Lecture PowerPoint to accompany

Foundations in
Microbiology
Eighth Edition

Talaro
Chapter 5
Eucaryotic Cells and
Microorganisms

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 The History of Eucaryotes
• They first appeared approximately 2 billion
years ago.
• Evidence suggests evolution from procaryotic
organisms by symbiosis.
• Organelles originated from procaryotic cells
trapped inside them.

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 External Structures
• Locomotor appendages
– flagella
• long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules in a 9+2
arrangement
• covered by an extension of the cell membrane
• 10X thicker than procaryotic flagella
• function in motility
– cilia
• similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and
more numerous
• found only on a single group of protozoa (Ciliate) and
certain animal cells (motile, non-motile)
• function in motility, feeding and filtering
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 External Structures
• Glycocalyx
– an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact
with environment

– usually composed of polysaccharides

– appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule

– functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception

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 External Boundary Structures
• Cell wall
– rigid, provides structural support and shape
– Fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide
fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin
layer of mixed glycans.
– algae – varies in chemical composition;
substances commonly found include cellulose,
pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium
carbonate
– a few algae, Protozoa, and all animal cells lack a
cell wall and have only a membrane
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 External Boundary Structures
• Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
– typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
– sterols confer stability
– serves as selectively permeable barrier in
transport
– Eucaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound
organelles that account for 60-80% of their
volume.

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 Internal Structures
• Nucleus
– compact sphere, most prominent organelle of
eucaryotic cell
– nuclear envelope composed of two parallel
membranes separated by a narrow space and is
perforated with pores
– contains chromosomes
– nucleolus – dark area for rRNA synthesis and
ribosome assembly

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 Internal Structures
• Endoplasmic reticulum – two types:
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)– originates
from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelop
and extends in a continuous network through
cytoplasm; rough due to ribosomes; proteins
synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging
and transport; first step in secretory pathway
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)– closed
tubular network without ribosomes; functions in
nutrient processing, synthesis and storage of
lipids, etc.

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 Internal Structures
• Golgi apparatus
– consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
– closely associated with ER
– Transitional vesicles from the ER containing
proteins go to the Golgi apparatus for modification
and maturation.
– Condensing vesicles transport proteins to
organelles or secretory proteins to the outside.

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 Internal Structures
• Lysosomes
– vesicles containing enzymes that originate from
Golgi apparatus
– involved in intracellular digestion of food particles
and in protection against invading microbes

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 Internal Structures
• Mitochondria
– consists of an outer membrane and an inner
membrane with folds called cristae
– Cristae hold the enzymes and electron carriers of
aerobic respiration.
– divide independently of cell
– contain DNA and procaryotic ribosomes
– function in energy production

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 Internal Structures
• Chloroplast
– found in algae and plant cells
– outer membrane covers inner membrane folded
into sacs, thylakoids, stacked into grana
– larger than mitochondria
– contain photosynthetic pigments
– convert the energy of sunlight into chemical
energy through photosynthesis
– primary producers of organic nutrients for other
organisms

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 Internal Structures
• Ribosomes
– composed of rRNA and proteins
– 40S and 60S subunits form 80S ribosomes
– larger than procaryotic ribosomes
– function in protein synthesis

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 Internal Structures
• Cytoskeleton
– flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments
and microtubules form network throughout
cytoplasm
– involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid
movement, transport, and structural support

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 Survey of Eucaryotic Microbes
• Fungi
• Algae
• Protozoa
• Parasitic worms

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 Kingdom Fungi
• 100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
– macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill
fungi)
– microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)
• Majority are unicellular or colonial; a few
have cellular specialization

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 Microscopic Fungi
• Exist in two morphologies:
– yeast – round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
– hyphae – long filamentous fungi or molds
• Some exist in either form – dimorphic –
characteristic of some pathogenic molds

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 Fungal Nutrition
• All are heterotrophic
• Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants
and animals
• Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other
organisms, but none are obligate; mycoses – fungal
infections
• Growth temperature 20o-40oC, minimum ~ 2-5oC
• Extremely widespread distribution in many habitats

▪ Molds: mostly strictly aerobe

▪ Yeasts: mostly facultative anaerobe
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 Fungal Organization
• Most grow in loose associations or colonies
• Yeast – soft, uniform texture and appearance
• Filamentous fungi – mass of hyphae called
mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
– hyphae may be divided by cross walls – septate
– vegetative hyphae – digest and absorb nutrients
– reproductive hyphae – produce spores for
reproduction

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 Modified brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) could soon
provide researchers with access to rare cannabis compounds.Thomas
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Deernick, NCMIR/Science Photo Library
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 Fungal Reproduction
• Primarily through spores formed on reproductive
hyphae
• Asexual reproduction – spores are formed
through budding or mitosis; conidia or
sporangiospores
• Sexual reproduction – spores are formed
following fusion of male and female strains and
formation of sexual structure
• Sexual spores and spore-forming structures are
one basis for classification. 38
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 Fungal Classification
-mycota = -mycetes
1. Zygomycota – zygospores; sporangiospores and some
conidia (black bread mold, Mucor) (nấm tiếp hợp)
2. Ascomycota – ascospores; conidia (Penicillium,
Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, C. albicans) (nấm túi/nang)
3. Basidiomycota – basidiospores; conidia (nấm đảm)
4. Chytridimycota: chytrids, cellular morphology ranges
from single cells to clusters and colonies, generally do not
form hyphae or yeast-type cells, the presence of special
flagellated spores, called zoospores and gametes
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 Fungal Identification
• Isolation on specific media
• Macroscopic and microscopic observation
of:
– asexual spore-forming structures and spores
– hyphal type
– colony texture and pigmentation
– physiological characteristics
– genetic makeup

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 Roles of Fungi
• Adverse impact
– mycoses, allergies, toxin production
– destruction of crops and food storages
• Beneficial impact
– decomposers of dead plants and animals
– sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids,
vitamins
– used in making foods and in genetic studies

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 Kingdom Protista
• Algae
• Protozoa

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 Algae
• Photosynthetic organisms
• Kelps, seaweeds, euglenids, green algae, diatoms,
dinoflagellates, brown algae, and red seaweeds
• Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous.
• Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular.
• Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments
• Cell wall
• May or may not have flagella

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 Algae
• Most are free-living in fresh and marine water –
plankton.
• Provide basis of food web in most aquatic habitats
• Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2
• Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give off
toxins that cause food poisoning with neurological
symptoms.
• Classified according to types of pigments and cell
wall
• Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products

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⚫ Toxic dinoflagellate blooms

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

⚫ Toxic diatom blooms

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning

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Diatomite

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Chlorella vulgaris

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Haematococcus pluvialis

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 Protozoa
• 65,000 species
• Vary in shape, lack a cell wall
• Most are unicellular; colonies are rare
• Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat
• Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect
vectors.
• All are heterotrophic.
• Feed by engulfing other microbes and organic matter

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 Protozoa
• Most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or
pseudopods.
• Exist as trophozoite - motile feeding stage
• Many can enter into a dormant resting stage when
conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding – cyst.
• All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission; many
also reproduce sexually – conjugation.

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 Protozoan Identification
• Classification is difficult because of diversity.
• Simple grouping is based on method of motility,
reproduction, and life cycle.
1. Mastigophora – primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar
and amoeboid; sexual reproduction; cyst and trophozoite
2. Sarcodina – primarily ameba; asexual by fission; most are
free-living
3. Ciliophora – cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-
living, harmless
4. Apicomplexa – motility is absent except male gametes;
sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle – all
parasitic
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 Important Protozoan Pathogens
• Pathogenic flagellates
– Trypanosomes – Trypanosoma
• T. brucei – African sleeping sickness
• T. cruzi – Chaga’s disease; South America
• Infective amebas
– Entamoeba histolytica – amebic dysentery;
worldwide (trùng kiết lỵ)

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 Trypanosoma

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Entamoeba histolytica
Human Malaria - Plasmodium

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 Parasitic Helminths
• Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion,
movement, protection
• Parasitize host tissues
• Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host
tissues
• Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and
sperm.
• Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host
body.

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 Major Groups of Parasitic Helminths
1. Flatworms – flat, no definite body cavity;
digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory
and nervous systems
• Cestodes (tapeworms/sán dây)
• Trematodes or flukes (sán lá gan), are flattened ,
nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts.
2. Roundworms (nematodes) - round, a complete
digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle,
spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and
nervous systems poorly developed
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 Helminths
• 50 species parasitize humans.

• Acquired though ingestion of larvae or eggs

in food; from soil or water; some are carried
by insect vectors

• Afflict billions of humans

• Pathogenic to animals, plants, fungi

• Some species are beneficial 79

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Giun chỉ bạch huyết

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Tuyến trùng trên thực vật

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Helminth Classification and Identification
• Classify according to shape, size, organ
development, presence of hooks, suckers, or
other special structures, mode of reproduction,
hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae
• Identify by microscopic detection of adult
worm, larvae, or eggs

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 Distribution and Importance of
Parasitic Worms
• Approximately 50 species parasitize humans.
• Distributed worldwide; some restricted to
certain geographic regions with higher
incidence in tropics

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