Department Of Electrical Engineering

EE-211: Electrical Network Analysis

Faculty Member:Ahsan Azhar Dated:018/04/2024

Lab Engineer:Ali Khalid Semester:2nd

Class/Sec:BEE-15C

Lab 09

PLO4 PLO5 PLO PLO9

CLO4 CLO5 8 CLO7

CLO

Name Reg. No Viva / Quiz / Analysis of data Modern Ethics and Individual
Lab Performance in Lab Report Tool Usage Safety and
Teamwork
5 Marks
5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks

Awais Qarni 416851

Hamad e Mohammad 455817

Mujtaba Ahmad 461072

Mohammad hussain 457358

Single Phase Transformer

OBJECTIVE:

When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with voltage and current
characteristics of a single-phase transformer, and able to use the transformer turns ratio to
predict the voltage and current that will flow in the secondary winding.

INRTRODUCTION:

The windings of a standard single-phase transformer are called the primary winding and
the secondary winding, as shown in Figure 7-1.

Figure 7-1. Single-Phase Transformer Connected to a Resistive Load.

The primary winding is the power input winding and this is the side that is connected to
the ac power source. The secondary winding is connected to the load and is physically
and electrically isolated from the primary. The voltage and current that flow in the
secondary are related to the primary voltage and current by the transformer turns ratio N1
/ N2 (or NP / NS) through a very simple relationship. The ratio of primary voltage to
secondary voltage equals N1 / N2, while the ratio of primary to secondary current is
equal to the inverse of the turns ratio, N2 / N1. This results in the following,

EPRI/ESEC = N1/N2

Which gives: ESEC = EPRI×N2/N1

and IPRI/ISEC = N2/N1

Which gives: ISEC = IPRI×N1/N2

Transformers are designed with fixed ratios between primary and secondary voltages, and
are widely used to step-up (increase) or step-down (decrease) load voltages and currents.
The Single-Phase Transformer module used in these exercises has its nominal ratings
silk-screened on the front panel, and most transformers have markings to indicate their
nominal characteristics. Also, many transformers have intermediate taps, or connection
terminals on the secondary side, so that different voltage ratios can be obtained using a
single transformer.

Determining a transformer's voltage ratio is a relatively simple matter. With no load

connected to the secondary winding, only the small exciting current necessary to create
the magnetic flux inside the transformer flows in the primary winding. Transformer
losses are minimum and the ratio of primary to secondary voltage equals the turns ratio.
The turns ratio can be found by measuring the unloaded secondary voltage with nominal
voltage applied to the primary. The current ratio can be evaluated by measuring the short-
circuit secondary current with a small ac Voltage and Current Ratios voltage applied to
the primary. The voltage applied to the primary must be low enough to ensure that the
nominal current in the primary winding is not exceeded. Otherwise, the windings may
overheat and be damaged.

The exciting current, which is directly related to the alternating magnetic flux, increases
in direct proportion to the applied voltage until core saturation sets in. This occurs when
the applied voltage exceeds the rated value of the primary, and then the linear
relationship between the primary voltage and the exciting current breaks down. The curve
of primary voltage versus exciting current flattens and smaller increases in primary
voltage lead to larger increases in exciting current as shown in Figure 7-2. The exciting
current is only a few milli-amperes in the EMS Single-Phase Transformer module, and
generally its value is a small percentage of the nominal current of a transformer .

Figure 7-2. Saturation Curve of a Transformer.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

EMS Module used as:

Power source.
Transformer module.
Ammeter.
Voltmeter.
Computer with LVDAC.
Connecting wires.

Software Used:

LVDAC.
PROCEDURE:
CAUTION!
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not
make or modify any banana jack connections with the power
on unless otherwise specified!

1. Install the Power Supply, data acquisition module, and Single-Phase Transformer
module in the EMS Workstation.

2. Make sure that the main switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position,
and the voltage control knob is turned fully ccw. Set the voltmeter select switch to
the 4-N position, and then ensure the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase
wall receptacle.

3. Ensure that the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module is connected to the
main Power Supply, and ensure the USB port cable from the computer is
connected to the data acquisition module. Set the 24 V – AC power switch to the I
(ON) position.

4. Display the Metering application. Select setup configuration file ES17-1.dai.

5. Set up the transformer circuit shown in Figure 7-3. Connect meter inputs E1 and I1
as shown and use E2 to measure the different secondary voltages.
 Figure 7-3. Single-Phase Transformer Measurements.

6. Turn on the power and adjust the voltage control for the value of ES given in
Figure 7-3. Measure the transformer primary current and the different voltages
across the various terminals of the transformer secondary windings, listed below.
Change the connections of input E2 to measure each secondary voltage, making
sure to turn off the Power Supply before modifying the connections of input
E2. After recording the measurements, rotate the voltage control fully ccw and
then turn off the power.

IPRI = 0.052A E1-2= 220' V E5-6 =220 V

E3-4= 381.8 V E3-7 =190.5' V E7-8=139.3 V

E8-4 = 51.7 V E5-9 = 110V E9-6 = 110V

7. Do the secondary voltages compare well with the rated values written on the front
panel?

Yes

8. The transformer windings between terminals 1 and 2, and between terminals 5 and
6, each have 500 turns of wire. The number of turns in the winding between
terminals 3 and 4 is 865. Calculate the turns ratios between the primary and
secondary windings for each case.

N1-2/N5-6 = 1 N1-2/N3-4 = 0.576

9. Using the measured values in step 6, compare these transformer turns ratios with
the corresponding voltage ratios. Are they approximately the same?

Yes

10.Connect meter input I2 as shown in Figure 7-4 and note that it short-circuits
secondary winding 5-6. Select setup configuration file ES17-2.dai. Turn on the
power and slowly adjust the voltage control to obtain the value of current Is
on Secondary side meter I2 given in Figure 7-4.(Must not exceed then 0.20 A)

11.Record the values of primary voltage and current, and the value of the short circuit
secondary current in winding 5-6.

EPRI=13.5V IPRI=.206A ISEC=0.201A

 Figure 7-4. Determining The Ratio of Primary Current to Secondary Current.

12.Return the voltage control to zero and turn off the power. Calculate the ratio of
primary current to secondary current.

IPRI/ISEC =1.03

13.Is the ratio approximately equal to N2 / N1?

Yes
CONCLUSION:

This lab report demonstrated the principle of operation and characteristics of a single-
phase transformer. Through various experimental setups, we observed how the
transformer works by stepping up or stepping down the voltage level of the input signal.
We also learned about the impact of the turns ratio on the output voltage, as well as the
effects of core saturation and load resistance on the transformer's performance.