EXPERIMENT NO 6

Inheritance

Objective:
6 To understand oop concept of inheritance between classes

Equipment Required:

6 Visual Studio/ Dev C++

Description:

Inheritance enables reusability and helps in enhancing the functionality of any class.
Inheritance is one of the major pillars of Object Oriented programming and aids in code
maintainability and avoids redundancy.
Inheritance

Inheritance is a form of software reuse in which you create a class that absorbs an existing
class's data and behavior and enhances them with new capabilities.Ininheritance, a class
derives the behavior and structure of another (existing) class.
• Advantages
o Saves time
o Reuse of proven, debugged, high quality software

Figure 1: Derived & Base class relationship

Data members in the base class are part of the derived class. Behaviors defined in the
base class are part of the derived class. Note that private aspects of the base class are
part of the child, but are not (directly) accessible within the derived class.
classDerivedClass : kind BaseClass
Where kind is one of public, private or protected.

1. Order of Constructors & Destructors

When a program creates a derived-class object, the derived-class constructor immediately

calls the base-class constructor; the base-class constructor's body executes, then the
derived-class's member initializers execute and finally the derived-class constructor's body
executes. This process cascades up the hierarchy if it contains more than two levels.
When a derived-class object is destroyed, the program calls that object's destructor.
This begins a chain (cascade) of destructor calls in which the derived-class destructor
and the base destructors execute in reverse of the order in which the constructors
executed.

LAB TASK

i. Write a program that defines a shape class with a constructor that gives value
to width and height. Then define two sub-classes triangle and rectangle,
that
 calculate the area of the shape area (). In the main, define two variables a
triangle and a rectangle and then call the area() function in this two varibles.

ÏI.
Create an inheritance hierarchy that a bank might use to represent customers'
bank accounts. All customers each having an account no. at this bank can
deposit (i.e., credit) money into their accounts and withdraw (i.e., debit) money
from their accounts. More specific types of accounts also exist.
CreditCardAccount, for instance, provide the user the facility to make money
transactions using ATM the money they hold. Checking accounts, on the other
hand, charge a fee per transaction (i.e., credit or debit).

Create an inheritance hierarchy containing base class Account and derived

classes CreditCardAccount and CheckingAccount that inherit from class Account.
Base class Account should include one data member of type double to
represent the account balance. Customer's name and account no.

The account no. should be unique and assigned in the order in which instances
are created The class should provide a constructor that receives an initial
balance and uses it to initialize the data member. The constructor should
validate the initial balance to ensure that it is greater than or equal to 0.0. If
not, the balance should be set to 0.0 and the constructor should display an
error message, indicating that the initial balance was invalid.The class should
provide following member functions.
• Member function credit should add an amount to the current
balance.
• Member function debit should withdraw money from the Account
and ensure that the debit amount does not exceed the Account's
balance. If it does, the balance should be left unchanged and the
function should print the message "Debit amount exceeded account
balance.
• Member function getBalance should return the current balance.
• Member function getAccountNo.
o Derived class CreditCardAccount should inherit the functionality of an
Account, but also include a data memberpinnumberset by the customer.
• Constructor should receive the initial balance, as well as pin number.
• It should provide a public member function resetpin
o Derived class CheckingAccount should inherit from base class Account and
include an additional data member of type double that represents the fee
charged per transaction to all the customers.
• CheckingAccount's constructor should receive the initial balance, as
well as a parameter indicating a fee amount.
 • Class CheckingAccount should redefine member functions credit and
debit so that they subtract the fee from the account balance
whenever either transaction is performed successfully.
CheckingAccount's versions of these functions should invoke the
base-class Account version to perform the updates to an account
balance. CheckingAccount's debit function should charge a fee only if
money is actually withdrawn (i.e., the debit amount does not exceed
the account balance). After defining the classes in this hierarchy,
write a program that creates objects of each class and tests their
member functions.

iii. Create two classes named Mammals and MarineAnimals. Create another class
named BlueWhale which inherits both the above classes. Now, create a
function in each of these classes which prints "I am mammal", "I am a marine
animal" and "I belong to both the categories: Mammals as well as Marine
Animals" respectively. Now, create an object for each of the above class and try
calling
o function of Mammals by the object of Mammal
o function of MarineAnimal by the object of MarineAnimal
o function of BlueWhale by the object of BlueWhale
o function of each of its parent by the object of BlueWhale