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Lecture - 17

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yuvrajsinghiitbhu
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Lecture 17- Fluid Mechanics (CH0102)

Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD


Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU, Varanasi

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Course Content
 Introduction Week#1
 Fluid Statics Week#2
 Fluid Kinematics Week#3
 Viscous Flow Week#4
 Fluid Dynamics Week#5
 Flow Through pipes Week#6
 Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulics Similitude Week#7
 Boundary Layer Flow Week#8
Recap of the Previous Lecture
 Fluid Dynamics

 Euler’s Equation:

 Stroke’s Equation:

 Bernoulli's Equation:

 Kinematics and Momentum Correction Factors


 Impulse Momentum Relationship and its Application
Recap of the Previous Lecture
Momentum Correction Factors
 Defined as the ratio of momentum per second based on actual velocity to
the same on the based on average velocity

 For laminar flow, and for Turbulent flow,


Kinetic Correction Factors
 Defined as the ratio of kinetic energy per second based on actual velocity
to the same on the based on average velocity

 For laminar flow,


Recap of the Previous Lecture
 Fluid Dynamics
 Impulse Momentum Relationship and its Application
 Impulse due to all forces acting on body is equal to the change
in the momentum of the object.
Recap of the Previous Lecture
Impulse Momentum Relationship and its Application
 A ball of 1.3 Kg is coming towards a soccer player at 13 m/s
who kicks the ball exactly in the opposite direction at speed of
22m/s with an average force of 1200N. How long is his foot
and ball in contact?
Content of the Lecture
 Recap of Previous Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
 Summary of Lecture
Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stoke’s Equation
For a infinitesimal system,

For the case of frictionless flow, , above equation reduces to Euler’s Equation
Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
For steady flow, streamline and pathline coincide.

Applying Newton’s 2nd law and neglecting the viscous forces


Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
Applying Newton’s 2nd law and neglecting the viscous forces
Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
For steady flow, neglecting body force

For incompressible flow, decrease in velocity is accompanied by increase in velocity


and vice versa.

Euler’s Equation in normal direction


Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinate
Euler’s Equation in normal direction

Centripetal acceleration:

For steady flow in horizontal plane:


Indicates that pressure increases in the direction outward normal from the center of curvature of the
streamline
Bernoulli's Equation from Euler’s Equation
 Euler’s Equation for steady flow along streamline

 Multiplying above equation by ds

Or
along s

Integration of the equation gives


Bernoulli's Equation as an Energy Equation
Integration of the equation gives

Energy due to pressure: Kinetic Enegegy: Potential Energy:

Dividing by g

Here, H is total head of the flow

In graphical representation, we define H to be Energy Grade Line (EGL)


Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Grade Line
EGL=

Hydraulic Grade Line


HGL=

From above two equations


EGL-HGL=
Which is dynamic pressure term
Summary of the Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes
 Derivation of Bernauli’s equation from Euler’s Equation
 Interpretation of Bernauli’s Equation as Energy Equation
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
Reference Books

Fox and McDonald Dr. R. K. Bansal


Fluid Dynamics
Forces acting on surfaces

𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝜏 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝜎 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝜎 𝑑𝑥
𝜎 + (− ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜎 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝜏 + (− ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2

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