machine learning combines data with statistical tools to
predict outputs, yielding actionable insights. This technology finds applications in diverse fields
such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, recommendation systems,
fraud detection, portfolio optimization, and automating tasks.
For instance, recommender systems use historical data to personalize suggestions. Netflix, for
example, employs collaborative and content-based filtering to recommend movies and TV shows
based on user viewing history, ratings, and genre preferences. Reinforcement learning further
enhances these systems by enabling agents to make decisions based on environmental feedback,
continually refining recommendations.
Machine learning’s impact extends to autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots, enhancing their
adaptability in dynamic environments. This approach marks a breakthrough where machines learn
from data examples to generate accurate outcomes, closely intertwined with data mining and data
science.

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Difference between Machine Learning and Traditional Programming
The Difference between Machine Learning and Traditional Programming is as follows:

Machine Learning Traditional Artificial Intelligence

Programming

Machine Learning is a subset

In traditional Artificial Intelligence involves
of artificial intelligence(AI)
programming, rule-based making the machine as much
that focus on learning from
code is written by the capable, So that it can perform
data to develop an algorithm
developers depending on the tasks that typically require
that can be used to make a
the problem statements. human intelligence.
prediction.

Machine Learning uses a Traditional programming AI can involve many different

data-driven approach, It is is typically rule-based and techniques, including Machine
typically trained on historical deterministic. It hasn’t Learning and Deep Learning,
data and then used to make self-learning features like as well as traditional rule-
predictions on new data. Machine Learning and AI. based programming.

Sometimes AI uses a
Traditional programming combination of both Data and
ML can find patterns and
is totally dependent on the Pre-defined rules, which gives
insights in large datasets that
intelligence of developers. it a great edge in solving
might be difficult for humans
So, it has very limited complex tasks with good
to discover.
capability. accuracy which seem
impossible to humans.

Machine Learning is the

Traditional programming AI is a broad field that
subset of AI. And Now it is
is often used to build includes many different
used in various AI-based
applications and software applications, including natural
tasks like Chatbot Question
systems that have specific language processing, computer
answering, self-driven car.,
functionality. vision, and robotics.
etc.

How machine learning algorithms work

Machine Learning works in the following manner.

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A machine learning algorithm works by learning patterns and relationships from data to make
predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed for each task. Here’s a simplified
overview of how a typical machine learning algorithm works:

1. Data Collection:

First, relevant data is collected or curated. This data could include examples, features, or attributes
that are important for the task at hand, such as images, text, numerical data, etc.

2. Data Preprocessing:

Before feeding the data into the algorithm, it often needs to be preprocessed. This step may
involve cleaning the data (handling missing values, outliers), transforming the data (normalization,
scaling), and splitting it into training and test sets.

3. Choosing a Model:

Depending on the task (e.g., classification, regression, clustering), a suitable machine learning
model is chosen. Examples include decision trees, neural networks, support vector machines, and
more advanced models like deep learning architectures.

4. Training the Model:

The selected model is trained using the training data. During training, the algorithm learns patterns
and relationships in the data. This involves adjusting model parameters iteratively to minimize the
difference between predicted outputs and actual outputs (labels or targets) in the training data.

5. Evaluating the Model:

Once trained, the model is evaluated using the test data to assess its performance. Metrics such as
accuracy, precision, recall, or mean squared error are used to evaluate how well the model
generalizes to new, unseen data.

6. Fine-tuning:

Models may be fine-tuned by adjusting hyperparameters (parameters that are not directly learned
during training, like learning rate or number of hidden layers in a neural network) to improve
performance.

7. Prediction or Inference:

Finally, the trained model is used to make predictions or decisions on new data. This process
involves applying the learned patterns to new inputs to generate outputs, such as class labels in
classification tasks or numerical values in regression tasks.

Machine Learning lifecycle:

32
The lifecycle of a machine learning project involves a series of steps that include:

1. Study the Problems:

The first step is to study the problem. This step involves understanding the business problem and
defining the objectives of the model.

2. Data Collection:

When the problem is well-defined, we can collect the relevant data required for the model. The
data could come from various sources such as databases, APIs, or web scraping.

3. Data Preparation:

When our problem-related data is collected. then it is a good idea to check the data properly and
make it in the desired format so that it can be used by the model to find the hidden patterns. This
can be done in the following steps:
 Data cleaning
 Data Transformation
 Explanatory Data Analysis and Feature Engineering
 Split the dataset for training and testing.

4. Model Selection:

The next step is to select the appropriate machine learning algorithm that is suitable for our
problem. This step requires knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of different algorithms.
Sometimes we use multiple models and compare their results and select the best model as per our
requirements.

5. Model building and Training:

 After selecting the algorithm, we have to build the model.

 In the case of traditional machine learning building mode is easy it is just a few
hyperparameter tunings.
 In the case of deep learning, we have to define layer-wise architecture along with input and
output size, number of nodes in each layer, loss function, gradient descent optimizer, etc.
 After that model is trained using the preprocessed dataset.

6. Model Evaluation:

Once the model is trained, it can be evaluated on the test dataset to determine its accuracy and
performance using different techniques. like classification report, F1 score, precision, recall, ROC
Curve, Mean Square error, absolute error, etc.

7. Model Tuning:

33
Based on the evaluation results, the model may need to be tuned or optimized to improve its
performance. This involves tweaking the hyperparameters of the model.

8. Deployment:

Once the model is trained and tuned, it can be deployed in a production environment to make
predictions on new data. This step requires integrating the model into an existing software system
or creating a new system for the model.

9. Monitoring and Maintenance:

Finally, it is essential to monitor the model’s performance in the production environment and
perform maintenance tasks as required. This involves monitoring for data drift, retraining the
model as needed, and updating the model as new data becomes available.

Types of Machine Learning

 environmentalSupervised Machine Learning
 Unsupervised Machine Learning
 Reinforcement Machine Learning

1. Supervised Machine Learning:

Supervised learning is a type of machine learning in which the algorithm is trained on the labeled
dataset. It learns to map input features to targets based on labeled training data. In supervised
learning, the algorithm is provided with input features and corresponding output labels, and it
learns to generalize from this data to make predictions on new, unseen data.
There are two main types of supervised learning:
 Regression: Regression is a type of supervised learning where the algorithm learns to predict
continuous values based on input features. The output labels in regression are continuous
values, such as stock prices, and housing prices. The different regression algorithms in
machine learning are: Linear Regression, Polynomial Regression, Ridge Regression, Decision
Tree Regression, Random Forest Regression, Support Vector Regression, etc
 Classification: Classification is a type of supervised learning where the algorithm learns to
assign input data to a specific category or class based on input features. The output labels in
classification are discrete values. Classification algorithms can be binary, where the output is
one of two possible classes, or multiclass, where the output can be one of several classes. The
different Classification algorithms in machine learning are: Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes,
Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), etc

2. Unsupervised Machine Learning:

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm learns to recognize
patterns in data without being explicitly trained using labeled examples. The goal of unsupervised
learning is to discover the underlying structure or distribution in the data.
There are two main types of unsupervised learning:
 Clustering: Clustering algorithms group similar data points together based on their
characteristics. The goal is to identify groups, or clusters, of data points that are similar to

34
 each other, while being distinct from other groups. Some popular clustering algorithms
include K-means, Hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN.
 Dimensionality reduction: Dimensionality reduction algorithms reduce the number of input
variables in a dataset while preserving as much of the original information as possible. This is
useful for reducing the complexity of a dataset and making it easier to visualize and analyze.
Some popular dimensionality reduction algorithms include Principal Component Analysis
(PCA), t-SNE, and Autoencoders.

3. Reinforcement Machine Learning

Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to interact with an
environment by performing actions and receiving rewards or penalties based on its actions. The
goal of reinforcement learning is to learn a policy, which is a mapping from states to actions, that
maximizes the expected cumulative reward over time.
There are two main types of reinforcement learning:
 Model-based reinforcement learning: In model-based reinforcement learning, the agent
learns a model of the environment, including the transition probabilities between states and
the rewards associated with each state-action pair. The agent then uses this model to plan its
actions in order to maximize its expected reward. Some popular model-based reinforcement
learning algorithms include Value Iteration and Policy Iteration.
 Model-free reinforcement learning: In model-free reinforcement learning, the agent learns a
policy directly from experience without explicitly building a model of the environment. The
agent interacts with the environment and updates its policy based on the rewards it receives.
Some popular model-free reinforcement learning algorithms include Q-Learning, SARSA,
and Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Need for machine learning:

Machine learning is important because it allows computers to learn from data and improve their
performance on specific tasks without being explicitly programmed. This ability to learn from data
and adapt to new situations makes machine learning particularly useful for tasks that involve large
amounts of data, complex decision-making, and dynamic environments.
Here are some specific areas where machine learning is being used:
 Predictive modeling: Machine learning can be used to build predictive models that can help
businesses make better decisions. For example, machine learning can be used to predict which
customers are most likely to buy a particular product, or which patients are most likely to
develop a certain disease.
 Natural language processing: Machine learning is used to build systems that can understand
and interpret human language. This is important for applications such as voice recognition,
chatbots, and language translation.
 Computer vision: Machine learning is used to build systems that can recognize and interpret
images and videos. This is important for applications such as self-driving cars, surveillance
systems, and medical imaging.
 Fraud detection: Machine learning can be used to detect fraudulent behavior in financial
transactions, online advertising, and other areas.
 Recommendation systems: Machine learning can be used to build recommendation systems
that suggest products, services, or content to users based on their past behavior and
preferences.
Overall, machine learning has become an essential tool for many businesses and industries, as it
enables them to make better use of data, improve their decision-making processes, and deliver
more personalized experiences to their customers.

Various Applications of Machine Learning

35
Now in this Machine learning tutorial, let’s learn the applications of Machine Learning:
 Automation: Machine learning, which works entirely autonomously in any field without the
need for any human intervention. For example, robots perform the essential process steps in
manufacturing plants.
 Finance Industry: Machine learning is growing in popularity in the finance industry. Banks
are mainly using ML to find patterns inside the data but also to prevent fraud.
 Government organization: The government makes use of ML to manage public safety and
utilities. Take the example of China with its massive face recognition. The government
uses Artificial intelligence to prevent jaywalking.
 Healthcare industry: Healthcare was one of the first industries to use machine learning with
image detection.
 Marketing: Broad use of AI is done in marketing thanks to abundant access to data. Before
the age of mass data, researchers develop advanced mathematical tools like Bayesian analysis
to estimate the value of a customer. With the boom of data, the marketing department relies
on AI to optimize customer relationships and marketing campaigns.
 Retail industry: Machine learning is used in the retail industry to analyze customer behavior,
predict demand, and manage inventory. It also helps retailers to personalize the shopping
experience for each customer by recommending products based on their past purchases and
preferences.
 Transportation: Machine learning is used in the transportation industry to optimize routes,
reduce fuel consumption, and improve the overall efficiency of transportation systems. It also
plays a role in autonomous vehicles, where ML algorithms are used to make decisions about
navigation and safety.

Limitations of Machine Learning-

1. The primary challenge of machine learning is the lack of data or the diversity in the dataset.
2. A machine cannot learn if there is no data available. Besides, a dataset with a lack of
diversity gives the machine a hard time.
3. A machine needs to have heterogeneity to learn meaningful insight.
4. It is rare that an algorithm can extract information when there are no or few variations.
5. It is recommended to have at least 20 observations per group to help the machine learn. This
constraint leads to poor evaluation and prediction.

Conclusion
In conclusion, understanding what is machine learning opens the door to a world where
computers not only process data but learn from it to make decisions and predictions. It represents
the intersection of computer science and statistics, enabling systems to improve their performance
over time without explicit programming. As machine learning continues to evolve, its applications
across industries promise to redefine how we interact with technology, making it not just a tool
but a transformative force in our daily lives.

Three 90 Challenge is back on popular demand! After processing refunds worth INR 1CR+, we
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professionals, and working adults to tide over into the data science immersion. Master state-of-
the-art methodologies, powerful tools, and industry best practices, hands-on projects, and real-
world applications. Become the executive head of industries related to Data Analysis, Machine
Learning, and Data Visualization with these growing skills. Ready to Transform Your
Future? Enroll Now to Be a Data Science Expert!

Introduction to Deep Learning

36
 Last Updated : 26 May, 2024



In the fast-evolving era of artificial intelligence, Deep Learning stands as a cornerstone
technology, revolutionizing how machines understand, learn, and interact with complex data. At
its essence, Deep Learning AI mimics the intricate neural networks of the human brain, enabling
computers to autonomously discover patterns and make decisions from vast amounts of
unstructured data. This transformative field has propelled breakthroughs across various domains,
from computer vision and natural language processing to healthcare diagnostics and autonomous
driving.

Introduction to Deep Learning

As we dive into this introductory exploration of Deep Learning, we uncover its foundational
principles, applications, and the underlying mechanisms that empower machines to achieve
human-like cognitive abilities. This article serves as a gateway into understanding how Deep
Learning is reshaping industries, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in AI, and paving the
way for a future where intelligent systems can perceive, comprehend, and innovate autonomously.

What is Deep Learning?

The definition of Deep learning is that it is the branch of machine learning that is based on
artificial neural network architecture. An artificial neural network or ANN uses layers of
interconnected nodes called neurons that work together to process and learn from the input data.
In a fully connected Deep neural network, there is an input layer and one or more hidden layers
connected one after the other. Each neuron receives input from the previous layer neurons or the
input layer. The output of one neuron becomes the input to other neurons in the next layer of the
network, and this process continues until the final layer produces the output of the network. The
layers of the neural network transform the input data through a series of nonlinear transformations,
allowing the network to learn complex representations of the input data.

Scope of Deep Learning

Today Deep learning AI has become one of the most popular and visible areas of machine
learning, due to its success in a variety of applications, such as computer vision, natural language
processing, and Reinforcement learning.
Deep learning AI can be used for supervised, unsupervised as well as reinforcement machine
learning. it uses a variety of ways to process these.
 Supervised Machine Learning: Supervised machine learning is the machine
learning technique in which the neural network learns to make predictions or classify data

37
 based on the labeled datasets. Here we input both input features along with the target
variables. the neural network learns to make predictions based on the cost or error that comes
from the difference between the predicted and the actual target, this process is known as
backpropagation. Deep learning algorithms like Convolutional neural networks, Recurrent
neural networks are used for many supervised tasks like image classifications and
recognization, sentiment analysis, language translations, etc.
 Unsupervised Machine Learning: Unsupervised machine learning is the machine
learning technique in which the neural network learns to discover the patterns or to cluster the
dataset based on unlabeled datasets. Here there are no target variables. while the machine has
to self-determined the hidden patterns or relationships within the datasets. Deep learning
algorithms like autoencoders and generative models are used for unsupervised tasks like
clustering, dimensionality reduction, and anomaly detection.
 Reinforcement Machine Learning: Reinforcement Machine Learning is the machine
learning technique in which an agent learns to make decisions in an environment to maximize
a reward signal. The agent interacts with the environment by taking action and observing the
resulting rewards. Deep learning can be used to learn policies, or a set of actions, that
maximizes the cumulative reward over time. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms like
Deep Q networks and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) are used to reinforce tasks
like robotics and game playing etc.

Artificial neural networks

Artificial neural networks are built on the principles of the structure and operation of human
neurons. It is also known as neural networks or neural nets. An artificial neural network’s input
layer, which is the first layer, receives input from external sources and passes it on to the hidden
layer, which is the second layer. Each neuron in the hidden layer gets information from the
neurons in the previous layer, computes the weighted total, and then transfers it to the neurons in
the next layer. These connections are weighted, which means that the impacts of the inputs from
the preceding layer are more or less optimized by giving each input a distinct weight. These
weights are then adjusted during the training process to enhance the performance of the model.

Fully Connected Artificial Neural Network

Artificial neurons, also known as units, are found in artificial neural networks. The whole
Artificial Neural Network is composed of these artificial neurons, which are arranged in a series of
layers. The complexities of neural networks will depend on the complexities of the underlying
patterns in the dataset whether a layer has a dozen units or millions of units. Commonly, Artificial

38
Neural Network has an input layer, an output layer as well as hidden layers. The input layer
receives data from the outside world which the neural network needs to analyze or learn about.
In a fully connected artificial neural network, there is an input layer and one or more hidden layers
connected one after the other. Each neuron receives input from the previous layer neurons or the
input layer. The output of one neuron becomes the input to other neurons in the next layer of the
network, and this process continues until the final layer produces the output of the network. Then,
after passing through one or more hidden layers, this data is transformed into valuable data for the
output layer. Finally, the output layer provides an output in the form of an artificial neural
network’s response to the data that comes in.
Units are linked to one another from one layer to another in the bulk of neural networks. Each of
these links has weights that control how much one unit influences another. The neural network
learns more and more about the data as it moves from one unit to another, ultimately producing an
output from the output layer.

Difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning :

machine learning and deep learning AI both are subsets of artificial intelligence but there are
many similarities and differences between them.

Machine Learning Deep Learning

Uses artificial neural network architecture

Apply statistical algorithms to learn the hidden
to learn the hidden patterns and
patterns and relationships in the dataset.
relationships in the dataset.

Requires the larger volume of dataset

Can work on the smaller amount of dataset
compared to machine learning

Better for complex task like image

Better for the low-label task. processing, natural language processing,
etc.

Takes less time to train the model. Takes more time to train the model.

A model is created by relevant features which Relevant features are automatically

are manually extracted from images to detect extracted from images. It is an end-to-end
an object in the image. learning process.

More complex, it works like the black box

Less complex and easy to interpret the result.
interpretations of the result are not easy.

It can work on the CPU or requires less

It requires a high-performance computer
computing power as compared to deep
with GPU.
learning.

Types of neural networks

Deep Learning models are able to automatically learn features from the data, which makes them
well-suited for tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language

39
processing. The most widely used architectures in deep learning are feedforward neural networks,
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs).

1. Feedforward neural networks (FNNs) are the simplest type of ANN, with a linear flow of
information through the network. FNNs have been widely used for tasks such as image
classification, speech recognition, and natural language processing.
2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are specifically for image and video recognition
tasks. CNNs are able to automatically learn features from the images, which makes them well-
suited for tasks such as image classification, object detection, and image segmentation.
3. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are a type of neural network that is able to process
sequential data, such as time series and natural language. RNNs are able to maintain an
internal state that captures information about the previous inputs, which makes them well-
suited for tasks such as speech recognition, natural language processing, and language
translation.

Deep Learning Applications:

The main applications of deep learning AI can be divided into computer vision, natural language
processing (NLP), and reinforcement learning.

1. Computer vision

The first Deep Learning applications is Computer vision. In computer vision, Deep learning AI
models can enable machines to identify and understand visual data. Some of the main applications
of deep learning in computer vision include:
 Object detection and recognition: Deep learning model can be used to identify and locate
objects within images and videos, making it possible for machines to perform tasks such as
self-driving cars, surveillance, and robotics.
 Image classification: Deep learning models can be used to classify images into categories
such as animals, plants, and buildings. This is used in applications such as medical imaging,
quality control, and image retrieval.
 Image segmentation: Deep learning models can be used for image segmentation into
different regions, making it possible to identify specific features within images.

2. Natural language processing (NLP):

In Deep learning applications, second application is NLP. NLP, the Deep learning model can
enable machines to understand and generate human language. Some of the main applications of
deep learning in NLP include:
 Automatic Text Generation – Deep learning model can learn the corpus of text and new text
like summaries, essays can be automatically generated using these trained models.
 Language translation: Deep learning models can translate text from one language to another,
making it possible to communicate with people from different linguistic backgrounds.
 Sentiment analysis: Deep learning models can analyze the sentiment of a piece of text,
making it possible to determine whether the text is positive, negative, or neutral. This is used
in applications such as customer service, social media monitoring, and political analysis.
 Speech recognition: Deep learning models can recognize and transcribe spoken words,
making it possible to perform tasks such as speech-to-text conversion, voice search, and
voice-controlled devices.

3. Reinforcement learning:

40
In reinforcement learning, deep learning works as training agents to take action in an environment
to maximize a reward. Some of the main applications of deep learning in reinforcement learning
include:
 Game playing: Deep reinforcement learning models have been able to beat human experts at
games such as Go, Chess, and Atari.
 Robotics: Deep reinforcement learning models can be used to train robots to perform
complex tasks such as grasping objects, navigation, and manipulation.
 Control systems: Deep reinforcement learning models can be used to control complex
systems such as power grids, traffic management, and supply chain optimization.

Challenges in Deep Learning

Deep learning has made significant advancements in various fields, but there are still some
challenges that need to be addressed. Here are some of the main challenges in deep learning:

1. Data availability: It requires large amounts of data to learn from. For using deep learning it’s
a big concern to gather as much data for training.
2. Computational Resources: For training the deep learning model, it is computationally
expensive because it requires specialized hardware like GPUs and TPUs.
3. Time-consuming: While working on sequential data depending on the computational
resource it can take very large even in days or months.
4. Interpretability: Deep learning models are complex, it works like a black box. it is very
difficult to interpret the result.
5. Overfitting: when the model is trained again and again, it becomes too specialized for the
training data, leading to overfitting and poor performance on new data.

Advantages of Deep Learning:

1. High accuracy: Deep Learning algorithms can achieve state-of-the-art performance in
various tasks, such as image recognition and natural language processing.
2. Automated feature engineering: Deep Learning algorithms can automatically discover and
learn relevant features from data without the need for manual feature engineering.
3. Scalability: Deep Learning models can scale to handle large and complex datasets, and can
learn from massive amounts of data.
4. Flexibility: Deep Learning models can be applied to a wide range of tasks and can handle
various types of data, such as images, text, and speech.
5. Continual improvement: Deep Learning models can continually improve their performance
as more data becomes available.

Disadvantages of Deep Learning:

1. High computational requirements: Deep Learning AI models require large amounts of data
and computational resources to train and optimize.
2. Requires large amounts of labeled data: Deep Learning models often require a large
amount of labeled data for training, which can be expensive and time- consuming to acquire.
3. Interpretability: Deep Learning models can be challenging to interpret, making it difficult to
understand how they make decisions.
Overfitting: Deep Learning models can sometimes overfit to the training data, resulting in
poor performance on new and unseen data.
4. Black-box nature: Deep Learning models are often treated as black boxes, making it difficult
to understand how they work and how they arrived at their predictions.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the field of Deep Learning represents a transformative leap in artificial intelligence.
By mimicking the human brain’s neural networks, Deep Learning AI algorithms have
revolutionized industries ranging from healthcare to finance, from autonomous vehicles to natural
language processing. As we continue to push the boundaries of computational power and dataset
sizes, the potential applications of Deep Learning are limitless. However, challenges such as

41
interpretability and ethical considerations remain significant. Yet, with ongoing research and
innovation, Deep Learning promises to reshape our future, ushering in a new era where machines
can learn, adapt, and solve complex problems at a scale and speed previously unimaginable.

Three 90 Challenge is back on popular demand! After processing refunds worth INR 1CR+, we
are back with the offer if you missed it the first time. Get 90% course fee refund in 90 days. Avail
now!
Are you passionate about data and looking to make one giant leap into your career? Our Data
Science Course will help you change your game and, most importantly, allow students,
professionals, and working adults to tide over into the data science immersion. Master state-of-
the-art methodologies, powerful tools, and industry best practices, hands-on projects, and real-
world applications. Become the executive head of industries related to Data Analysis, Machine
Learning, and Data Visualization with these growing skills. Ready to Transform Your
Future? Enroll Now to Be a Data Science Expert!

Introduction to Deep Learning

In the fast-evolving era of artificial intelligence, Deep Learning stands as a cornerstone
technology, revolutionizing how machines understand, learn, and interact with complex data. At
its essence, Deep Learning AI mimics the intricate neural networks of the human brain, enabling
computers to autonomously discover patterns and make decisions from vast amounts of
unstructured data. This transformative field has propelled breakthroughs across various domains,
from computer vision and natural language processing to healthcare diagnostics and autonomous
driving.

Introduction to Deep Learning

As we dive into this introductory exploration of Deep Learning, we uncover its foundational
principles, applications, and the underlying mechanisms that empower machines to achieve
human-like cognitive abilities. This article serves as a gateway into understanding how Deep
Learning is reshaping industries, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in AI, and paving the
way for a future where intelligent systems can perceive, comprehend, and innovate autonomously.

What is Deep Learning?

The definition of Deep learning is that it is the branch of machine learning that is based on
artificial neural network architecture. An artificial neural network or ANN uses layers of
interconnected nodes called neurons that work together to process and learn from the input data.
In a fully connected Deep neural network, there is an input layer and one or more hidden layers
connected one after the other. Each neuron receives input from the previous layer neurons or the
input layer. The output of one neuron becomes the input to other neurons in the next layer of the
network, and this process continues until the final layer produces the output of the network. The
layers of the neural network transform the input data through a series of nonlinear transformations,
allowing the network to learn complex representations of the input data.

Scope of Deep Learning

42
Today Deep learning AI has become one of the most popular and visible areas of machine
learning, due to its success in a variety of applications, such as computer vision, natural language
processing, and Reinforcement learning.
Deep learning AI can be used for supervised, unsupervised as well as reinforcement machine
learning. it uses a variety of ways to process these.
 Supervised Machine Learning: Supervised machine learning is the machine
learning technique in which the neural network learns to make predictions or classify data
based on the labeled datasets. Here we input both input features along with the target
variables. the neural network learns to make predictions based on the cost or error that comes
from the difference between the predicted and the actual target, this process is known as
backpropagation. Deep learning algorithms like Convolutional neural networks, Recurrent
neural networks are used for many supervised tasks like image classifications and
recognization, sentiment analysis, language translations, etc.
 Unsupervised Machine Learning: Unsupervised machine learning is the machine
learning technique in which the neural network learns to discover the patterns or to cluster the
dataset based on unlabeled datasets. Here there are no target variables. while the machine has
to self-determined the hidden patterns or relationships within the datasets. Deep learning
algorithms like autoencoders and generative models are used for unsupervised tasks like
clustering, dimensionality reduction, and anomaly detection.
 Reinforcement Machine Learning: Reinforcement Machine Learning is the machine
learning technique in which an agent learns to make decisions in an environment to maximize
a reward signal. The agent interacts with the environment by taking action and observing the
resulting rewards. Deep learning can be used to learn policies, or a set of actions, that
maximizes the cumulative reward over time. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms like
Deep Q networks and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) are used to reinforce tasks
like robotics and game playing etc.

Artificial neural networks

Artificial neural networks are built on the principles of the structure and operation of human
neurons. It is also known as neural networks or neural nets. An artificial neural network’s input
layer, which is the first layer, receives input from external sources and passes it on to the hidden
layer, which is the second layer. Each neuron in the hidden layer gets information from the
neurons in the previous layer, computes the weighted total, and then transfers it to the neurons in
the next layer. These connections are weighted, which means that the impacts of the inputs from
the preceding layer are more or less optimized by giving each input a distinct weight. These
weights are then adjusted during the training process to enhance the performance of the model.

Fully Connected Artificial Neural Network

43
Artificial neurons, also known as units, are found in artificial neural networks. The whole
Artificial Neural Network is composed of these artificial neurons, which are arranged in a series of
layers. The complexities of neural networks will depend on the complexities of the underlying
patterns in the dataset whether a layer has a dozen units or millions of units. Commonly, Artificial
Neural Network has an input layer, an output layer as well as hidden layers. The input layer
receives data from the outside world which the neural network needs to analyze or learn about.
In a fully connected artificial neural network, there is an input layer and one or more hidden layers
connected one after the other. Each neuron receives input from the previous layer neurons or the
input layer. The output of one neuron becomes the input to other neurons in the next layer of the
network, and this process continues until the final layer produces the output of the network. Then,
after passing through one or more hidden layers, this data is transformed into valuable data for the
output layer. Finally, the output layer provides an output in the form of an artificial neural
network’s response to the data that comes in.
Units are linked to one another from one layer to another in the bulk of neural networks. Each of
these links has weights that control how much one unit influences another. The neural network
learns more and more about the data as it moves from one unit to another, ultimately producing an
output from the output layer.

Difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning :

machine learning and deep learning AI both are subsets of artificial intelligence but there are
many similarities and differences between them.

Machine Learning Deep Learning

Uses artificial neural network architecture

Apply statistical algorithms to learn the hidden
to learn the hidden patterns and
patterns and relationships in the dataset.
relationships in the dataset.

Requires the larger volume of dataset

Can work on the smaller amount of dataset
compared to machine learning

Better for complex task like image

Better for the low-label task. processing, natural language processing,
etc.

Takes less time to train the model. Takes more time to train the model.

A model is created by relevant features which Relevant features are automatically

are manually extracted from images to detect extracted from images. It is an end-to-end
an object in the image. learning process.

More complex, it works like the black box

Less complex and easy to interpret the result.
interpretations of the result are not easy.

It can work on the CPU or requires less

It requires a high-performance computer
computing power as compared to deep
with GPU.
learning.

Types of neural networks

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Deep Learning models are able to automatically learn features from the data, which makes them
well-suited for tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language
processing. The most widely used architectures in deep learning are feedforward neural networks,
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs).

1. Feedforward neural networks (FNNs) are the simplest type of ANN, with a linear flow of
information through the network. FNNs have been widely used for tasks such as image
classification, speech recognition, and natural language processing.
2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are specifically for image and video recognition
tasks. CNNs are able to automatically learn features from the images, which makes them well-
suited for tasks such as image classification, object detection, and image segmentation.
3. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are a type of neural network that is able to process
sequential data, such as time series and natural language. RNNs are able to maintain an
internal state that captures information about the previous inputs, which makes them well-
suited for tasks such as speech recognition, natural language processing, and language
translation.

Deep Learning Applications:

The main applications of deep learning AI can be divided into computer vision, natural language
processing (NLP), and reinforcement learning.

1. Computer vision

The first Deep Learning applications is Computer vision. In computer vision, Deep learning AI
models can enable machines to identify and understand visual data. Some of the main applications
of deep learning in computer vision include:
 Object detection and recognition: Deep learning model can be used to identify and locate
objects within images and videos, making it possible for machines to perform tasks such as
self-driving cars, surveillance, and robotics.
 Image classification: Deep learning models can be used to classify images into categories
such as animals, plants, and buildings. This is used in applications such as medical imaging,
quality control, and image retrieval.
 Image segmentation: Deep learning models can be used for image segmentation into
different regions, making it possible to identify specific features within images.

2. Natural language processing (NLP):

In Deep learning applications, second application is NLP. NLP, the Deep learning model can
enable machines to understand and generate human language. Some of the main applications of
deep learning in NLP include:
 Automatic Text Generation – Deep learning model can learn the corpus of text and new text
like summaries, essays can be automatically generated using these trained models.
 Language translation: Deep learning models can translate text from one language to another,
making it possible to communicate with people from different linguistic backgrounds.
 Sentiment analysis: Deep learning models can analyze the sentiment of a piece of text,
making it possible to determine whether the text is positive, negative, or neutral. This is used
in applications such as customer service, social media monitoring, and political analysis.
 Speech recognition: Deep learning models can recognize and transcribe spoken words,
making it possible to perform tasks such as speech-to-text conversion, voice search, and
voice-controlled devices.

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3. Reinforcement learning:

In reinforcement learning, deep learning works as training agents to take action in an environment
to maximize a reward. Some of the main applications of deep learning in reinforcement learning
include:
 Game playing: Deep reinforcement learning models have been able to beat human experts at
games such as Go, Chess, and Atari.
 Robotics: Deep reinforcement learning models can be used to train robots to perform
complex tasks such as grasping objects, navigation, and manipulation.
 Control systems: Deep reinforcement learning models can be used to control complex
systems such as power grids, traffic management, and supply chain optimization.

Challenges in Deep Learning

Deep learning has made significant advancements in various fields, but there are still some
challenges that need to be addressed. Here are some of the main challenges in deep learning:

1. Data availability: It requires large amounts of data to learn from. For using deep learning it’s
a big concern to gather as much data for training.
2. Computational Resources: For training the deep learning model, it is computationally
expensive because it requires specialized hardware like GPUs and TPUs.
3. Time-consuming: While working on sequential data depending on the computational
resource it can take very large even in days or months.
4. Interpretability: Deep learning models are complex, it works like a black box. it is very
difficult to interpret the result.
5. Overfitting: when the model is trained again and again, it becomes too specialized for the
training data, leading to overfitting and poor performance on new data.

Advantages of Deep Learning:

1. High accuracy: Deep Learning algorithms can achieve state-of-the-art performance in
various tasks, such as image recognition and natural language processing.
2. Automated feature engineering: Deep Learning algorithms can automatically discover and
learn relevant features from data without the need for manual feature engineering.
3. Scalability: Deep Learning models can scale to handle large and complex datasets, and can
learn from massive amounts of data.
4. Flexibility: Deep Learning models can be applied to a wide range of tasks and can handle
various types of data, such as images, text, and speech.
5. Continual improvement: Deep Learning models can continually improve their performance
as more data becomes available.

Disadvantages of Deep Learning:

1. High computational requirements: Deep Learning AI models require large amounts of data
and computational resources to train and optimize.
2. Requires large amounts of labeled data: Deep Learning models often require a large
amount of labeled data for training, which can be expensive and time- consuming to acquire.
3. Interpretability: Deep Learning models can be challenging to interpret, making it difficult to
understand how they make decisions.
Overfitting: Deep Learning models can sometimes overfit to the training data, resulting in
poor performance on new and unseen data.
4. Black-box nature: Deep Learning models are often treated as black boxes, making it difficult
to understand how they work and how they arrived at their predictions.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the field of Deep Learning represents a transformative leap in artificial intelligence.
By mimicking the human brain’s neural networks, Deep Learning AI algorithms have

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revolutionized industries ranging from healthcare to finance, from autonomous vehicles to natural
language processing. As we continue to push the boundaries of computational power and dataset
sizes, the potential applications of Deep Learning are limitless. However, challenges such as
interpretability and ethical considerations remain significant. Yet, with ongoing research and
innovation, Deep Learning promises to reshape our future, ushering in a new era where machines
can learn, adapt, and solve complex problems at a scale and speed previously unimaginable.

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