Lecture 19- Fluid Mechanics (CH0102)

Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU, Varanasi

<date/time> <footer> 1
 Course Content
 Introduction Week#1
 Fluid Statics Week#2
 Fluid Kinematics Week#3
 Viscous Flow Week#4
 Fluid Dynamics Week#5
 Flow Through pipes Week#6
 Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulics Similitude Week#7
 Boundary Layer Flow Week#8
Topics for the Module on Flow Through Pipes
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
 Recap of the Previous Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes  Major Losses
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 for laminar flow
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 for turbulent flow
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel  Minor Losses:

 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe

 Power Transmission Through Pipes
EGL=
 Pipe Fitting and Valves HGL=
 Content of the Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes
 Derivation of Bernauli’s equation from Euler’s Equation
 Interpretation of Bernauli’s Equation as Energy Equation
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
 Hagen–Poiseuille Equation

is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in
laminar flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section.

It can be successfully applied to air flow in lung alveoli, or the flow through a drinking
straw or through a hypodermic needle.

It was experimentally derived independently by Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille in 1838

and Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen, and published by Poiseuille in 1840–41 and 1846.

Dynamic Viscosity, L: length of the pipe, A is cross section area, Q: flow net
 Hagen–Poiseuille Equation
is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in
laminar flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section.
.

Dynamic Viscosity, L: length of the pipe, A is cross section area, Q: flow net

Assumptions
1. Fluid is incompressible and Newtonian
2. Flow is steady and laminar
3. Flow is fully developed and symmetrical

Derivation:
You may derive above equation from Navier-Stroke’s Equation with above-mentioned
assumptions in cylindrical coordinate system
 Solution of Pipe Flow Problem
Energy Equation relating the conditions at Point 1 and 2

Each major loss:

Friction factor .
.

Each Minor Loss:

Flow net
 Head Loss due to Friction
• Darcy-Weisbach Formula:

• Chezy’s Formula:

• is called Chezy’s Constant

• is called Hydraulic Mean Length (Area/Perimeter wetted)

 Minor Losses
A. Inlet and Exit

B. Enlargement and Contractions

C. Pipe Bends

D. Valves and Fittings

 Solution of Pipe Flow Problem
In Single Path System
• Pressure drop ( )
• Pipe dimensions ( & )
• Flow rate

Problem Types
1. Find for a given , and
Straightforward problem
2. Find for a given , and
3. Find for a given , and Requires numerical iteration as Velocity is needed for
4. Find for a given , and Requires numerical iteration as Diameter is needed for
 Problem: Pipe Flow in Reservoir
Problem Statement
• A Syphon of diameter 20 cm connects two reservoirs whose water surface level differ by
40m. The total length of pipe is 8000m. The pipe crosses a ridge and the submit of ridge
is 8m above the level of water in upper reservoir. Determine the minimum depth of pipe
below the submit of ridge, if the absolute pressure head at submit of syphon is not to fall
below 3.0m of water. Take f=0.006 and atmospheric pressure head 10.3m of water. The
length of syphon from upper reservoir to submit is 500m. Find the discharge also.

8m R

Reser A 40m

Reser B
 Problem: Pipe Flow in Reservoir
Given
Dia of Syphon=d=20cms=0.2m, difference between w/s of reservoirs.

Pressure head at R is and Atmospheric pressure head

8m R

Reser A 40m

Reser B
 Problem: Pipe Flow in Reservoir
Solution

8m R

Reser A 40m

Reser B
 Problem: Flow through Compound Pipes
For analyzing pipe network problem, following points shall be utilized
1. The net flow out of any node (junction) is zero
2. Each node has unique head (HGL)

Reser A 40m

Reser B
 Problem: Flow through Compound Pipes
Discharge through each pipe

Reser A H

Reser B
 Summary of the Lecture
 Flow Through Pipes
 Derivation of Bernauli’s equation from Euler’s Equation
 Interpretation of Bernauli’s Equation as Energy Equation
 Major and Minor Losses in pipes
 Hagen-Poiseuilli Law
 Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
 Connections of Pipe: Series and Parallel
 Branched Pipe and Equivalent Pipe
 Power Transmission Through Pipes
 Pipe Fitting and Valves
 Reference Books

Fox and McDonald Dr. R. K. Bansal

 Fluid Dynamics
Forces acting on surfaces

𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝜏 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝜎 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝜎 𝑑𝑥
𝜎 + (− ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜎 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝑦
𝜏 + (− ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 2