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22 views19 pages

Lecture - 20

Uploaded by

yuvrajsinghiitbhu
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Lecture 20- Fluid Mechanics (CH0102)

Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD


Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU, Varanasi

<date/time> <footer> 1
Course Content
 Introduction Week#1
 Fluid Statics Week#2
 Fluid Kinematics Week#3
 Viscous Flow Week#4
 Fluid Dynamics Week#5
 Flow Through pipes Week#6
 Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulics Similitude Week#7
 Boundary Layer Flow Week#8
Topics for the Module on Flow Through Pipes
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
Recap of the Previous Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes  Major Losses
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 for laminar flow
8𝜇𝐿𝑄 8𝜋𝜇𝐿𝑄
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law Δ𝑝 =
𝜋𝑅
=
𝐴
 for turbulent flow
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel  Minor Losses:

 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe


 Power Transmission Through Pipes
EGL=
 Pipe Fitting and Valves HGL=
Problem Statement for Pipe Flow
Energy Equation relating the conditions at Point 1 and 2

Each major loss:

Friction factor .
.

Each Minor Loss:

Flow net
Solution of Pipe Flow Problem
In Single Path System
• Pressure drop ( )
• Pipe dimensions ( & )
• Flow rate

Problem Types
1. Find for a given , and
Straightforward problem
2. Find for a given , and
3. Find for a given , and Requires numerical iteration as Velocity is needed for
4. Find for a given , and Requires numerical iteration as Diameter is needed for
Problem: Pipe Flow in Reservoir
Problem Statement
• A Syphon of diameter 20 cm connects two reservoirs whose water surface level differ by
40m. The total length of pipe is 8000m. The pipe crosses a ridge and the submit of ridge
is 8m above the level of water in upper reservoir. Determine the minimum depth of pipe
below the submit of ridge, if the absolute pressure head at submit of syphon is not to fall
below 3.0m of water. Take f=0.006 and atmospheric pressure head 10.3m of water. The
length of syphon from upper reservoir to submit is 500m. Find the discharge also.

8m R

Reser A 40m

Reser B
Problem: Flow through Compound Pipes
For analyzing pipe network problem, following points shall be utilized
1. The net flow out of any node (junction) is zero
2. Each node has unique head (HGL)

Reser A 40m

Reser B
Content of the Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes
 Derivation of Bernauli’s equation from Euler’s Equation
 Interpretation of Bernauli’s Equation as Energy Equation
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
Pipe in Series

In this case, rate of flow remains same at each section

Applying the Bernaulli’s equation between 1-2 :

Head loss between 1-2


Pipe in Series

In this case, rate of flow remains same at each section 𝑄 = 𝑄 = 𝑄 = 𝑄

𝑄= 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉

Substituting the velocities in terms of flow rate


8 𝐿 𝐷 1 𝐿 1 1 𝐿
ℎ = 𝑓 + 1− +𝑓 + −1 +𝑓 𝑄
𝑔𝜋 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐶 𝐷 𝐷
Pipe in Series

Substituting the velocities in terms of flow rate


Pipe in Parallel

In this case, rate of flow remains same at each section Q = 𝑄 + 𝑄


Applying the Bernaulli’s equation between 1-2 : 𝐻 − 𝐻 = ℎ
Head loss between 1-2 through pipe A
𝐻 −𝐻 =𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑄

Head loss between 1-2 through pipe B


𝐻 −𝐻 =𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑄
Pipe in Parallel

From head loss between 1-2 through pipe A

From head loss between 1-2 through pipe B


Pipe Through Compound Pipe
Based upon this
1. The friction equation must be satisfied for each pipe
2. There can be only one value of head at any point
3. Algebraic sum of the flow rates at any junction must be zero
4. Algebraic sum of the products of the flux ( ) and the flow resistance must be zero in
any closed hydraulic circuit.

Derivation:
3rd point from continuity equation
4th Point from pressure equation
Equivalent Pipe
Definition
The pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal to the loss of head and
discharge of a compound pipe, consisting of several pipe of different length and diameters.
Power Transmission by a Pipe
Summary of the Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes
 Derivation of Bernauli’s equation from Euler’s Equation
 Interpretation of Bernauli’s Equation as Energy Equation
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
Reference Books

Fox and McDonald Dr. R. K. Bansal

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